An Invariant of Riemannian Type for Legendrian Warped Product Submanifolds of Sasakian Space Forms

: In the present paper, we investigate the geometry and topology of warped product Leg-endrian submanifolds in Sasakian space forms D 2 n + 1 ( (cid:101) ) and obtain the ﬁrst Chen inequality that involves extrinsic invariants like the mean curvature and the length of the warping functions. This inequality also involves intrinsic invariants ( δ -invariant and sectional curvature). In addition, an integral bound is provided for the Bochner operator formula of compact warped product submani-folds in terms of the gradient Ricci curvature. Some new results on mean curvature vanishing are presented as a partial solution to the well-known problem given by S.S. Chern.


Introduction and Main Motivations
The geometry of warped product manifolds is rich and varied, and their properties depend crucially on the choice of the warping function.Understanding the behavior of this function is therefore of fundamental importance in the study of these objects.In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in the study of warped product manifolds, driven in part by their wide-ranging applications and their connections to other areas of mathematics.Therefore, the study of warped product manifolds has many important applications in geometry and physics.For example, in general relativity, warped product manifolds are used to model certain types of black hole spacetimes.In algebraic geometry, they arise in studying moduli spaces of vector bundles on algebraic varieties.In topology, they have been used to construct examples of exotic manifolds that do not admit a smooth structure [1][2][3].On the other hand, the Chen delta invariant is a numerical invariant in algebraic topology that measures the extent to which a loop in space fails to be a boundary of a surface.More precisely, if a loop is the boundary of a surface, then the Chen delta invariant is zero.Otherwise, it gives a measure of how "far" the loop is from being a boundary.Applications of the delta-invariant can be found in various areas of mathematics, including topology, geometry, and algebraic geometry.For example, it has been used to study the topology of moduli spaces of algebraic curves, the geometry of the Kähler-Einstein metric on a complex manifold, and the topology of configuration spaces of particles in a Euclidean space.It has also found applications in physics, particularly in the study of topological field theories [4][5][6].Numerous mathematicians have also investigated product manifolds and related submanifolds.To address the issues, new forms of Riemannian invariants, distinct from classical invariants, must be introduced.Furthermore, general optimum links between the essential extrinsic invariants and the new intrinsic invariants for submanifolds must be established.This was the reason for Chen [7] to introduce a notion that delta-invariants on Riemannian manifolds and discussed in detail [4,8].More specifically, they introduced a novel family of curvature functions on submanifolds in the 1990s.A good isometric immersion that creates the least amount of tension from the surrounding space at each point roughly describes the ideal immersion of a Riemannian manifold into a real space form [9]. Chen proposed that the submanifold satisfying the equality condition is known as the ideal submanifold and developed numerous inequalities in terms of invariants.Chen's submanifolds are a substitute for these submanifolds in [4].Chen has described the ideal submanifolds in real space forms and complex space forms [6,7,[9][10][11].In addition, Dillen, Petrovic, Verstraelen, Mihai, and Tripathi investigated conformally flat, semisymmetric, and Ricci-semisymmetric submanifolds obeying Chen's inequality in real space forms [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] and also (see [10] and references therein) for more information about ideal submanifolds.
It should be noted that there are few studies on the δ-invariant for warped product structures other than the Chen-derived optimal inequality for CR-warped products in complex space form [19]. Recently, Mustafa et al. [20] constructed the first Chen invariant for warped product submanifolds in real space forms and discussed the minimality conditions on submanifolds.From this point of view, by using the Gauss equation instead of the Codazzi equation in the sense of [13], in the first part of this paper, we provide a sharp estimate of the squared norm of the mean curvature in terms of a warping function and the constant holomorphic sectional curvature in the spirit of [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33], motivated by the historical development on the study of a warping function of a warped product submanifold [34].As the main objective of our study, we present a novel method for establishing inequalities for δ-invariant curvature inequalities for warped product Legendrian submanifolds isometrically immersed in Sasakian space.This has been discussed in [20,21,35].As a consequence of the main results discussed in this paper, we generalize a number of inequalities for areas on Euclidean spheres and Euclidean spaces.There is another significant group of Riemannian products in this family.

Preliminaries
A (2m + 1)-dimensional manifold D 2m+1 endowed with an almost-contact structure (ϕ, ξ, η, g) is called an almost-contact metric manifold when it satisfies the following properties: for any X 1 , X 2 ∈ X(T D 2m+1 ), where the Lie algebra of vector fields is on a manifold D 2m+1 .In this case, ϕ, g, ξ, and η are called (1, 1)-tensor fields, a structure vector field, and dual 1-form, respectively.Furthermore, an almost-contact metric manifold is known to be a Sasakian manifold (cf.[22,36,37]) if for any vector fields X 1 , X 2 on D 2m+1 , where ∇ denotes the Riemannian connection with respect to g.An n-dimensional Riemannian submanifold D n of D 2m+1 is referred to as totally real if the standard almost-contact structure ϕ of D 2m+1 maps any tangent space of D n into its corresponding normal space (see [22,35,38,39]).Now, let D n be an isometric immersed submanifold of dimension n in D 2m+1 , then D n is referred to as a Legendrian submanifold if ξ is a normal vector field on D n (i.e., D n is a C-totally real submanifold) and m = n [22, 35,38].Legendrian submanifolds play a substantial role in contact geometry.
From the Riemannian geometric perspective, studying the Legendrian submanifolds of Sasakian manifolds was initiated in the 1970s.
Let D be an n-dimensional Riemannian submanifold of an m-dimensional Riemannian D 2m+1 with induced metric g and if ∇ and ∇ ⊥ are induced connections on the tangent bundle TM and normal bundle T ⊥ D of D n , respectively.Then, the Gauss and Weingarten formulas are given by for each X 1 , X 2 ∈ X(TD) and N ∈ X(T ⊥ D), where ζ and A N are the second fundamental form and shape operator (corresponding to the normal vector field N), respectively, for the immersion of D n into D 2m+1 , and they are related as follows: Similarly, the equations of Gauss and Codazzi are, respectively, given by For all X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 ∈ X(T M), R and R are the curvature tensor of D 2n+1 and D n , respectively.The mean curvature H of Riemannian submanifold D n is given by A submanifold D n of Riemannian manifold D 2n+1 is said to be a totally umbilical if and totally geodesic if ζ(X 1 , X 2 ) = 0, for any X 1 , X 2 ∈ X(TM), respectively, where H is the mean curvature vector of D n .Furthermore, if H = 0, then D n is minimal in D 2m+1 .Moreover, the related null space or kernel of the second fundamental form of D n at x is defined by In this context, we shall define another important Riemannian intrinsic invariant called the scalar curvature of D 2m+1 , denoted at τ(T x D 2m+1 ), which, at some x in D 2m+1 , is given as where K ij = K e i ∧ e j .It is clear that Equality (10) is congruent to the following equation, which will be frequently used in a subsequent proof: Similarly, scalar curvature τ(L x ) of L−plan is given by Let {e 1 , Let K ij and K ij denote the sectional curvature of the plane section spanned and e i at x in the submanifold D n and in the Riemannian space form D 2n+1 (c), respectively.Thus, K ij and K ij are the intrinsic and extrinsic sectional curvatures of the span {e i , e j } at x, thus from Gauss Equation (6)(i), we have The second invariant is called the Chen first invariant, which is defined as Assume that D s 1 1 and D s 2 2 are two Riemannian manifolds with their Riemannian metrices g 1 and g 2 , respectively.Let f > 0 be a smooth function defined on D s 1 1 .Then, warped product manifold 2 is a warped product manifold, then for any X 1 ∈ Γ(TD s 1 1 ) and X 3 ∈ Γ(TD s 2 2 ), we find that Similarly, from unit vector fields, X 1 and X 3 are tangent to D s 1 1 and D s 2 2 , respectively, thus deriving Suppose that {e 1 , • • • e n } is an orthonormal frame for D n , then sum up over the vector fields such that But, it was proved [9] that for arbitrary warped product submanifolds, Thus, from ( 18) and ( 19), we obtain The following remarks are consequences of warped product submanifolds: 2 is said to be trivial if the warping function f is constant or simply a Riemannian product manifold.
2 is a warped product manifold, then D 1 is a totally geodesic and D 2 is a totally umbilical submanifold of D n , respectively.
A Sasakian manifold is said to be Sasakian space form with a constant ϕ-sectional curvature if and only if the Riemannian curvature tensor R can be written as (see [22,38]): where X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 ∈ X(T D 2m+1 ).Moreover, R 2m+1 and S 2m+1 with standard Sasakian structures can be given as typical examples of Sasakian space forms.Many geometers have drawn significant attention to minimal Legendrian submanifolds in particular.We recall the following important algebraic lemma.
Then, 2t 1 t 2 ≥ s with an equality holds if and only if t into a Sasakian space form D 2n+1 ( ).Then, for each point x ∈ D n and each plane section The equality of the above inequality holds at x ∈ D n if and only if there exists an orthonormal basis {e 1 x such that (a) π = Span{e 1 , e 2 } and (b) shape operators take the following form , Equalities of the above equation hold if and only if , such that the normal vector e n+1 is in the direction of mean curvature vector H, thus from (21) and Gauss Equation ( 6), we obtain which implies that Let us consider the following: It follows from ( 26) and ( 27), and we find that The above equation can be expressed as Therefore, we shall apply Lemma 1 on the above equation, i.e., Thus, we obtain that Then, from ( 21) and ( 14), we derive If we combine Equations ( 30) and ( 31), we obtain We choose the last two terms of the above equation, and we derive Moreover, for the last term, we obtain 2n+1 Furthermore, we have 2n+1 After adding (33) and (59), then using ( 34) and (35), and taking into account that We obtain It follows from ( 32) and (36) that one derives which implies that From (27), we arrive at Using ( 11) and (19) together in (37), we obtain This implies that The Gauss Equation (6)(i) for τ(T x D s 2 2 ) gives us In view of Equations ( 38) and ( 39), we find that Then, the last relation turns into With the preceding above equation and the help of the following two relations: Assertion ( 41) is as follows: The first inequality of Theorem 1 holds from the above equation and (15).For the second case, if π ⊂ T x D s 2 2 , we consider π 2 = Span{e s 1 +1 , e s 1 +1 }, following same methodology as first case as: Considering the following: The last two equation implies that Similarly, applying Lemma 1 in the above equation, we obtain From ( 21) and ( 14), we find that Equations ( 44) and ( 45) are implied such that Following the method from ( 27) and (42), we obtain the second inequality of Theorem 1.On the other hand, for the equality condition, we define two different cases whether the 2-plane π i is tangent to the first factor or to the second factor.In the first case, we consider π 1 ⊂ T x D s 1 1 , then the equality holds if and only if equalities hold in (30), (32), (38), (39) and (42), and we obtain the following condition: Equation ( 49) clearly indicates that the warped product D s 1 1 × f D s 1 2 is both a D s 1 1minimal and D s 2 2 -minimal warped product Legendrian submanifold in D 2n+1 .It can be concluded that the warped product Legendrian submanifold D s 1 1 × f D s 1 2 is minimal in D 2n+1 .Moreover, we shall classify the other case in two techniques, as they depend on the vector fields r.Assuming that r = n + 1, we define the following: Thus, the above condition is equivalent to the following matrices: , where µ = µ 1 + µ 2 gives the (i) theorem.Similarly, if r ∈ {n + 2, • • • , m}, then the above condition implies that This is equivalent to the second metric: , It is clear that the above two conditions show that D s 1 1 × f D s 1 2 is a mixed totally geodesic warped product Legendrian submanifold in D 2n+1 .Furthermore, the equality sign in (ii) holds if and only if the following two matrices are satisfied: , From the above, it is also clear that D s 1 1 × f D s 1 2 is both a D s 1 1 -minimal and D s 2 2 -minimal warped product Legendrian submanifold in D 2n+1 × R, which implies the minimilty of the warped product Legendrian submanifold D s 1 1 × f D s 1 2 in D 2n+1 .This completes the proof of the theorem.
Warped product manifolds have studied themselves to be a profitable ambient space to obtain a wide range of distinct geometrical properties for immersion.We now find the inequalities for the Riemannian manifold that has constant sectional curvature ∈ {1, −3} and can be expressed as a product manifold of D 2n+1 .We find the following result as follows.
2.1.An Application for Warped Product Legendrian Submanifold in S 2n+1 with = 1 Theorem 2. Assume that φ : into a Euclidean sphere S 2n+1 .Then, for each point x ∈ D n and each plane section π i ⊂ T x D n i i , for i = 1, 2, we obtain the following for (a) The equality of the above inequality holds at x ∈ D n if and only if there exists an orthonormal basis {e 1 • • • e n } of T x D n and orthonormal basis {e n+1 • • • e 2n+1 } of T ⊥ x such that (a) π = Span{e 1 , e 2 } and (b) shape operators take the following form , The equality of the above equation hold if and only if , 2 is a minimal warped product submanifold in Sasakian space form D 2n+1 .
Proof.Now we consider the constant sectional curvature = 1 and D 2n+1 = S 2n+1 for the product manifold S 2n+1 .Then, inserting the proceeding value in ( 23) and ( 24), we obtain the required result.

An Application for
Then, for each point x ∈ D n and each plane section π i ⊂ T x D n i i , for i = 1, 2, we obtain the following for (a) The equality of the above inequality holds as in Theorem 1.

Some Applications to Obtain Dirichlet Eigenvalue Inequalities
Now, if the first eigenvalue of the Dirichlet boundary condition is denoted by υ 1 (Σ) > 0 on a complete noncompact Riemannian manifold D n with the compact domain Σ in D n , then we have ∆σ + υσ = 0, on Σ and σ = 0 on ∂Σ, ( where ∆ is the Laplacian on D n , and σ is a non-zero function defined on D n .Then, υ 1 (D n ) is expressed as in f Σ υ 1 (Σ).
From the above motivation, assume that f is the non-constant warping function on compact warped product submanifold D n .Then, the minimum principle on υ 1 leads to (see, for instance, [1,9]) and the equality is satisfied if and only if Implementing the integration along the base manifold D s 1 in Equations ( 23) and ( 24), we obtain the following result.
Proof.As we know from the Stokes theorem, ∆σdV = 0 for a compact support.Then, we use the proceeding condition in ( 23) and ( 24) by replacing σ = ln f , and we easily obtain the result.
Taking the integration in ( 23) and ( 24) and inserting the above equation, we obtain the desired results.

Chern's Problem: Finding the Conditions under Which Warped Products Must Be Minimal
In this section, we provide the partial answer to the Chern problem [41], that is, the necessary condition for a warped product Legendrian submanifold to be a minimal in Sasakian space form D 2n+1 ( ).

Corollary 1 .
Let φ : D n = D s 1 1 × f D s 22 be an isometric immersion of a warped product Legendrian submanifold D n = D s 1 1 × f D s 2 2 into a Sasakian space form D 2n+1 ( ).