Nearest neighbor recurrence relations for Meixner-Angelesco multiple orthogonal polynomials of the second kind

This paper studies a new family of Angelesco multiple orthogonal polynomials with shared orthogonality conditions with respect to a system of weight functions, which are complex analogues of Pascal distributions on a legged star-like set. The emphasis is placed on the algebraic properties such as the raising operators, the Rodrigues-type formula, the explicit expression of the polynomials, and the nearest neighbor recurrence relations.


Introduction
This article focuses on the algebraic properties of a new family of type II multiple orthogonal polynomials, which extend the notion of discrete orthogonal polynomials on the real line [21].Multiple orthogonal polynomials are a natural extension of orthogonal polynomials.They are linked to the simultaneous rational approximation of a system of analytic functions [22,23].Hermite's proof of the transcendence of the number e [13] use this notion.Depending on the simultaneous approximation problem, some types of multiple orthogonal polynomials appear (type I, type II, and mixed type).See [22,Chapter 4] as well as [2,10,11,12] for simultaneous rational approximation (also known as Hermite-Padé approximation) and types of multiple orthogonal polynomials.
In [5] some type II discrete multiple orthogonal polynomials were investigated.In particular, the multiple Meixner polynomials which verify orthogonality relations with respect to r > 1 different Pascal distributions (negative binomial distributions).Two kinds of multiple Meixner polynomials that are distinguished by the selection of parameters in the Pascal distribution were addressed.In [19] was given a mathematical approach to a physical phenomenon involving a chain of Hamiltonians and the multiple Meixner polynomials of the first kind.Later in [20], the authors constructed r non-Hermitian oscillator Hamiltonians that are simultaneously diagonalizable and for which the common eigenstates are expressed in terms of multiple Meixner polynomials of the second kind.In this paper we study a different type of multiple Meixner polynomials, which are orthogonal with respect to r complex analogues of the Pascal distributions on an r-star and study their algebraic properties.Among these properties, special attention is given to the nearest neighbor recurrence relations.This question has been addressed in a few recent papers dealing with multiple orthogonal polynomials on an r-star [6,16,17].Knowing the coefficients of the recurrence relations one can study the weak asymptotics (see [3] for the multiple Meixner polynomials of the first and second kind on the real line).Also the ratio asymptotic behavior of multiple orthogonal polynomials.Moreover, having such recurrence relations one can construct Christoffel-Darboux kernels, which plays important role in correlation kernel, for instance in the unitary random matrix model with external source (see [15] for the connection of multiple orthogonal polynomials and random matrix theory).
The structure of the paper is as follows.In Section 2 we provide the background material.Sections 3 and 4 contain the main results.First, we define the system of measures used in the paper and study a new family of type II discrete Angelesco multiple orthogonal polynomials on an r-star, namely, the Meixner-Angelesco polynomials of the second kind.Then, in subsection 3.1 we obtain the raising operators and state their commutative property.Base on these operators the Rodrigues-type formula is obtained.Section 4 deals both with the explicit expression of the polynomials and the deduction of the nearest neighbor recurrence relation.The implemented procedure in the study of the recurrence relations is similar to the one used in [7], which differs from those used in [5,6,25].The explicit series representation of the polynomials is given.The paper ends with some concluding remarks in Section 5.

Background material
The orthogonal polynomials on the real line P n (x), n ∈ Z + = {0, 1, 2, . ..}, with respect to a positive measure µ (with finite moments) are such that each polynomial has deg P n = n and satisfy the following orthogonality relations From ( 1) the polynomial P n is determined up to a multiplicative factor.For discrete orthogonal polynomials [21], the measure µ is discrete where δ x k denotes the Dirac measures on the N + 1 points x 0 , . . ., x N and ρ k are the weights.These orthogonality relations on the linear lattice x k = k, k = 0, 1, . . ., N can be expressed as where (x) j = x(x + 1) . . .(x + j − 1), if j > 0 and (x) 0 = 1, is the Pochhammer symbol.Next we take ρ k = ρ(k) (see Table 1).
The classical discrete orthogonal polynomials on a linear lattice are those of Charlier, Meixner, Kravchuk, and Hahn.The corresponding weight functions ρ(x) for the discrete measures µ with unbounded support, i.e.N = ∞, are given in the following table (see [21]).
Weight Charlier ρ a (x) Meixner ρ β,c (x)  For the Charlier polynomials C a n (x) the weight function ρ a (x), x ∈ Z + , a > 0, is a Poisson distribution on Z + , and the orthogonality relations (2) are: For the Meixner polynomials M β,c n (x) (with β > 0 and 0 < c < 1) the weight function ρ β,c (x), x ∈ Z + , is a negative binomial distribution (Pascal distribution) on Z + , and the orthogonality relations (2) are: The weight functions for classical discrete orthogonal polynomials satisfy a first order difference equation (Pearson's equation) △ σ(x)ρ(x) = τ (x)ρ(x), where σ is a polynomial of degree at most 2, τ a polynomial of degree 1, and △f For the above P n (x), the polynomials σ(x) and τ (x) are given in the following table [5], [21]: Each of the classical (monic) discrete orthogonal polynomials has a raising operator, which can be derived from the orthogonality relation (2) and the use of summation by parts.These operators are Using the raising operator several times, one gets a Rodrigues-type formula for the polynomials [5].From this formula, one can obtains an explicit expression for the classical (monic) discrete orthogonal polynomials in terms of hypergeometric functions [14] These classical (monic) discrete orthogonal polynomials P n (x) satisfy a three-term recurrence relation xP n (x) = P n+1 (x) + b n P n (x) + a n P n−1 (x), n ≥ 0, with a n > 0 and initial conditions P 0 = 1 and P −1 = 0. Substituting the explicit expression given in (5) in the recurrence relation, one can compute the above recurrence coefficients by comparing coefficients [5].Indeed, they are given in table 3.An extension of classical orthogonal polynomials are the multiple orthogonal polynomials (also called Hermite-Padé polynomials).They satisfy orthogonality relations shared with respect to a system of measures and are linked with the simultaneous rational approximation of a system of analytic functions [22].Below, we address two of these systems of measures: The AT-system and Anglesco system.In [5] some Hermite-Padé polynomials orthogonal with respect to an AT-system of discrete measures supported on the linear lattice were studied.An AT system [5,22] of r positive discrete measures consists of a set of measures on Ω j ⊂ R, so that supp(µ j ) is the closure of {x k } N k=0 and Ω j = Ω for each j = 0, . . ., r − 1.Moreover, ρ j,k = ρ j (x k ), k = 1, . . ., N , j = 0, . . ., r − 1, for weight functions ρ 0 (x), . . ., ρ r−1 (x) such that the following system ρ 0 (x), xρ 0 (x), . . ., x n0−1 ρ 0 (x), . . ., ρ r−1 (x), xρ r−1 (x), . . ., x nr−1−1 ρ r−1 (x) be a Chebyshev system on Ω for each multi-index n = (n 0 , . . ., n r−1 ) ∈ Z r + with length For this system of measures on the linear lattice, define the type II discrete multiple orthogonal polynomial of deg P n = | n| that satisfies the orthogonality conditions The discrete multiple orthogonal polynomials studied in [5] are those of Multiple Charlier, Multiple Meixner of the first and second kind, Multiple Kravchuk, and Multiple Hahn.The corresponding components of the vector weight functions for measures with unbounded support (N = ∞) are given in the following table.
A repeated application of these raising operators gives the following Rodrigues-type formulas From the Rodrigues-type formulas one can find an explicit expression of these monic polynomials Moreover, these polynomials satisfy a nearest neighbor recurrence relations [25] ( Now, we address the Angelesco system of r measures [1,22].This system consists of orthogonality measures µ ℓ (ℓ = 0, . . ., r − 1) supported on Ω ℓ , where Ω • ℓ = Ω ℓ \ {0} and Ω • i ∩ Ω • j = ∅, for i = j (see also [24]).In [6], an Angelesco system of discrete measures were considered.The derived polynomials (Angelesco multiple orthogonal polynomials) involve orthogonality relations distributed over r discrete complex measures (with finite moments) supported on an r-star defined by the intervals [0, e 2πik/r ∞), k = 0, . . ., r − 1.Two type II discrete multiple orthogonal polynomials on an r-star, namely, Charlier-Angelesco and Meixner-Angelesco polynomials of the first kind were investigated.The location of zeros as well as the recurrence relations were addressed.
In the sequel we assume that r ∈ N and ω j is the r-th roots of 1, that is ω = e 2πi/r , j = 0, . . ., r − 1. Denote by Ω 0 , . . ., Ω r−1 the rays on the complex plane given as counterclockwise rotations of the positive real axis, i.e.
These rays generate the r-star on the complex plane On each Ω j , j = 0, . . ., r − 1, one considers a continuous function ρ j (weight function) and a discrete measure on the mass points z j,0 , . . ., z j,N ∈ Ω j , with finite moments and supp ).The type II discrete-Angelesco polynomial P n for the multi-index n on the r-star (8) is the polynomial of degree ≤ r| n| defined by the orthogonality relations Here the Pochhammer symbol (−z r ) n ℓ −1 is a polynomial of degree r(n ℓ − 1) and P n is a polynomial in powers of z r .
The orthogonality relations (10) give a linear algebraic systems of | n| equations for the | n| + 1 coefficients of P n , with matrix . . . where This linear algebraic system has always a nontrivial solution.We will deal with those systems, whose solution P n for all indices n ∈ N r is unique up to a nonzero multiplicative factor and also of degree exactly | n| (the monic polynomial exists and will be unique) i.e., the system of measures ( 9) is a perfect system [18] (all indices are normal).This happen when the matrix N given from M by deleting the last column has rank | n|.Hence, For the coefficients of the monic P n we use the following notation Now, we address some properties of these polynomials, namely, the zero location theorem and the recurrence relation theorem (also valid for the new Meixner-Angelesco polynomials of the second kind).For the first property, we need the notion of ω-symmetry [6].

Theorem 2.2 ([6]
). Suppose all the multi-indices n ∈ N r are normal for the system of measures µ 0 , . . ., µ r−1 .Then, the corresponding type II discrete Angelesco multiple orthogonal polynomials on the r-star satisfy the recurrence relation The explicit expression of these recurrence coefficients for Charlier-Angelesco and Meixner-Angelesco polynomials of the first kind are given in [6].
3 Type II Meixner-Angelesco polynomials of the second kind Now, we introduce the system of measures for the Meixner-Angelesco polynomials of the second kind.We will find the raising operators, Rodrigues-type formula, and explicit expression for these polynomials.Finally, a different proof the above Theorem 2.2 and the coefficients for the nearest neighbor recurrence relations will be given.
Consider the function ρ(z) in ( 19) and the mass points (18), and the complex weight functions where the complex parameters β j are all different and such that (z r j,k + β j ) ∈ C \ Z − and β i − β j / ∈ Z for i = j.In the expression (20) a complex replacement of the real parameters involved in the negative binomial distribution (Pascal distribution) ρ β (k) = (β) k c k /k!, on the non-negative integers k = 0, 1, 2 . . . is carried out (see Tables 4 as well as [21] and [5] for the real weight functions involving the Meixner polynomials and multiple Meixner polynomials, respectively).
From ( 9), (18), and ( 20) we obtain a particular system of discrete measures of Meixner of the second kind {µ β0 , . . ., µ βr−1 } supported on the r-star (8) with the following moments ( 12) For any fixed j ∈ N and ℓ = 0, ..., r − 1, one gets Taking |c| ≤ a < 1 for all ℓ = 0, . . ., r − 1, from the Ratio Test follows the absolute convergence of the series.Then, (21) converges and all moments exist.Moreover, the matrix M derived from the linear system (10) has full rank (see expressions (11) and ( 13)).Thus, the system of discrete measures of Meixner-Angelesco of the second kind is a perfect system of measures.
Definition 3.1.The type II monic Meixner-Angelesco polynomial of the second kind M β,c n for the multi-index n = (n 0 , . . ., n r−1 ) on the r-star and weight functions (20) is the polynomial of degree | n| in z r defined by the orthogonality relations or equivalently, The orthogonality relations ( 22) and ( 23) are a particular situation of (10), with the ωsymmetric weight functions (20).The system (23) defines | n| conditions for the | n|-unknown coefficients of the monic polynomial M β,c n of degree | n| in z r .

Raising relation and Rodrigues-type formula
Here we study the raising operator and Rodrigues-type formula for the type II Meixner-Angelesco polynomials of the second kind.Define where ρ β ℓ (z) is given in (20).For any power k = 0, 1, . .., where δ k,0 denotes the Kronecker delta.Notice that deg Ψ β ℓ z k = r + k and for k = r| n| the resulting polynomial has degree r(| n| + 1).For polynomials p(z) ∈ P N = span {1, z, . . ., z N }, we will use the expression (25) termwise.
Lemma 3.1.The following commutative property Proof.For any power k ∈ Z + , using (25) first in the index ℓ and then in j, one gets Clearly, the right-hand side of this equation is invariant under change of complex parameters β ℓ ↔ β j , which implies (26).
Lemma 3.2.The type II Meixner-Angelesco polynomials of the second kind satisfy the raising relation where Ψ β ℓ is given in (24).
The operator Ψ β ℓ is called raising operator because the ℓ-th component of the multi-index n is increased by 1.
In the sequel we will deal with the compositions of raising operators involving the expression given in (24).Thus, define Moreover, from Lemma 3.1 the following commutative relation holds.
From the commutative relation (26) in Lemma 3.1, the above product in (39) can be expressed (reordered) as follows Therefore, the following relation holds . This concludes the proof of (34).
Remark 3.2.The formula (36) gives the explicit expression for the Meixner polynomials of degree n ℓ ∈ Z + , in the variable z r , which are orthogonal with respect to the discrete measure derived from the complex weight ρ β ℓ (z) on the ℓ-ray, for ℓ ∈ {0, . . ., r−1}.In this situation n = (0, . . ., n ℓ , . . ., 0), that is, one is dealing with scalar orthogonality.Notice that the expression (36) is similar to (4) for the classical Meixner polynomials.The similarity is understood as a complex replacement of the real parameters involved in the orthogonality measure as well as the change of the real variable x by z r (see formula (40)).

Explicit expression and recurrence relation
Here we obtain the explicit expression for the type II Meixner-Angelesco polynomials of the second kind from the Rodrigues formula (34).As a consequence of Theorem 3.1 we have the following Corollary.
Corollary 4.1.The type II Meixner-Angelesco polynomials of the second kind on the r-star are given by where the following relation has been used Moreover, taking into account the relation which is an explicit expression for the polynomial M β,c n ℓ e ℓ (z) in equation (36).Now, using (15) one has Notice that this expression coincides with (38).Finally, repeating the above process, base on the structure of the Rodrigues formula (34) and Lemma 3.1 one gets which coincides with (40).
In order to compute the coefficients of the recurrence relation for the type II Meixner-Angelesco polynomials of the second kind given in Theorem 2.2 we use the above raising operators.The procedure is similar to the one used in [7].
Lemma 4.1.The following relation holds Proof.We begin by computing the action of the operator R β ℓ n ℓ on the function z r .Use the first relation in (15) m-times over the product of functions z r ρ β ℓ +k (z) , that is, the Leibniz's rule for the nth derivative to get where ∇ 0 is the identity operator.
Then, in equation ( 44), take k = m = n ℓ and multiply from the left by c c − 1 Here the following relation has been used: To check equation (46) one can proceed as follows: Here we used formula Γ(z r + 1) = z r Γ(z r + 1).Moreover, we added and subtracted the term (β ℓ + n ℓ − 1) to get the desired expression.Hence, Multiplying this equation from the left by c c − 1 gives (46).
Finally, taking into account the following algebraic manipulation and replacing the term R β ℓ n ℓ z r with the expression (45) one obtains (43).
Theorem 4.1.The type II Meixner-Angelesco polynomials of the second kind verify the following recurrence relations Proof.The action of the raising operator R βj nj on equation (43) gives ) where j, ℓ ∈ {0, . . ., r − 1}, ℓ = j.Observe that from the multiplication-by-z r operator in (43) and the commutative property of the operator (33) as well as its linearity one has Here, based on the property (26) and expression (32), the following algebraic manipulation was used Therefore, (48) can be rewritten as follows This expression gives the recurrence relation (47) involving the polynomial given in (38) (see also (42)) i.e.Finally, by iterating this process, i.e. by mathematical induction, in which the commutative linear operators (32), R β k n k , k ∈ {0, . . ., r − 1}, k = j, ℓ (see (33) as well as formula (49)) sequentially act on equation (50) one obtains relation (47).

Conclusions
In [5], five families of discrete multiple orthogonal polynomials for AT-systems of measures were studied.Among these polynomials there are three families, namely, multiple Charlier and multiple Meixner polynomials of the first and second kind, respectively where the orthogonality measures are supported on an unbounded subset of R + .We refer to them as unbounded cases.The Angelesco systems with measures supported on unbounded rays of C, with disjoint interior, which still lead to raising operators, Rodrigues formula, and recurrence relations among other algebraic properties is an interesting question.Indeed, it has not been studied until recently [6,16,17].Before that few examples of Angelesco polynomials were known, namely, Jacobi-Angelesco, Jacobi-Laguerre, and Laguerre-Hermite polynomials.Only the last one considered two orthogonalizing weights with unbounded supports, that is, R − and R + .
With the Meixner-Angelesco polynomials of the second kind we complete the study of Angelesco multiple orthogonal polynomials, which are analogues of the multiple Charlier and multiple Meixner polynomials of the first and second kind that have been studied for AT-system of discrete measures.We have obtained the raising operators, the Rodrigues-type formulas, the explicit expressions, and the nearest neighbor recurrence relations.These expressions involve complex parameters and are polynomials in z r , which differ from (7).
Finally, other families of Angelesco polynomials should be studied.In particular, the bounded cases (Hahn-Angelesco and Kravchuk-Angelesco systems), where the orthogonality measures should be some complex analogues of the hypergeometric and binomial distributions supported on an rstar with bounded legs, respectively.In addition, some q-extensions involving Angelesco multiple orthogonal polynomials (in line with the AT-systems in [4,7,8,9]) should be investigated.

Table
1: Weight functions for Charlier and Meixner polynomials.

Table 2 :
Polynomials σ(x) and τ (x) in the Pearson's equation for Charlier and Meixner polynomials.

Table 3 :
Recurrence coefficients for Charlier and Meixner polynomials.