Extending the Domain with Application of Four-Step Nonlinear Scheme with Average Lipschitz Conditions

: A novel local and semi-local convergence theorem for the four-step nonlinear scheme is presented. Earlier studies on local convergence were conducted without particular assumption on Lipschitz constant. In ﬁrst part, the main local convergence theorems with a weak κ -average (assuming it as a positively integrable function and dropping the essential property of ND) are obtained. In comparison to previous research, in another part, we employ majorizing sequences that are more accurate in their precision along with the certain form of κ average Lipschitz criteria. A ﬁner local and semi-local convergence criteria, boosting its utility, by relaxing the assumptions is derived. Applications in engineering to a variety of speciﬁc cases, such as object motion governed by a system of differential equations, are illustrated.


Introduction
Let the nonlinear operator T be a map in the domain D from χ to Y and taken as a Fréchet differentiable with T its Fréchet derivative which maps χ a Banach space to another Banach space Y, D = ∅ convex open subset, which can be generated as T(x) = 0. (1) Computational sciences have advanced significantly in mathematics, economic equilibrium theory, and engineering sciences.Iteration techniques are also used to solve optimization difficulties.In computer sciences, the discipline of numerical analysis for determining such solutions is fundamentally linked to versions of Newton's approach as It is chosen despite its slow convergence speed.A survey on Newton's method [1] can be found in Kantorovich [2] and the references by Rall [3].
There is an extensive literature on the local convergence for Newton, Jarratt, Weerakoon schemes, etc., in the Banach space in the refs.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11].Our objectives here are centered on the local convergence study of a four-step nonlinear scheme (FSS) under generalized/weak Lipschitz criteria which Wang [12] developed, where a non-decreasing positive integrable function (NDPIF) was incorporated rather than a Lipschitz constant.However, Wang with Li [13] discovered new conclusions on the convergence study of Newton's method (NM) in the Banach spaces where the T meets the radius/center Lipschitz criteria but relaxing κ-average.Shakhno [14] has explored local convergence for the Secant-type method [2] with a first-order non-differentiable operator satisfying the generalized/weak Lipschitz conditions.
We shall use the classical FSS [15] under the κ-average condition to study the local convergence of FSS that is expressed as: x n+1 = q n − [T (x n )] −1 T(q n ), n ≥ 0.
The method (3) is notable for being the simplest and most efficient fifth-order iterative procedure.We find, in the literature, a study using ω-continuity conditions on T .While methods of greater R-order convergence are often not implemented regularly despite their great speed of convergence, this is due to the high operational expense.That being said, in stiff system challenges, the method of higher R-order convergence can be used cited by [2] where quick convergence is necessary.
We are extremely motivated from the captivating study [13] which gave us the possibility of relaxing the κ-average Lipschitz condition and property of the ND of κ to be essential for the convergence of a fifth-order FSS scheme.In [16], we also illustrated the local convergence of a third-order Newton-like method under the same κ-average Lipschitz condition taken above.Using such considerations, we derive a new local convergence study for the scheme (3), which enables us to enlarge the convergence ball by dropping out additional assumptions along-with an error/distance estimate.In addition, few corollaries with numerical examples are also stated.
In the literature, L.V. Kantorovich first investigated the semi-local convergence results in [2].Many other scholars have since examined the enhancement of outcomes based on majorizing sequences and its variants [1,3,[17][18][19][20], which is described as [21]: Definition 1 (Majorized sequence).Let {a n } be a sequence in a Banach space X and {t n } be an increasing scalar sequence.We could say {a n } is majorized by {t n } if a n+1 − a n ≤ t n+1 − t n , for each n = 0, 1, 2, • • • .
It is also important to provide a unified semi-local convergence analysis for the FSS (3) along-with the uniqueness of the solution.This analysis can improve existing results through specialization.
The structure of the presentation of the work is as follows.Section 2 comprises some conditions and preliminary lemma for κ-average weak conditions.In Sections 3 and 4, we provide local convergence with its domain of uniqueness for FSS while relaxing the assumption that T should satisfy radius/center Lipschitz criteria under weak κ-average saying κ/κ 0 is assumed to be belonging to one of the families of PIF, which are not always ND for convergence-related theorems.This work unifies the semi-local analysis of FSS in Section 5 under majorizing sequences and more weak Lipschitz-type conditions than previously.Finally, applications and further corollaries are given in order to justify the significance of the findings.

Notions and Preliminary Results
Making the research as self-contained as one possibly can, we reintroduce some essential concepts and findings [12,13].Let M(Σ * , ρ) = {r : ||r − Σ * || < ρ} be a ball where the radius is denoted by ρ and the center is denoted by Σ * .
The notions about Lipschitz criteria are defined as follows.
Definition 2. The operator T satisfies the radius Lipschitz criterion if This definition is previously used by researchers with constant κ.
with the constant κ 0 in which κ 0 ≤ κ.It turns out that substituting κ as κ 0 when κ 0 < κ [4,9,22] leads to: The novelty of our work is to see that κ used in the Lipschitz criteria is not required to be essentially constant; rather, it takes the form of an integrable positively function.In that case, condition (4) is substituted with: Definition 4. The operator T satisfies the κ-average or generalized/weak Lipschitz criterion, if And condition (5), respectively, is substituted with: Definition 5.The operator T satisfies the center κ-average criterion, if in which (r) = ||r − Σ * || together with κ 0 (u) ≤ κ(u).
As an illustration of motivation, assume that the motion of a three-dimensional object is regulated by a system of differential equations ) and the solution represented by Σ * = (0, 0, 0) t .Define the function T on ω for o = (p, q, r) t as We find the Fréchet derivative as Thus, κ = e 2 , κ 0 = e−1 2 where κ 0 < κ (as per Definitions 2 and 3).As a result, substituting κ with κ 0 at the denominator enhances the convergence radius mentioned in example 1.When κ, κ 0 are not considered to be constants, then we can find κ 0 (u) = (as per Definitions 4, 5 and Remark 1).Next, we shall show in Lemma 1 the two major double integrals that will be used in the main results by solving through a change of variables.Lemma 1. Assuming T being continuously differentiable in M(Σ * , ρ), T(Σ * ) = 0, [T (Σ * )] −1 exists (a) If the center average Lipschitz condition under the κ 0 -average is satisfied by [T (Σ * )] −1 T : in which (r) = ||r − Σ * || and κ 0 is (ND); therby, we see (b) If the radius average Lipschitz condition under the κ-average is satisfied by [T (Σ * )] −1 T : Proof.The definition for average Lipschitz criteria (11) and (9), respectively, infers that where r θ = Σ * + θ(r − Σ * ).

Local Convergence Results for Four-Step Scheme (3)
Under this section, we present the key findings about local convergence as well as improved error estimates with distances.
Let the relation be satisfied by ρ as: Lemma 2 ([13]).Assume that κ is PIF along with the function κ α given by expression (46) to be ND for some α with 0 ≤ α ≤ 1.Then, the function ψ β,α f or each β ≥ 0 takes the form is also ND.
Lemma 3. Assume that κ is NDPIF.Then, the function defined by 1 t 2 t 0 κ(u)udu is also ND with respect to t.
Next, we provide proofs for the two core results.
Proof of Theorem 1.Clearly, if x ∈ M(Σ * , ρ), we have with the help of the center-average Lipschitz condition under κ-average along with the assumption (13): By the virtue of the Banach Lemma [2] and the above equation using the expression (21), we arrive at the following inequality: WLOG picking x 0 ∈ M(Σ * , ρ), in which C 1 , C 2 , C 3 and C 4 are given as per the relation (19) and ρ fulfills the inequality (13), can be proved as: In what follows, if x n ∈ M(Σ * , ρ), then we have from the scheme (3) Through Taylor's expansion, we obtain from the expansion of T(x n ) along Σ * : So, combining expressions (23) and (24) along with Definition 4, That gives the first inequality of relation (15) with Lemma 1.With the method's second sub-step (3) and a parallel analogy, we see that That gives the first inequality of relation (16) with Lemma 1.With the method's third sub-step (3) and in similar analogy, we obtain Looking the Lemma 1, we obtain relation (17).At last, in the last sub-step of the scheme (3), we obtain κ(u)du (q n )dθ. (28) That gives the expression (18).Moreover, (x n ), (z n ), (q n ) and (y n ) are monotonically decreasing; hence, ∀n = 0, 1, . .., and we see Setting n = 0 above gives us . This result shows that y 0 ∈ M(Σ * , ρ), and it can therefore be repeated indefinitely as per Equation (3).Furthermore, all values of y n will belong to M(Σ * , ρ) by a mathematical induction, and the value of (y n ) = y n − Σ * will decrease monotonically.
By some computation in the first part of expression (15) and (16), we obtain By simplifying further, Setting n = 0 in inequality (29) gives us z 0 − Σ * ≤ C 2 .(y 0 ) < (x 0 ).This result shows that z 0 ∈ M(Σ * , ρ), and it can therefore be repeated indefinitely as per Equation (3).Furthermore, all values of z n will belong to M(Σ * , ρ) by mathematical induction, and the value of (z n ) = z n − Σ * will decrease monotonically.
By simplifying further, Setting n = 0 in inequality (31) gives us q 0 − Σ * ≤ C 3 .(z 0 ) < (x 0 ).This result shows that q 0 ∈ M(Σ * , ρ), and it can therefore be repeated indefinitely as per Equation (3).Furthermore, all values of q n will belong to M(Σ * , ρ) by mathematical induction, and the value of (q n ) = q n − Σ * will decrease monotonically.In addition, the last expression (18) gives By simplifying further, That is all regarding inequalities (15)- (18).It remains to check (20); for that, we use mathematical induction.For n = 0, we have by the relation (16), Subsequently, the aforementioned inequality can be transformed into an alternative form: That means the equality (20) is said to be true for n = 1.Next, assume the relation (20) holds for some integer n > 1.The below form is preserved by the aforementioned inequality: We are now prepared to demonstrate the uniqueness result.
Proof of Theorem 2. WLOG picking Σ * 1 ∈ M(Σ * , ρ), Σ * 1 = Σ * and considering the scheme, we obtain Through Taylor's expansion, we obtain from expansion of T(Σ * 1 ) along Σ * : So, combining expressions (35) and (36) along with Definition 5, Looking at the relation (37) with Lemma 1, we have However, that is found to be a contradiction.Hence, we find that Σ * 1 = Σ * .This gives the core result for this part.Specifically, assuming that κ and κ 0 are constants, we can obtain the usual results on the Lipschitz condition.

Local Convergence with Weak κ-Average
We shall provide local convergence results on re-assuming the hypotheses already presented in the first theorem by weakening it where κ is not taken as an ND function.This concept has already resulted in a more precise convergence study by decreasing the convergence order.(39) Then, the FSS (3 in which the quantities are found to be less than 1.In addition, Moreover, assuming the function κ α given as is ND for some α with 0 ≤ α ≤ 1 and ρ satisfies Then, the FSS (3) converges ∀x 0 ∈ M(Σ * , ρ) with in which quantity m 1 is the same as C 1 given in inequality (19) and less than 1.
Proof.Clearly, if x ∈ M(Σ * , ρ), we have with the help of the center-average Lipschitz condition under a weak average along with the assumption (39): Using the Banach Lemma [2] and the equation below using expression (49), we arrive at the following inequality: WLOG picking x 0 ∈ M(Σ * , ρ), in which M 1 , M 2 , M 3 and M 4 are given as per the relation (44) and ρ fulfills the inequality (39), can be proved as: In what follows, if x n ∈ M(Σ * , ρ), then from scheme (3), the first inequality of relation (40)-( 43) is completely similar to Theorem 3. Additionally, (x n ), (z n ), (q n ) and (y n ) are monotonically decreasing, hence ∀n = 0, 1, . .., which leads to By some computation in first part of expression ( 41)-( 43), we obtain We also can easily derive the inequality (45) through the aforementioned result.Assuming the function κ α given by the relation (46) is ND for some α with 0 ≤ α ≤ 1 and ρ is given by expression (47), in view of Lemma 2 and the first part of inequality of relation (40), we see Following that, when we see Lemma 2 and the initial part of inequality of (41)-(43), we find in which (19) proves m 1 < 1. Moving forward the derivation of inequality (48), the method of mathematical induction will be employed.Initially, when n = 0, the inequality transforms into the following expression: Consequently, the expression (48) holds true for n = 1.To continue, let us assume that the inequality (48) is valid for an arbitrary integer n > 1.By utilizing the inequalities (48) for n = n, and rearranging its terms, the inequality retains its form: This demonstrates that the result holds true for n = n + 1 and is clearly concluding that x n is convergent to Σ * .Hence, the proof is said to be completed.Then, the FSS (3) converges ∀x 0 ∈ M(Σ * , ρ) with holds for Additionally, assuming the function κ α given by the inequality (46) to be ND for some α when 0 ≤ α ≤ 1, we see Looking at the Lemma 1, the aforementioned inequality becomes The method's remaining sub-step (3) and a parallel analogy gives Looking at Lemma 1, the aforementioned inequality becomes in which expression (55) gives η 1 < 1, η 2 , η 3 and η 4 < 1.The relations proved above yield inequality (54) proving x n is convergent to Σ * .Assuming the function κ α given by the relation (46) is ND for some α with 0 ≤ α ≤ 1 and ρ is given by expression (53), in view of Lemma 2 and the aforementioned relations, we have Following that, Lemma 2 gives Continuing the derivation further results in the inequality (56) indicating that x n is convergent to Σ * .
Next, we will give special cases and the applications to our novel improved theorems with few specific functions on κ, and the results through Theorems 3 and 4 are reconstructed.
Corollary 1. Assuming T being continuously differentiable in M(Σ * , ρ), T(Σ * ) = 0, [T (Σ * )] −1 exists and Definitions 4 and 5 are satisfied by [T (Σ * )] −1 T along with κ(u) = ζau a−1 and κ 0 (u) = ζ 0 au a−1 : with Then, the FSS, (3) Hence, in which 0 < a < 1 and ζ 0 > 0.ρ satisfies the relation Then, the FSS (3) converges ∀x 0 ∈ M(Σ * , ρ) with Remark 1. (i) If κ 0 = κ, then our results narrow down to those proved by earlier researchers [5,8,12,13,23].Thus, the results of the above condition mentioned above are special cases of our results.However, if κ 0 < κ, the wider convergence radius is achieved in our results due to the weakening of Lipschitz continuity conditions (the same as illustrated in the Examples 1 and 3) in the next section.(ii) The extension of scope of application of our results is described below.Assume equation 2κ 0 (u)u − 1 = 0 is said to have a minimal positive root ρ and (5 in which ∀ x, y ∈ M, 0 ≤ θ ≤ 1, and κ is as κ.We see So, according to the above proofs, κ can replace κ in all the results under κ.However, then if κ(u) < κ(u) the advantages mentioned in (i) above can be extended even more.Thus, according to the motivational example, by setting a lower upper bound of κ(u) as κ which will further enhance the convergence radius, we obtain

Semi-Local Convergence
This section follows semi-local convergence outcomes for highly comprehensive majorizing sequences of FSS (3).The study of iterative methods highly values majorizing sequences as they significantly contribute to the analysis of the given scheme.This is because majorizing sequences provide a way to bound the error of the iterative method, which is crucial in understanding the convergence properties of the method.By providing a tight upper bound on the error, majorizing sequences can be used to establish convergence results for iterative methods.We introduce an extensive majorizing sequence.Suppose that there exists a real function κ 0 defined on the interval [0, +∞) such that the equation κ 0 (n) − 1 = 0 has a smallest positive solution ρ.Let also κ be a real function defined on the interval [0, ρ).Let a 0 = 0 and b 0 be a non-negative parameter.Then, define the sequence {a t } by , and The sequence a t is shown to be majorizing for the sequence x t in Theorem 4. Let us first develop convergence criteria for the sequence {a t }.Lemma 4. Suppose there exists ρ 0 ∈ [0, ρ) such that for each t = 0, 1, 2, • • • κ 0 (a t ) < 1 and a t ≤ ρ 0 . (74) Then, the following assertions hold and there exists a * ∈ [0, ρ 0 ] such that a t ≤ a * ≤ ρ 0 and lim t→∞ a t = a * .
Proof.By the definition of the sequence {a t } given by the formula (73) and the conditions (74), we see that the assertion (75) holds.Hence, the rest of the assertions also hold.

Remark 3. (1)
The parameter ρ can replace the limit point a * in the condition (A 5 ).
The main result for the FSS (3)' semi-local convergence is: Theorem 5. Suppose that the conditions (A 1 )-(A 5 ) hold.Then, the sequence x t generated by the method (3) is well defined in the ball U(x 0 , a * ), remains in U(x 0 , a * ) for each t = 0, 1, 2, • • • and is convergent to a solution x * ∈ U[x 0 , a * ] of the equation T(x) = 0. Additionally, the following assertions hold for each t = 0, 1, 2, • • • and Proof.Induction shall determine the assertions.The condition (A 1 ) and the method (3) for t = 0 give Thus, the iterate y 0 ∈ U(x 0 , a * ) and the assertion (76) is established for t = 0. Let u ∈ U(x 0 , a * ).Then, by the condition (A 2 ), it follows We can write by the first sub-step Hence, by (A 2 ), and by the second sub-step where we also used (76) for u = x k .Hence, the iterate z k ∈ U(x 0 , a * ) and the assertion (77) holds.Then, we can write Therefore, Consequently, Hence, the iterate q k ∈ U(x 0 , a * ) and the assertion (78) holds.Similarly, the last sub-step gives in turn and Hence, the iterate x k+1 ∈ U(x 0 , a * ) and the assertion (79) holds.Moreover, we can write by the first sub-step Consequently, Hence, the iterate y k+1 ∈ U(x 0 , a * ) and the assertion (79) holds.The induction is terminated.Therefore, it is established that the sequence a k majorizes the sequence x k .Moreover, the sequence a k is complete as convergent by the condition (A 4 ).Thus, the sequence x k is also complete in Banach space .Hence, there exists x * ∈ U(x 0 , a * ) such that lim k→∞ x k = x * .Furthermore, if k → ∞ in (82), then we conclude from lim k→∞ r k+1 = 0, that T(x * ) = 0. Finally, let i → ∞ in the estimate to obtain the assertion (80).
The determination of the solution region's uniqueness follows.

Applications
The applications are illustrated by the examples.
Example 1.Looking back at the inspirational example, we are able to apply our hypothesis and see that all the assumptions are proved to be true.Applying (13) and T (Σ * ) = (1, 1, 1) t , we find the following: The old case we find for outcomes of past researchers [1,22]  We clearly notice that Therefore, we are able to justify the advantages mentioned in the Remark 1 evaluation, i.e., it leads to the convergence domain of the proposed scheme of our study.Meanwhile, there seems to be no PIF κ that satisfies the inequality (6).Take note of the fact that since for u = 1/i, v = 1/i, θ = 2i 2i+1 and i = 1, 2, • • • Hence, we can say that possibly if there was a positively integrable function κ s.t., the relation (6) follows on M(Σ * , ρ); for some ρ > 0, it follows that ∃ some i 0 > 1 s.t.Thereby, this leads to the same advantages as in Example 1 by solving (13) and hence, it extends the scope of application of the scheme.In addition, over the previous work described in [15], we have expanded the convergence domain, making our findings more beneficial.

Conclusions
To estimate a locally unique solution, a local convergence criteria is successfully proposed for FSS using this new idea of weak κ-average on a high-order scheme and the combination of weak/average radius Lipschitz/center Lipschitz criteria.In comparison to previous work in [15], our analysis is more beneficial in terms of the following advantages: sufficient weaker convergence criteria and a broader convergence domain.However, the scheme considered here is without a coefficient, which is a limitation, and this issue can be addressed by modifying the assumptions on the radius which the authors intend to take up in the future.This work has further scope of enhancement in condition for the scheme considered in this theory to make it applicable for semi-local and global domains.The proposed convergence criteria is superior over the existing convergence criteria for the FSS scheme of fifth order.By providing semi-local convergence results for incredibly broad majoring sequences, emphasis is on the broad applicability of results and their potential significance in the study of iterative schemes.In all, it is a contribution of new research directions in computational methods and numerical functional analysis.