On Some Multipliers Related to Discrete Fractional Integrals

This paper explores the properties of multipliers associated with discrete analogues of fractional integrals, revealing intriguing connections with Dirichlet characters, Euler's identity, and Dedekind zeta functions of quadratic imaginary fields. Employing Fourier transform techniques, the Hardy--Littlewood circle method, and a discrete analogue of the Stein--Weiss inequality on product space through implication methods, we establish $\ell^p\rightarrow\ell^q$ bounds for these operators. Our results contribute to a deeper understanding of the intricate relationship between number theory and harmonic analysis in discrete domains, offering insights into the convergence behavior of these operators.


Introduction
The study of discrete analogues in harmonic analysis indeed shares a companionable relationship with the early history of singular integrals.Singular integrals, which arise from the convolution of functions with singular or highly oscillatory kernels, have been a central focus of harmonic analysis since its inception.For example, in 1928, M. Riesz [R28] proved the Hilbert transform, is bounded on L p (R) for all 1 < p < ∞, and this implies its discrete analogue, is bounded on ℓ p (Z) for all 1 < p < ∞.Here, ℓ p (Z) is defined as Moreover, ||f || ℓ p (Z) = m∈Z |f (m)| p 1 p .Another classical family of operators in harmonic analysis are the fractional integral operators, |y| s dy, 0 < s < 1.
It is well known that for 1 < p < q < ∞ with 1/q = 1/p − (1 − s), I s is a bounded operator from L p (R) to L q (R).The discrete analogue of this operator is defined by Similarly, the boundedness of I s implies the boundedness of I s .Consider a function f defined on Z, where 0 < s < 1 and k ≥ 1 is an integer.The discrete fractional operator I s,k is defined as follows: (1.1) acting on functions defined on Z. Stein and Wainger [SW00] initiated the study of the ℓ p → ℓ q boundedness of I s,k , that is, there exists some constant C such that On the other hand, for f defined on Z, its Fourier transform is defined by f (x) = n∈Z f (n)e −2πinx .Therefore, Here, m s,k (x) is called the Fourier multiplier.They demonstrated that when 1/2 < s < 1, m s,2 belongs to weak-type L 2/(1−s) [0, 1] and m s,k belongs to weak-type L k/(1−s) [0, 1] as long as s is sufficiently close to 1.The main tool is the Hardy-Littlewood circle method; for a more detailed introduction on circle methods, see [W21].Furthermore, if this holds for all 1/2 < s < 1, it would imply the "Hypothesis K * " of Hardy, Littlewood, and Hooley, which remains an open problem in number theory.Lillian Pierce's thesis [P19] extended this result to positive definite quadratic forms.For instance, let Q(x) = 1 2 x t Ax be a positive definite quadratic form, where A is a real, positive definite, 2 × 2 symmetric matrix with integer entries and even diagonal entries.Then, the corresponding multiplier In this paper, we mainly consider the 'twisted' multiplier.Let a n be a complex series, and define the corresponding multiplier by a n e −2πinx n s .
It is worth noting that if we set a n = 1 for n = m k ≥ 1 and a n = 0 otherwise, then m s,{an} (x) = m sk,k (x).The series a n can originate from various areas related to number theory.
For instance, in Section 2, we delve into a primitive Dirichlet character χ modulo N , defining the corresponding twisted multiplier as which differs from m s,2 (x) in several respects.For example, m s,χ (0) corresponds to the Dirichlet L-function and is bounded when 0 < s < 1, whereas m s,2 (x) tends to infinity as x approaches 0. However, we will demonstrate the following Theorem.
In Section 3, we investigate the scenario where a n originates from Euler's identity, given by We establish that m s,{an} belongs to weak-type L 2/(1−2s) [0, 1] and provide an improved result regarding the regularity of the corresponding discrete fractional integral operator.
In Section 4, we delve into imaginary quadratic fields and the associated Dedekind zeta function.We demonstrate the close connection between the corresponding multipliers and positive definite quadratic forms as investigated by Lillian Pierce.
In the final section, we tackle the discrete analogue of the Stein-Weiss inequality on product space.Employing the "implication" method, we deduce the regularity property of the discrete fractional operator.
Discrete analogues in harmonic analysis have garnered significant attention in recent decades, with notable contributions from scholars such as Stein and Wainger [SW00,SW02], Oberlin [O01] and Lillian Pierce [P21, P11, P19] (see also [BW23,BMSW19,MST19,M24]).This paper introduces a novel perspective to the study of multipliers in harmonic analysis by incorporating primitive Dirichlet characters.This addition not only enriches the theoretical framework but also presents new challenges and complexities to be explored.As examples of the application of this approach, this paper investigates multipliers associated with Euler's identity and quadratic imaginary fields.
Remark 1.Let r > 0 be a real number; we define a function f as belonging to weak-type for α > 0 where c is a constant independent of α and f .

Multipliers Twisted with Dirichlet Characters
Fix an integer N > 1.A Dirichlet character modulo N is a function χ : Z → S 1 ∪{0} such that the following is true: For simplicity, we consider a primitive Dirichlet character χ modulo N. Let χ(n) = χ(n) and the Gauss sum τ (χ) be defined by the formula It is well known that (2.1) Note that the right-hand side of (2.1) is defined when n is an arbitrary real number.Let m s,χ (x) be defined in (1.3), since the function m s,χ (x) is in L 2 [0, 1].Thus, the series is Abel-Gauss summable almost everywhere; hence, Now, in the definition of S y (x), we can replace the n, which ranges over Z, with n = mq+ℓ , where m ranges over Z and ℓ ranges over 1 ≤ ℓ ≤ q .Then, S y (x) equals (2.4) For the inner sum, we use the Poisson summation formula Therefore, we have It suffices to consider T y (x) defined as

Now, write
(2.7) and estimate T y (x) when y is of a fixed order of magnitude and x is "sufficiently close" to an appropriate rational p q , with (p, q) = 1, 0 < p q ≤ 1.Actually, we have the following Lemma.
Lemma 2.1.If x = p q + δ , with q y − 1 2 and q|δ| y 1 2 , then (2.8) Proof.It suffices to prove that 2 ); we can write However, by our assumptions we have 1 So, the error term is and (2.8) is proved.
Proof of Theorem 1.Let us turn to (2.7), and we make the same decomposition of the xinterval as in [SW00] .For y of the order 2 −j , we make a Farey dissection of the x-interval [0, 1].Now, we choose all fractions p/q, (p, q) = 1, with q ≤ 2 j 2 , and let I j p/q be the corresponding interval for p/q.Then, I j p/q ⊂ {x : |x − p/q| ≤ 1/q(2 j/2 )}.Then, we can define the major arcs and minor arcs as follows: Additionally, we define Ĩp/q , independent of j, as The key property of Ĩp/q is that if q ≤ q ′ ≤ 2q, the intervals Ĩp ′ /q ′ and Ĩp/q are disjointed (or identical) (see [SW00]).Now, we apply (2.8).If x belongs to a major arc, this implies (2.9) If x belongs to a minor arc, then (2.10) and The contribution from all the minor arcs is therefore Next, we sum over the major arcs.Fix p q ; then, Therefore, the total contribution of the major arcs is majorized by Rewrite sum (2.11) as (2.12) Note that there are at most O(N −1 2 2t ) disjointed intervals for 2 s ≤ q < 2 t+1 .Moreover, |x − p/q| −1/2+s/2 is uniformly of weak-type L 2 1−s .Thus, applying Lemma one in [SW00] , then has a weak-type L 2 1−s norm bounded by and the sum in (2.12) converges if s > 1 2 .This means that m α is of weak-type L 2 1−s [0, 1].The proof is complete.

Multiplier Related to Euler's Identity
Let H be the Poincaré upper half plane consisting of z = x+ iy where x, y ∈ R and y > 0. Suppose f is defined on H and has a Fourier expansion We consider the multiplier a n e −2πinx n s .
For s > 0, applying the well-known formula where c s > 0 is a constant that only depends on s.Now, let us consider the case a n e 2πinz , z ∈ H, and recall Euler's identity: Hence, we can write f (z) = f 1 (z) + f 2 (z), where Our analysis will then proceed by setting and estimating f (−x + iy) when y is of a fixed order of magnitude and x is "sufficiently close " to an appropriate rational p/q, with (p, q) = 1, 0 < p/q ≤ 1.
Hence, similar to the proof of Lemma 1, (3.4) is proved.
Proof.It suffices to prove that m s,f 1 ∈ L 2/(1−2s),∞ [0, 1].Let us turn to (3.2), and we make the same decomposition of the x-interval as in [SW00] .Now, we apply (3.4).If x belongs to a major arc, this implies that If x belongs a minor arc, then and The contribution from all the minor arcs is therefore Next, we sum over the major arcs.Fix p q .Then, as long as 0 < s < 1/2.Therefore, the total contribution of the major arcs is majorized by (3.9) Rewrite sum (3.9) as Note that there are at most O(2 2t ) disjointed intervals for 2 t ≤ q < 2 t+1 .Moreover, has a weak L 2 1−2s norm bounded by and the sum in (3.9) converges if s > 1/4.This means that m s, The Corresponding Discrete Fractional Integral.Let g be a function of Z.The twisting discrete fractional operator I s,f is defined as and has acting functions defined on is usually called the L− function of f.On the other hand, if a n ≡ 1, n = 1, 2, . . ., then we can write Stein and Wainger [SW00] proved the following theorem.
Theorem 3.3.For 0 < s < 1, then Then it is easy to see that a n = ±1, 0 for all n ∈ N.Then, if 1/q ≤ 1/p − 1 + s, However, if we take the cancellation property of a n into consideration we have a better result in the range of 1/4 < s < 1/2.Theorem 3.4.For 1/4 < s < 1/2, then In order to obtain the the desired ℓ p → ℓ q inequalities, we need a "folk" Lemma due to Stein and Wainger [SW00] concerning a convolution operator I with multiplier m, viz., Proof.First, assume that q = 2, so that 1 p = 1 2 + 1 r .Then, for f ∈ ℓ p (Z 1 ), using Paley's version of the Hausdorff-Young inequality, f ∈ L p ′ ,p [0, 1], where 1 p + 1 p ′ = 1.Therefore, by the multiplicative property of Lorentz spaces, ) and so I maps ℓ p (Z 1 ) to ℓ 2 (Z 1 ) .The case when p = 2 and 1 2 − 1 r = 1 q follows by considering the adjoint operator of I, and the Lemma then follows by interpolation between the two resulting bounds for I. Now, Theorem 4 is just an immediate corollary of Lemma 3 and Theorem 2 and note that ℓ p ⊂ ℓ q if p ≤ q.

Multipliers Related to Imaginary Quadratic Fields
Now, consider the imaginary quadratic field K = Q( √ D) of discriminant D < 0. Let O ⊂ K denote the ring of integers.Let I be the group of fractional ideals = 0, and P ⊂ I the subgroup of principal ideals Then, H = I/P is the class group, and the class number of K is h = [I : P ] < ∞.For more detailed background of imaginary quadratic fields, see [I04].Define the fractional integral associated with the imaginary quadratic field by (4.1) where a ranges over non-zero integral ideals and N : I → Q * is the norm.In the case of integral ideals, N (a) = #(O/a).The corresponding multiplier is Our main result is stated as below.
Theorem 4.1.For 1 2 < s < 1, then m s,K belongs to weak-type L 1/(1−s) [0, 1].Proof.Let w be the number of units of K.For every class A ∈ H, we introduce the corresponding multiplier: Every class A contains an integral primitive ideal, i.e., every class is not divisible by a rational integer > 1.Every primitive ideal can be written as The above notation means a is a free Z-module, ∈ O and a = N (a); with the generators of a, we associate the quadratic form where This establishes a one-to-one correspondence between the ideal classes A ∈ H and the equivalence classes of primitive binary quadratic forms ϕ A of discriminant D. We choose Then, the inverse ideal a −1 is a free Z-module generated by one and za : Now, given a class A which contains a, we can write Here, the equivalence b ∼ a means b = (α)a with α ∈ a −1 , α = 0, i.e., α = m + nz a with m, n ∈ Z, not both zero.As m, n range over the integers, every ideal b ∼ a is covered exactly w times.Moreover, we have N (b) = |α| 2 a = am 2 + bmn + cn 2 ; hence, On the other hand, we have m s,K (x) = A∈H m s,A (x).
the following Theorem is expected.