Single and Multi-Valued Ordered-Theoretic Perov Fixed-Point Results for θ -Contraction with Application to Nonlinear System of Matrix Equations

: This paper combines the concept of an arbitrary binary connection with the widely recognized principle of θ -contraction to investigate the innovative features of vector-valued metric spaces. This methodology demonstrates the existence of fixed points for both single-and multi-valued mappings within complete vector-valued metric spaces. Through the utilization of binary relations and θ -contraction, this study advances and refines the Perov-type fixed-point results in the literature. Furthermore, this article furnishes examples to substantiate the validity of the presented results. Additionally, we establish an application for finding the existence of solutions to a system of matrix equations.


Introduction
The Banach fixed-point theorem [1], also known as the contraction mapping principle, is a fundamental result in functional analysis.It states that if a self-map on a complete metric space satisfies the contraction condition, then it possesses a unique fixed point within that space.
A mapping V : Ks → Ks on a metric space ( Ks , e) is called a Banach contraction if there exists a constant 0 ≤ k < 1 such that for all x, y ∈ Ks , we have e(T(x), T(y)) ≤ k • e(x, y).
The Banach fixed-point theorem, named after the Polish mathematician Stefan Banach, has broad applications across various mathematical domains.It plays a crucial role in solving ordinary and partial differential equations, optimization problems, integral equations, and variational analysis.Moreover, its significance extends beyond mathematics into fields like game theory, economics, biology, and more.
The theorem ensures the existence and uniqueness of fixed points for self-maps that satisfy contraction criteria within a complete metric space.Over the years, the Banach fixedpoint theorem has been extensively studied using a variety of methodological techniques, contributing significantly to the advancement of mathematical theory and its applications.As part of these studies, the mapping's scope has been expanded; Nadler [2] was the first to propose the generalization of the Banach contraction theorem for multi-valued contractions.Kikkawa and Suzuki [3] obtained three fixed-point approaches to generalized contractions, while Din et al. [4] investigated single-and multi-valued F-contractions under binary relations.A new kind of contractive multi-valued operator was presented by Moţ and Petruşel [5], whereas Sintunavarat and Kumam [6] provided a common fixed-point theorem for cyclic generalized multi-valued mappings.Multi-valued contractions on bmetric spaces were explained by Petre and Bota [7], and multi-valued fixed-point theorems in dislocated b-metric spaces were discussed by Rasham et al. [8] with applications to nonlinear integral equations.
The criteria for contraction mappings have been broadened in various ways, thereby increasing the versatility of the Banach contraction theorem.Browder [9] examined nonexpansive nonlinear operators on Banach spaces and derived fixed-point results.Kannan introduced the concept of a contraction that does not require the continuity of the selfoperator but still ensures the existence of a fixed point [10].Wardowski and Dung discussed weak F-contractions and related fixed-point theorems [11].Karapinar defined interpolative Kannan contractions and presented corresponding fixed-point results [12].Another notable contribution was made by Jleli and Samet [13], who introduced the concept of θ-contraction to establish fixed-point theorems, representing a fascinating and profound extension of the Banach fixed-point theorem.This achievement was further advanced by Altun et al. [14], who expanded upon it to explore fixed-point results for Perov-type θ-contractions.Additionally, Alam and Imdad [15] initiated the idea of binary relations on metric spaces for single-valued Banach contraction, Lipschutz [16] and Agarwal et al. [17] discussed the ordered fixed-point results for Banach spaces with applications in nonlinear integral equations, Hussain et al. [18] studied the Krasnoselskii and Ky Fan-type ordered fixed points over Banach spaces, and Ran and Reurings [19] explored fundamental concepts related to binary relations and partial ordered theoretic fixed-point theorems.While Berzig [20] dealt with a class of matrix equations using the Bhaskar-Lakshmikantham coupled fixed-point theorem, Berzig and Samet [21] explored the systems of nonlinear matrix equations involving Lipshitzian mappings, and Long et al. [22] focused on determining the conditions for the existence of a solution of the nonlinear matrix equation X + AX −1 A + BX −1 B = I.Vetro and Radenović [23] discussed some Perov-type results in rectangular cone metric spaces, while Guran et al. [24] explored some multi-valued results in the metric spaces of Perov's type.
The notion of an improved vector-valued metric space using a binary relation was recently presented by Almalki et al. [25].They used the F-contraction in the context of a generalized metric space that has a binary connection to extend the Perov and Filip-Petrusel fixed-point theorems [26,27] to single-valued and multi-valued mappings.Compared to the typical contractive inequality, the contractive inequality in this case is relatively weaker.In this case, rather than throughout the entire space, the contractive inequality must only be satisfied among components that are related to one another according to the binary relation.
In this work, we will explore fixed points for single-and multi-valued mappings by employing the notion of a binary relation and stressing θ-contraction.Additionally, we will offer examples to show the validity of our findings and an existence condition for the solutions of a system of matrix equations as well.

Preliminaries
We provide a summary of the key concepts required to establish our findings in this section.Let Ks be a non-empty set.The set of all non-negative real numbers is denoted by R ≥0 .The set of all m × 1 real matrices is represented by R m >v , which is the set of all m × 1 matrices with entries greater than v ∈ R. In the event that v, u ∈ R m , they have the following forms: v = (v 1 , v 2 , . . . ,v m ) T and u = (u 1 , u 2 , . . . ,u m ) T , where T stands for matrix transposition.We denote v ≤ u (or v < u) to indicate that v i ≤ u i (or v i < u i ), ∀i = 1, 2, . . ., m.
In this case, the zero matrix of order m × 1 is denoted as 0. Consequently, a generalized metric space or vector-valued metric space is defined as the pair ( Ks , e).
It is important to know that the concepts of completeness, Cauchy sequences, and convergent sequences are similar to those in a usual metric space.The zero matrix of order m × m is represented as 0 m , the identity matrix as I m , and the set of all square matrices of order m with non-negative entries as M m (R ≥0 ).Notably, we have N 0 = I m for every N ∈ M m (R ≥0 ).
Definition 2 ([26]).Consider N ∈ M m (R ≥0 ).We say that N is a matrix converging to zero if N n approaches 0 m as n tends to infinity.
Definition 3. Assume that the set Ks is not empty.The Cartesian product on Ks is then given by the following definition: A binary relation on Ks is defined as any subset R of K2 s .
Observe that one of the following two circumstances must apply to each pair (z 1 , z 2 ) ∈ K2 s : (1) (z 1 , z 2 ) ∈ R indicates that z 1 and z 2 are related under R or that z 1 is related to z 2 under R. Additionally, we can write (z 1 , z 2 ) ∈ R as z 1 Rz 2 .
Trivial binary relations on Ks are defined as K2 s and ϕ, which are two trivial subsets of K2 s .
Definition 4 ([15]).Consider a binary relation, denoted as R, defined over the non-empty set By establishing appropriate conditions, it is possible to categorize a binary relation into various types.Various widely recognized binary relations, along with their significant properties, are detailed in [15,16].The following is a well-known proposition in binary relations.
Proposition 2 ([16]).Assume that R represents the universal relation established on a non-empty set Ks .In this case, R is a full equivalence relation.

Definition 5 ([25]). Assume a binary relation R on
Alam and Imdad introduced the idea of e-self-closedness for any R defined on some ( Ks , e), as elaborated in [15].This concept was further elaborated by Almaliki et al. in [25] as follows.

Definition 6 ([25]
).In a generalized metric space ( Ks , e), a sequence (w n ) that converges to w ∈ Ks while preserving the relation R is called e-self-closed with a binary relation R if and only if (w n k ) is a subsequence of (w n ) such that, for each k ∈ N, [w n k , w] ∈ R.
Definition 8 ([16]).Given Ks ̸ = ϕ and a binary relation R defined on Ks , a subset E of Ks is considered R-directed if for all w 1 , w 2 ∈ E , there exists w 3 ∈ Ks such that both (w 1 , w 3 ) ∈ R and (w 2 , w 3 ) ∈ R.
The concept of a path between two points within a set furnished with a binary relation in a vector-valued metric space was introduced by Almaliki et al. in [25] as follows.

Definition 9 ([25]). Let R be a binary relation on
Note that while not always distinct, every path of length l contains l + 1 members of Ks .
For our inquiry, we next need the following ideas from the work of Almaliki et al. [25].

Definition 10 ([25]
).A compound structure is defined as the pair (R : V ), which consists of an arbitrary binary relation R and a single-valued mapping V : Ks → Ks over a vector-valued metric space ( Ks , e) such that the following are true: Definition 11 ([25]).Let Ks and e have their usual meanings as discussed earlier.Consider a multi-valued mapping V : Ks → cl e ( Ks ).Then, a binary relation R over Ks is termed V -closed if for every pair z 1 , z 2 ∈ Ks , Definition 12 ([25]).Denote any vector-valued metric space with a binary relation R by denoting ( Ks , e).Let cl e ( Ks ) = {H ∈ N e ( Ks ) : G is closed}.The class of all non-empty subsets of ( Ks ) is denoted by N e ( Ks ).Then, for multi-valued mappings, the pair (R : V ) is considered to be a compound structure if the following requirements are satisfied: R is strongly e-self-closed; that is, for every sequence (z n ) in Ks with (z n , z n+1 ) ∈ R for all natural numbers n and z n e −→ z, we obtain (z n , z) ∈ R for all n ≥ k, where a positive integer k is used.

Theorem 1 ([15]
).Consider a self mapping V and a binary relation R on a complete vector-valued metric space ( Ks , e) such that the following are satisfied: holds, where N ∈ M t (R ≥0 ) converges to zero.Then, V possesses a fixed point.
The term θ-contraction was first used by Altun et al. [14], who defined it as follows.
Definition 13 ([14]).Let θ : R m >0 → R m >1 be a function, where R m >j denotes the set of all m × 1 real matrices with entries exceeding j.The function satisfies the following properties: where θ w Θ 3 There exist ζ ∈ (0, 1) and ξ ∈ (0, +∞], such that lim The set of all functions θ that satisfy Θ 1 to Θ 3 is denoted as Ξ m .
Example 5. Let θ 2 : R 2 >0 → R 2 >1 be given by Altun et al. [14] initiated the concept of Perov-type θ-contraction by employing the family Ξ t and defining the notion z [g] := (z Definition 14 ([14]).A mapping V : Ks → Ks on a vector-valued metric space ( Ks , e) is regarded as a Perov-type θ-contraction if θ ∈ Ξ t and g = (g i ) ∈ R t ≥0 , with each For a Perov-type θ-contraction in vector-valued metric spaces, the fixed-point theorem proved by Altun et al. [14] is as follows.
Theorem 2. Let V : Ks → Ks be a Perov-type θ-contraction and ( Ks , e) be any complete vector-valued metric space.Then, in Ks , the fixed point of V is unique.

Main Results
Before discussing our findings, we define a Perov-type θ-contraction enriched with a binary relation and state a lemma that will be useful in the proof.This section presents a fixed-point theorem for single-valued theoretic-order Perov-type θ-contraction.We also generalize this theorem to multi-valued mappings.Definition 15.Assume any vector-valued metric space ( Ks , e) and any arbitrary binary relation R.Then, if there exists g = g (i) ∈ R t ≥0 with each g i < 1, and θ ∈ Θ t , then this single-valued self-mapping of V on Ks is referred to as a Perov-type θ-contraction enriched with binary relation ∀(w 1 , w 2 ) ∈ R with e( V w 1 , V w 2 ) > 0.
Lemma 2. Let ( Ks , e) represent any vector-valued metric space with a binary relation R. If V : Ks → Ks is a Perov-type θ-contraction enriched with the binary relation R, where g = (g i ) ∈ R t >0 with each g i < 1 and θ ∈ Θ t , then the following statements are equivalent (given Proof.This lemma's proof is straightforward and limited to the use of the metric's symmetric condition.
We now present the following initial result for a single-valued Perov-type θ-contraction.
Theorem 3. In any complete vector-valued metric space ( Ks , e) with an arbitrary binary relation R, let V be a Perov-type θ-contraction.Assuming that R on Ks forms a compound structure with Proof.Let z 0 ∈ Y ⊆ Ks be any element.We define an iterative sequence (z n ) = ( V n z 0 ).
According to the definition of Y , we have (z 0 , V z 0 ) = (z 0 , z 1 ) ∈ R. Since R is V -closed, we can observe the following chain of relations: This demonstrates that Therefore, the sequence (z n ) preserves the binary relation R. If for some n 0 ∈ N, we have n , ∀n ∈ N.
Thus, we obtain n , and using Equation ( 2), we obtain So, we have for all i, Since each g i is less than 1, lim Therefore, based on Θ 2 , we can deduce that for each i ∈ {1, 2, • • • , t}, According to Θ 3 , there exist ζ in the interval (0, 1) and ξ in the interval (0, +∞] such that for each i ∈ {1, 2, • • • , t}, In the case where ξ is finite, if we set ⋏ = ξ 2 > 0 and using the definition of a limit, we can find an n 0 ∈ N for which this yields that for all n ≥ n 0 and i ∈ {1, After rearranging the expression, we obtain that ∀n ≥ n 0 and i ∈ {1, Now, if ξ = +∞, for ⋏ > 0, then there exists n 0 ∈ N such that for all n ≥ n 0 and Using ( 5), (6), and (4), we obtain By considering the limit as n approaches infinity in Equation ( 7), we have for each So, for ⋏ = 1, there exists n i ∈ N such that for all n > n i , Consequently, for any n ≥ n 0 := max{n i : i = 1, 2, • • • , t}, we derive the following expression: For Ks , we now claim that {z n } is a Cauchy sequence.To demonstrate this, we use the triangular inequality with inequality (8) and m > k ≥ n 0 to obtain This reveals that {z n )} in Ks is Cauchy.It follows that ∃z * ∈ Ks such that for every n → +∞, z n → z * .
Applying the definitions of V and Θ, we find that for all (z 1 , z 2 ) ∈ R where e According to the definition of (R : V ), R is e-self-closed.Then, for a sequence {z n } that preserves R and converges to z * , there must exist a subsequence {z n k } of {z n } such that [z n k , z * ] ∈ R and e( V z n k , V z * ) > 0 for all k ∈ N. Lemma 2 and inequality ( 9) therefore allow us to obtain, for To demonstrate that f ix Ks ( V ) has a cardinality of one, we begin by assuming that C R (z 1 , z 2 ) ̸ = ∅ for all z 1 , z 2 ∈ Ks .This implies that there exists a path between every pair of points in Ks .Now, suppose to the contrary that z 1 , y 1 = z 1 and y o+1 = z 2 ; 2.
[y i , So, by letting e(y k , y k+1 ) = (∧ (i) Theorem 4. Let ( Ks , e) represent a vector-valued metric space that is complete, along with a binary relation R, and a multi-valued mapping V : Ks → cl e ( Ks ).Additionally, suppose that the following are satisfied: 1.
The pair (R : V ) forms a compound structure; 2.
∀(z 1 , z 2 ) ∈ R and Then, V has a fixed point.
Proof.Given any element z 0 ∈ Y ⊆ Ks , there exists a z 1 ∈ V z 0 such that (z 0 , z 1 ) ∈ R.
From the definition of a compound structure, we can say that for (z 0 , z 1 ) ∈ R and z 1 ∈ V z 0 , there exists a z 2 ∈ V z 1 such that Since R is V -closed, (z 1 , z 2 ) ∈ R.Moreover, by assumption, for (z 1 , z 2 ) ∈ R and and (z 2 , z 3 ), which implies, by inequality (11), that where . We obtain a sequence {z n } by repeating the same procedure.This sequence is defined by Then, using methodology similar to that used in Theorem 3, yields that for all n ≥ n 0 and i ∈ {1, 2, • • • , t}, Now, in accordance with inequality (13) and the triangular inequality, for m > p ≥ n 0 , Consequently, {z n } in Ks is a Cauchy sequence.We obtain z ∈ Ks such that z n → z using the completeness property of Ks .Using Θ 1 and given assumption, we determine that for each (z 1 , z 2 ) ∈ R implies that e(z 3 , z 4 ) ≤ e(z 1 , z 2 ), where We obtain (z n , z) ∈ R, since R is strongly e-self-closed, where N 0 is any natural number and e( V z n k , V z) > 0 for all n ≥ N 0 .In the context of a given assumption and inequality (14), ∃z * ∈ V z such that for all (z n , z) ∈ R, for all n ≥ N 0 , and z n+1 ∈ V z n , e(z n+1 , z * ) ≤ e(z n , z) → 0 as n → +∞.
Proof.If R forms a complete order, then every pair If Ks is an R-directed set, then for every w 1 , w 2 ∈ V w, there exists w 3 ∈ Ks w such that (w 1 , w 3 ) ∈ R and (w 2 , w 3 ) ∈ R.This demonstrates that for each w 1 , w 2 ∈ V w, we have a path {w 1 , w 3 , w 2 } from w 1 to w 2 with a length of 2 in R. Thus, C R (w 1 , w 2 ) is non-empty for every w 1 , w 2 ∈ Ks .

Corollary 1.
If Ks is an R-directed set or R represents a full order, then all the hypotheses of Theorem 3 hold.Then, there exists a unique fixed point for V .
By setting the full relation, that is, taking R = Ks × Ks in Theorem 3, we obtain the main result of Jleli and Samet [13] as follows.
Corollary 2. In any complete vector-valued metric space ( Ks , e), let V be a Perov-type θcontraction.Then, V has a unique fixed point in Ks .Example 6.For m = 2, let Ks = [0, +∞) be equipped with the standard vector-valued metric, that is, e(u, v) = (|u − v|, |u − v|).Consider the sequence {r n } in Ks defined by , for all n ∈ N.
Now, define the mapping V : Ks → Ks by Next, we will show that V satisfies the contraction condition for θ(b) = e √ be b for b > 0. Now, let z 1 , z 2 ∈ Ks be such that z 1 Rz 2 and V z 1 ̸ = V z 2 .It must be the case that z 1 = r n and z 2 = r n+1 for some n ∈ N. To prove contraction condition (2), it is enough to show that e( V z 1 , V z 2 )e e( V z 1 , V z 2 ) ≤ h 2 e(z 1 , z 2 )e e(z 1 ,z 2 ) for some h ∈ (0, 1); that is, we have to show that for some h ∈ (0, 1).Now, observe that Hence, inequality (2) holds for h = e −1 2 .Therefore, all the hypotheses of Theorem 3 are satisfied.Therefore, V has a fixed point in Ks .
Remark 2. The theorem referenced in [14] is not appropriate in the circumstances of Example 6 due to the fact that lim n→+∞ e( V r n ,1) e(r n ,1) = 1, which means that their contraction conditions are not satisfied.Therefore, our findings represent a suitable extension of the work by Altun et al. [14].

Applications Associated with Nonlinear System of Matrix Equations
Fixed-point theorems have undergone thorough explorations for a variety of functions within ordered metric spaces, resulting in numerous applications spanning across different fields of science and mathematics.In particular, these theorems find significance in contexts involving differential, integral, and matrix equations.These extensive studies and their applications are well-documented in various references such as [17][18][19], along with additional sources referenced therein.
Let Ks (n) represent the set of all n × n complex matrices, H(n) the set of all Hermitian matrices in Ks (n), v(n) the collection of all positive definite matrices in Ks (n), and H + (n) the class of all positive semidefinite matrices in Ks (n).To indicate that a matrix N in v(n) (or H + (n)) is positive definite (or positive semidefinite), we use the notation N ≻ 0 (or N ⪰ 0).Furthermore, The symbol ∥ • ∥ represents the vector-valued spectral norm of matrix Z, defined as ), where g + (Z * Z) is the largest eigenvalue of Z * A, with Z * be- ing the conjugate transpose of Z.Moreover, ∥Z∥ tr is defined as ∑ n k=1 s k (Z), 1 2 ∑ n k=1 s k (Z) , where s k (Z) (for 1 ≤ k ≤ n) denotes the singular values of Z ∈ Ks (n).The pair (H(n), ∥ • ∥ tr ) constitutes a complete vector-valued metric space (for further details, refer to References [19][20][21]).Furthermore, the binary relation ⪯ on H(n) is defined as follows: In this section, we utilize our findings to provide a solution to the system comprising two nonlinear matrix equations as presented below.
Here, G i represents a continuous, order-preserving mapping with G i (0) = 0, v denotes a Hermitian positive definite matrix, and N k are arbitrary n × n matrices, with N * k denoting their conjugates.Now, we present the following lemmas, which prove to be beneficial in the subsequent results.

Lemma 3 ([19])
Theorem 5. Take into account the system of Matrix Equation (15), along with the parameters L and g ∈ (0, 1) being positive real numbers such that we have the following: 1. For Then, the system of Equation (15) has a solution.
Proof.Define the operators Vj : In such a case, Vj 's elements are properly defined, and the ordering ⪯ on H(n) is closed under both V1 and V2 .Now, define a mapping V : Then, the system of Equation ( 15) can be transformed to the following fixed-point problem: V Given that both V1 and V2 maintain closure under the binary relation ⪯, this consequently implies that the operator V also upholds closure under ⪯.Furthermore, since ∑ m i=1 N * i G j (Z)N i ≻ 0 for all j = 1, 2, it follows that Z ⪯ Vj (Z) for both j = 1, 2. Next, we show that (2) holds for the mapping V .For this purpose, take θ ∈ Θ with g ∈ (0, 1) as given by θ(t) = e g √ t , t ∈ (0, +∞).
Thus, we have This shows that V satisfies all the assumptions of Theorem 3, so it has a fixed-point Z * ∈ H(n) × H(n) such that This implies that V1 (Z * 1 , Z * 2 ) = Z * 1 and V2 (Z * 1 , Z * 2 ) = Z * 2 .Thus, the system of Matrix Equation ( 15) has a solution in H(n) × H(n).

Conclusions
In this study, we presented a novel and unique adaptation of the classical fixed-point theorems proposed by Perov as well as Altun et al.This theorem applies to both singlevalued and multi-valued mappings within a complete generalized metric space equipped with a binary relation.Notably, our version encompasses and extends the fixed-point theorems of Perov and Altun et al., particularly when considering trivial θ mappings or relations (universal).Furthermore, we illustrated the versatility of our findings through examples and practical applications.