A System of Coupled Impulsive Neutral Functional Differential Equations: New Existence Results Driven by Fractional Brownian Motion and the Wiener Process

: Conditions for the existence and uniqueness of mild solutions for a system of semilinear impulsive differential equations with inﬁnite fractional Brownian movements and the Wiener process are established. Our approach is based on a novel application of Burton and Kirk’s ﬁxed point theorem in extended Banach spaces. This paper aims to extend current results to a differential-inclusions scenario. The motivation of this paper for impulsive neutral differential equations is to investigate the existence of solutions for impulsive neutral differential equations with fractional Brownian motion and a Wiener process (topics that have not been considered and are the main focus of this paper)


Introduction
Stochastic differential equations describe many real and practically important problems in modern physics, biology, economics, cybernetics, etc. Impulse differential equations are a suitable mathematical model for financial processes.Among the various questions that arise when solving such problems, one of the most important is the question of the existence and stability of solutions to stochastic functional differential equations with impulse influences, see [1][2][3][4].
Stochastic time PDEs with variable deviating (delayed) arguments have long attracted the attention of researchers, with the first results dating back to the 18th century.To study the existence and uniqueness of mild solutions for such systems, a premise less strict than the Lipschitz condition in nonlinear terms was used [5,6].
Many social, biological, physical, and engineering problems can be modeled using random differential and integral equations [7][8][9][10][11].For example, Tsokos and Padgett considered a stochastic distribution model of drugs in a biological problem in [7].
Neutral differential equations are prevalent in various areas of applied mathematics and are used to model numerous phenomena and evolutionary processes in the natural sciences, including population dynamics, chemical technology, and physics.These phenomena may experience brief perturbations or abrupt state changes, which can be conceptualized as impulses.It is also well known that numerous applications in communications, mechanics, electrical engineering, biology, medicine, and other fields involve impulsive elements.Following the initial consideration of differential equations with impulses by [12], there has been a period of vigorous research in this area.Due to this reason, these types of systems have received much attention in recent decades.The literature on ordinary neutral functional differential equations is abundant; we refer the reader to [13][14][15][16].
Studies on the existence of systems with impulsive functional differential equations have gained a broad scope after their emergence.Numerous works by mathematicians are dedicated to the study of these issues in impulse differential equations, employing various functional methods.However, for impulsive neutral differential equations, the exploration of solutions involving fractional Brownian motion and a Wiener process has not been previously considered; see [17][18][19][20][21]. Motivated by the previous works, in the present paper, we consider and analyze the impact of impulsive conditions, fractional Brownian motion (FBM), and the Wiener process on the existence of solutions to the system (1)- (3).In addition, to the best of our acknowledge, there are no results concerning coupled systems under impulsive conditions.Under suitable assumptions on the functions ( f i ) i∈{1,2} , (g i ) i∈{1,2} , we prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the system (1)- (3).To this end, let J = [0, b], J 0 = (−∞, 0], and The existence of solutions for a set of the following kinds of systems (the stochastic impulsive differential equations) is the subject of this paper: Let H be the well-known real separable Hilbert space, and its inner product ., . is brought about by the norm . .Here, let (S(t)) t∈R + be the linear operators in H, which are bounded, where

(i)
The operator A: D(A) ⊂ H → H is an infinitesimal generator of a strongly continuous semi-group of S(t).(ii) B a l is the infinite sequence of independent fractional Brownian motions, l ∈ N * , with the Hurst parameter, H.
We denote by L 0 χ i (H , H) the space of all χ i -Hilbert-Schmidt operators from H into H, and let L 0 (H , H) = L 2 (χ 1/2 H , H) be a separable Hilbert space, defined with respect to the Hilbert-Schmidt norm .L 0 .Here, χ is a Wiener process on (Ω, F , P) with a linear bounded covariance operator χ, such that trχ < ∞.Let {W(t) : t ∈ R}, be a standard cylindrical Wiener process valued in H with a complete probability space (Ω, F , F t , P) that is furnished with an increasing family of right-continuous -algebras {F t , t ∈ J }, verifying F t ⊂ F , where D F 0 is a linear space of families of F 0 -measurable functions from (−∞, 0] into H, which will be explained further in the following context.The fixed time t µ satisfies 0 < t 1 < t 2 < . . .< t m < b, where x(t + µ ) denotes the right limits of x(t) when t = t µ and x(t − µ ) denotes the left limits.Regarding x t , it is understood as a segment solution, defined in a standard manner.Specifically, if x(., .)∈ ((−∞, b] × Ω, X), then ∀0 ≤ t, x t (., .): (−∞, 0] × Ω → X will be defined by System (1)-( 3) can be viewed as a fixed point issue, as in [22] where and We will introduce some nomenclature and define certain spaces before discussing the conditions met by operators f i , h i , i and I µ , Īµ .
In this study, we will use the Hale and Kato [23] axiomatic description of the phase space D F 0 .

Definition 1.
The following axioms must be met for D F 0 to be a linear space of a family of F 0 -measurable functions from (−∞, 0] → H with the norm of .D F 0 , (i) If x : (−∞, b] → X, for 0 < b be so that (H 0 , w 0 ) ∈ D F 0 × D F 0 , then for any 0 ≤ t < b, the following conditions hold: ) are independent of x(.), and N is locally bounded.
(ii) The function x(.) introduced in (i), x t is a D F 0 -valued function on [0, b).(iii) The space D F 0 is complete.
Then, we establish the value of b > 0 by where the restriction of x to J µ is denoted by x µ , with Then, we shall think about our original data, Φ, Φ ∈ D F 0 ; we assume that The structure of the essay is as follows: We review several crucial antecedents in Section 2. Based on the Burton and Kirk theorem, we demonstrate certain results related to the existence in Section 3. Finally, the main theorem is demonstrated with an example in Section 4.

Preliminaries and Tools
In this section, we introduce several notations, review definitions, and provide some background information that will be used throughout the study.Although we could refer to relevant references as needed, it is important to note that these notations and definitions are derived from multiple sources.
Assume that (Ω, F , P) is an exhaustive probability space and that the filtering (F = F t ) t∈R + satisfies the standard requirements (i.e., right-continuous and having F 0 contain all P-null sets).
If there is no chance of confusion, we will consider x(t) rather than x(t, ω) for the stochastic process x(., .): [0, T] × Ω → X.
Definition 2. Given a ∈ (0, 1), it is claimed that a continuous Gaussian process B a is a monodimensional FBM with two sides and the Hurst parameter meets the following condition: where (4) is its covariance function.
The following Volterra representation is known to be admitted by B a (t) with a > 1 2 , the usual Brownian motion represented by B is Moreover, the well-known Volterra kernel ν a (t, τ) is provided as where c a = a(2a−1) . The following defines the kernel ν * a .The collection of step functions on [0, T] is denoted by E .Suppose that H represents the Hilbert space, which is the closure of the space E with regard to Likewise, take into account the linearity of the operator ν * a defined by E into L 2 ([0, T]), given as When extended to a Hilbert space, H, the operator, ν * a , is isometric between E and L 2 ([0, T]).For any 0 ≤ s, t ≤ T, we actually have Additionally, ∀Φ ∈ H, Given (H, ., . Let (σ a n ) n∈N be a sequence of two-sided one-dimensional standard fractional Brownian motions, mutually independent on (Ω, F , P).We define the infinite-dimensional f Bm on H with covariance χ, as follows: This can be accurately described as a H -valued χ-cylindrical FBM, in the style described in [8]; thus, we have where We establish the space L 0 to define the Wiener integrals with regard to the χ-fractional Brownian motion.We should not forget that ϕ ∈ L(H , H) is referred to as a χ-Hilbert-Schmidt operator, if According to (6), the Wiener integral, with regard to f Bm, is defined as If we have the following outcome guarantees the series convergence in the preceding definition.
), so that (7) holds, and ∀0 ≤ κ, σ ≤ T with κ > σ, we have Let us now state the well-known Lemma [8], which will be used in the key result proofs in the following section.

Lemma 2.
For each i = 1, 2, for every r ≥ 1, and for any g i (.), which is an L 2 0 -valued predictable process, the following holds:

Fixed Point Results
As in [25][26][27], the classical Banach contraction principle was expanded for contracted maps on spaces endowed with vector-valued metric space.Now, let us review some definitions and outcomes that are helpful.

Definition 4.
If and only if a square matrix of R has a spectral radius ρ(M) that is strictly less than 1, it is said to be convergent to zero.In other words, all M eigenvalues are contained within an open unit disc, with det(M − αI) = 0 and I standing for the unit matrix of M n×n (R), ∀α ∈ C.
The following fixed point theorem attributed to [28] serves as the foundation for our major conclusion.
Theorem 1.Let X be a Banach space, and P 1 , P 2 : X 2 → X 2 denote two operators, satisfying the following: possesses a solution, or the set The semigroup S(t) must be uniformly bounded to obtain the continuity and the boundness of the operator in order to have the equi-continuity.We assume that the semigroup S(t) is uniformly bounded; that is, We also assume that 0 ∈ ρ(A) (the resolvent set of A) and the semigroup S(t) are both continuous.The fractional power operator (−a) κ can be defined for 0 < κ ≤ 1 as a closed linear operator on its domain D((−a) κ ).The subspace D((−a) κ ) is additionally dense in X.We designate as X κ the Banach space D((−a) κ ) endowed with the norm which defines a norm on D((−a) κ ) that is identical to the graph norm of (−a) κ .In the follow-up, we use the norm. .κ to denote X κ , which stands for the space D((−a) κ ).Then, we have the following well-known characteristics that are mentioned in [29].
and when the resolvent operator of A is compact, the embedding is also compact.(B) For any 0 < κ ≤ 1, C κ > 0 occurs in the following way: for any t ∈ J and all n ∈ N, where nκ > 1, and Γ(.) is the Gamma function.
We will now present the idea of a modest solution to our problem.
be the X−valued stochastic process.We note that it is the solution on (1)-(3) in the probability spaces (Ω, (2) Function v(t) is right-continuous and has a limit on the left, almost surely; (3) Function aS(t − τ)h i (τ, v τ ) is integrable; (4) Function v(t) satisfies the conditions ∀t ∈ J and almost surely, as expressed by the following equation: We will need to use the following hypotheses.In this section, we assume that M > 0 occurs in such a way that S(t) ≤ M, for any t ∈ J .
(H 1 ) There exists a constant M so that A can be an infinitesimal generator of the analytic semigroup of the linear, bounded operators (S(t)) 0<t , such that (H 2 ) ∃ 0 < σ < 1, c h i ≥ 0 and continuous-bounded function and where where α i , ᾱi ≥ 0, for each i = 1, 2. If M b,c converges to zero (H 3 ) There are constants d µ µ∈N , dµ µ∈N > 0, such that  Proof.Models (1)-( 3) can be transformed into the fixed-point system.Let us now consider the operator and where Set D F b = θ, θ ∈ D F b : (θ 0 , θ0 ) = (0, 0) , we have It is not hard to verify that ( D F b , .D F b ) is a Banach space.The set is a closed bounded convex in D F b for 0 ≤ q and x ∈ B q , we have We consider the operator here and Now, consider the four operators, N 11 , N 12 , and N 21 , N 22 and with and It is clear that Then, solving (1)-( 3) is reduced to find the solution on We will show that N 11 , N 21 and N 12 , N 22 satisfy all assumptions of Theorem 2. We will provide our proof in several steps.Part 1 : N 11 , N 21 are contractions.For (v, u), ( v, ū) ∈ D F b × D F b and t ∈ J , we have Then, Then, we deduce where Similarly, ∀0 ≤ e, f we have and then, Similar computations for N 21 yield: It remains to be proven that N 12 , N 22 are completely continuous.
Step 2. N 12 , N 22 maps bounded sets into bounded sets in D F b .It suffices to prove that for all q > 0, there exists l 1 , l 2 > 0 so that for any Let θ, θ ∈ B q , then for any t ∈ J , we have Then, we have Similarly, we have Then, we have Step 3: N 12 , N 22 maps bounded sets into equicontinuous sets of D F b .Let us suppose that for τ 1 , τ 2 = t j , j = 1, . . ., m, where 0 < ε ≤ τ 1 < τ 2 ∈ J , the set B q is a bounded set of D F T .Let θ ∈ B q , then we have the estimates This implies, for any t ∈ J , Similar computations for N 22 yield The RHS tends to zero as τ 2 − τ 1 → 0, and ε is small enough; owing to the compactness of S(t) for 0 < t, we have continuity, as in [29], which implies the equi-continuity of the operator.It remains to consider the case when b ≥ τ 2 > τ 1 > 0, since the cases 0 ≥ τ 2 > τ 1 or T ≥ τ 2 ≥ 0 ≥ τ 1 are relatively straightforward to handle.
Step 4. ( N 12 B q )(t), ( N 22 B q )(t) is pre-compact in the space X, which is a consequence of the first step to the third step; with the use of the Arzelá-Ascoli theorem, it suffices to prove that N 12 , N 22 maps B q into a pre-compact subset of X. Set b > t > 0 to be fixed and set ε ∈ R, satisfying 0 < ε < t.For θ, θ ∈ B q , we give and As S(t) is compact, we have as pre-compact in the space X ∀0 < ε < t.In addition, ∀θ, θ ∈ B q we have Similarly, Therefore, there are pre-compact sets arbitrarily close to the set Hence, the set is pre-compact in X, and then, the two operators N 12 , Step 5: The a priori bounds: Thus, for t ∈ J , namely This, together with (H 1 )-(H 7 ), Lemma 2, and Lemma 1, yields the following: which immediately yields where and Adding to obtain That is to say, If we set v(t), the RHS of the above inequality, we have Consequently, Using (9) in the definition of v, we have where where and We denote the RHS of ( 11) by v.Then, Owing to the increasing property of Ψ, we have Then, for each t ∈ J , we have .
As a result, there is a constant C τt , such that where C τt depends only on b and on the functions m * (.) and Ψ(.).Then As a consequence of Theorem 2, we deduce that N has a fixed point, since Then (x, w) is a fixed point of the operator N = (N 1 , N 2 ), which is a mild solution on the problems (1)-(3).

Example
In this part, we offer examples to show the applicability of our results.We will look at the infinite fractional Brownian motion.

Conclusions and Discussion of the Results
Among the main results of this paper is the derivation of sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions for systems of impulsive neutral functional differential equations, employing Burton and Kirk's fixed point theorems.These theorems are particularly effective for studying such cases in extended Banach spaces.To enhance the reader's understanding, it would be beneficial to outline some real-world physical applications where our findings could prove useful.To our knowledge, there are no results in the literature that deal with the system of functional differential equations involving fractional Brownian motion with a Wiener process.Impulsive effects exist widely and have become an important area of investigation in recent years, motivated by their numerous applications.Practical applications of systems involving neutral and impulsive functional differential equations span fields such as medicine, economics, epidemics, biology, mechanics, electronics, population dynamics, and telecommunications.The novelty of Burton and Kirk's fixed point theorem lies in decomposing the main operator into two operators, making them suitable for our proposed model.This allows us to prove the first results that process the fixed point using the Banach theorem, and the second one using the Leray--Schauder theorem.
Extending these results to consider the question of stability (qualitative studies) will make it possible to advance the study in this direction, which will be our next project; see [31][32][33][34][35][36][37].