Delivery Times Scheduling with Deterioration Effects in Due Window Assignment Environments

: In practical problems, in addition to the processing time of the job, the impact of the time required for delivering the service to customers on the cost is also considered, i


Introduction
In the actual production scheduling process, it is often overlooked that the processing time of a job increases with the wear and tear of the machine.The scheduling in which the processing time of a job is an increasing function of its starting time, which is called deterioration effect (time-dependent) scheduling, represented by DES (Yin et al. [1], Sun and Geng [2], Gawiejnowicz [3], Miao et al. [4], Sun et al. [5]).Zhao and Hsu [6] studied the problem of minimizing the number of weighted tardy jobs in a single machine using a general linear deterioration model.They proposed a fully polynomial-time approximation scheme to solve the problem.Li et al. [7] discussed online batch scheduling with simple linear deterioration.For the makespan minimization, they proposed the best online algorithms for incompatible families.Chen and Yuan [8] also proposed two unified methods for general linear deterioration models in environments with deadlines.Liang et al. [9] considered single-machine scheduling with the linear combination of the convex resource allocation and deterioration effect.For the total completion time minimization, they proposed a heuristic and a branch-and-bound for solving the group scheduling problem.Cheng et al. [10] explored single-machine scheduling with step-deteriorating jobs.For the total completion time minimization, they developed a polynomial-time algorithm for this NP-hard problem.And, Pei et al. [11] provided a review of the application of deterioration effects in practical production in recent years.
In addition, the due window assignments will be established based on customer requirements (Janiak et al. [12]).There are generally three kinds of due windows, one of which is a common due window (denoted as CONDW), that is, the CONDW is shared by all jobs and can be recorded as [d 1 , d 2 ], where d 1 (resp.d 2 ) represents the starting (resp.finishing) time of the due window.The second one is the slack due window (denoted by SLKDW), where the due window of job J k can be denoted as [P k + q 1 , P k + q 2 ], where q 1 and q 2 are the decision variables, and P k is the processing time of job J k .The third one is a different due window (denoted by DIFDW) for each job, which can be represented as where d 1 k (resp.d 2 k ) represents the starting (resp.finishing) time of the due window for job J k , whilst d 1 k and d 2 k are the decision variables.If a job is completed before d 1 k , it incurs an earliness cost; if completed after d 2 k , there will be a tardiness cost; if a job is completed within the interval [d 1  k , d 2 k ], no additional costs will be incurred.Among them, Huang et al. [13] and Xu et al. [14] considered single-machine scheduling with the CONDW.Shabtay et al. [15] proposed a pseudo-polynomial-time algorithm for the NP-hard problem of a common due window assignment with a bounded location.Shabtay et al. [15] proposed a pseudo-polynomial-time algorithm for the common due window assignment problem with a bounded location.Zhao [16] investigated the two-machine flowshop scheduling with both the SLKDW and resource allocation.For the three versions of scheduling cost and resource consumption cost, they proved that the problem can be solved in polynomial time.Jia et al. [17] discussed the combination of the SLKDW and deterioration effects.Lv and Wang [18] researched the two-machine flowshop scheduling with the DIFDW and resource allocation.Lin [19] worked on single-machine scheduling with the CONDW, SLKDW and DIFDW.Under position-dependent weights, learning and deterioration effects, they demonstrated that some problems are polynomially solvable.Teng et al. [20] investigated single-machine scheduling with deterioration effects under the SLKDW and DIFDW.
Besides the due window, there is another important factor to consider in scheduling problems, namely the past-sequence-dependent delivery time (denoted as psddt, as can be seen in Koulamas and Kyparisis [21]).Toksari et al. [22] and Ren et al. [23] examined the scheduling problems with an exponential psddt and learning effects.Qian and Han [24] studied the single-machine problem with simple linear deterioration and psddt.Under three due date assignments, they proposed a polynomial time algorithm to solve the problem, respectively.Recently, Qian and Zhan [25] integrated two types of due windows (i.e., CONDW and SLKDW), deterioration effects and psddt.They proposed polynomialtime algorithms for minimizing total weighted earliness, tardiness, starting time, and size of due window, where the weights of all jobs (corresponding to earliness, tardiness, starting time and size of due window) are equal.Pan et al. [26] considered the single-machine scheduling with deterioration effects and psddt.Under the common, slack, different due dates and position-dependent weights, they proved that the problem can be solved in polynomial time.
Based on the above description, in order to investigate the deterioration effects and past-sequence-dependent delivery time on the job processing under the conditions of the specified due windows, then building upon the work of Qian and Zhan [25] and Pan et al. [26], this paper minimizes the weighted sum of earliness, tardiness, starting time, and the size of due window, where the weights are position-dependent coefficients (i.e., the weight is not related to the job but to the position, as can be seen in Sun et al. [5] and Liu et al. [27]), i.e., the work of Qian and Zhan [25] and Pan et al. [26] is a special case of this paper.After theoretical analysis, the positions of two jobs can be determined by comparing the difference between them (see Sections 3 and 4 in details), and this method can be solved in a simple polynomial time with a complexity of O(N log N), where N is the number of jobs.The structure of this paper is as follows: Section 2 describes the problem; Sections 3-5 provide specific algorithms for solving the three kinds of due windows.Section 6 gives a numerical example.Section 7 presents the conclusion.

Problem Definition
This problem can be described as follows: N jobs (represented by the set J = {J 1 , ..., J N }) are processed through a single-machine, and all jobs starting from r 0 (r 0 > 0).The starting time and finishing time of the CONDW can be represented by the interval [d 1 , d 2 ], and D = d 2 − d 1 is the size of a common due window.Let [k] be the kth position, the earliness and tardiness are denoted by For the interval of SLKDW, it can be expressed as [P k + q 1 , P k + q 2 ] with the due window size is D = q 2 − q 1 .The earliness and tardiness in this case are , where d 1 , d 2 , q 1 , and q 2 are all decision variables; for DIFDW, ] and the size of the due window . The problems under CONDW, SLKDW, and DIFDW due to window conditions can be described as follows: 1|SLKDW, DES, psddt| and 1|DIFDW, DES, psddt| where µ k , τ k , Ω k , and k (k = 1, ..., N) are position-dependent weights.The actual processing time (which is scheduled at the k-th position in a sequence) can be expressed as: where ) is deterioration rate (respectively, starting time) of J [k] .In addition, the past-sequence-dependent delivery time (psddt) of J [k] is: where Υ (> 0) is a delivery rate, and

Solution of CONDW
In order to solve 1|CONDW, DES, psddt| , the following optimal properties are given.
Lemma 1.For any given job sequence, the optimal d 1 and d 2 are equal to the completion times of two certain jobs.
and the objective is For , the objective function is: For , we have For , it becomes Case II; when d 2 moves left or right, so that Lemma 2. For the optimal sequence of jobs, , the objective function can be expressed as Case I.When d 1 moves δ( 0) units to the left and , the objective function becomes that is, , the objective function is and d 2 moves δ units to the left, such that the objective function is and d 2 moves δ units to the right, and the objective function is Based on the above lemmas, it can be assumed that, in a given optimal sequence, where π is the sequence of jobs.Lemma 3. In the optimal sequence, the jobs in π 1 are sorted in descending order of λ k .
Proof.Let J g and J h , respectively, be in the x-th and (x + 1)-th positions in π 1 ; thus, the sequence can be written as θ = {J 1 , ..., J g , J h , ..., J N }, and the sequence θ = {J 1 , ..., J h , J g , ..., J N } is obtained by exchanging the two jobs.Then, the subtraction of the objective function F corresponding to the sequence θ and F corresponding to θ is Note that (µ x+1 Υ + µ x )r 0 is constant, and if λ g > λ h , then F < F .
Lemma 4. The deterioration rates of the jobs in π 2 are lower than those of any job in π 1 .
Proof.Assuming that J g and J h are at the v-th and (v + 1)-th positions, and the sequences before and after exchange are θ = {J 1 , ..., J g , J h , ..., J N } and θ = {J 1 , ..., J h , J g , ..., J N }.The difference between the objective functions of the two is It follows from Lemma 2 that v satisfies the inequality Lemma 5.For the jobs in π 3 , the optimal sequence is sorted according to any ordering of λ k .
Proof.J g and J h are the jobs at the x-th and (x + 1)-th positions in π 3 , in which v + 1 ≤ x < x + 1 ≤ u − 1.Let θ = {J 1 , ..., J g , J h , ..., J N } and θ = {J 1 , ..., J h , J g , ..., J N } be the sequences before and after the exchange, respectively.Since d 1 and d 2 do not change, there is F = F .Lemma 6.The deterioration rates of any job in π 3 are less than those in π 4 .
Lemma 8.The deterioration rates of any job in π 4 are smaller than those of the jobs in π 5 .
And, the difference between the two is According to Lemma 2, when λ g < λ h there is F < F .
Suppose that J g and J h are in the x-th and y-th positions, respectively.That is, the sequence θ = {J 1 , ..., J g , ..., J h , ..., J N }, where 1 ≤ x ≤ v and v ≤ y ≤ N. The exchange of the two jobs yields θ = {J 1 , ..., J h , ..., J g , ..., J N }.Then, the objective function difference between the two is Define If S xy > 0, J g should be placed at the x-th position; otherwise, J g should be placed at the y-th position.
From the analysis above, we can propose the algorithm to solve as follows 1|CONDW, DES, psddt| Proof.The required time to calculate S 1 is O(N log N), the required time to calculate S 2 and S 3 is constant, and S 4 required O(N) time, so the time required for Algorithm 1 is O(N log N).

Algorithm 1: Solution based on CONDW
According to Lemma 2, the optimal starting time d 1 and finishing time d 2 of due window are determined.S 3 .Determine the set π 3 , which contains u − v − 1 jobs, namely, Identify the jobs in π 1 ∪ π 2 and π 4 ∪ π 5 through (31).
Output: The optimal sequence π, d 1 and d 2 .

Solution of SLKDW
For the problem 1|SLKDW, DES, psddt| , the following properties can be given: Lemma 9.For any given sequence of jobs, q 1 and q 2 in the optimal sequence are computed as (1 + Υ) times either the sum of the actual processing time of certain jobs or r 0 .

Proof. Case I. When
, where 1 ≤ v < u ≤ N.There is When , the objective function is and , the objective function can be written as and Obviously, when and and the function is (37) , the function is and , there is and ; it becomes Case I when either Lemma 10.For the optimal sequence, let q , where v and u, respectively, satisfy Proof.The objective function can be written as follows with Case I.When q 1 moves (1 + Υ)δ units to the left with δ > 0, and Then, the function is and . Then, the function can be expressed as It can be known that Case II.When q 1 = (1 + Υ) ∑ v−1 m=0 P [m] and q 2 moves (1 + Υ)δ units to the left, then and and q 2 moves (1 + Υ)δ units to the right, then the function can be written as and Then, there is According to Lemma 10, assuming that in the optimal sequence.The following sets can be determined based on the due window: Lemma 11.In the optimal sequence, the jobs in π 1 can be arranged in descending order of λ k .
Proof.J g and J h are the jobs at x-th and (x + 1)-th positions in π 1 , respectively, where the sequence can be written as θ = {J 1 , ..., J g , J h , ..., J N }.Swapping the two jobs yields θ = {J 1 , ..., J h , J g , ..., J N }.Then, subtracting the function F corresponding to θ forms the F corresponding to θ to obtain Lemma 12.In the optimal sequence, the jobs in π 2 can be arranged in any order of λ k .
Proof.J g and J h are at the x-th and (x + 1)-th positions in π 2 , where v The sequences before and after the exchange are θ = {J 1 , ..., J g , J h , ..., J N } and θ = {J 1 , ..., J h , J g , ..., J N }.Since q 1 and q 2 do not change, we have F = F .Lemma 13.In the optimal sequence, the jobs in π 3 can be sorted in the ascending order of λ k .
Proof.J g and J h are the jobs at the x-th and (x + 1)-th positions in π 3 , namely, the sequence can be expressed as θ = {J 1 , ..., J g , J h , ..., J N }, and θ = {J 1 , ..., J h , J g , ..., J N } can be obtained by swapping the two jobs.And, the difference between the two is When λ g < λ h , there is F < F .
Lemma 14.The deterioration rates of any job in π 2 are less than π 1 .
Proof.J g and J h are at the (v − 1)-th and v-th positions, the original sequence and the exchanged sequence are θ = {J 1 , ..., J g , J h , ..., J N }, and θ = {J 1 , ..., J h , J g , ..., J N }.And, the difference between the objective functions is From the above equation, it can be seen that there is F < F when λ g < λ h .
Lemma 15.The deterioration rates of all jobs in π 2 are less than π 3 .
Proof.J g and J h are at the (u − 1)-th and u-th positions, the original and the exchanged sequence are θ = {J 1 , ..., J g , J h , ..., J N }, and θ = {J 1 , ..., J h , J g , ..., J N }.And, the difference between the functions is Obviously, there is F < F when λ g < λ h .
Assuming that J g and J h are the jobs at the x-th and y-th positions, the sequence can be written as θ = {J 1 , ..., J g , ..., J h , ..., J N }, where 1 ≤ x ≤ v − 1 and u ≤ y ≤ N. The two jobs are exchanged to obtain θ = {J 1 , ..., J h , ..., J g , ..., J N }.And, the function difference between the two sequences is Define If S xy > 0, J g should be placed at the x-th position; otherwise, J g should be placed at the y-th position.
According to Lemma 10, the optimal q 1 and q 2 of due window can be determined.S 3 .Determine the set π 2 , that is, Define the jobs in π 1 and π 3 through (56).
Output: The optimal sequence π, q 1 and q 2 .

Solution of DIFDW
For the different due window (DIFDW) problem: 1|DIFDW, DES, psddt| ), the following properties are proposed: Lemma 16.For the job J [k] in a given sequence, the starting time and finishing time satisfy It can be seen that the job J [k] is within the due window and does not incur any earliness/tardiness penalties.Then, the objective function of J [k] is and the objective function is , it can be observed that the job J [k] is an early job, and the function is , and the function is Lemma 17.For the given sequence, the optimal starting time and finishing time are as follows: form Lemma 16 so that the objective function of J [k] can be expressed as According to Lemma 16,when to minimize the function.
According to the three cases mentioned in the above lemma, the objective function is Lemma 18.For an optimal sequence, the jobs are ranked in ascending order of deterioration rate b k .
) can be solved in O(N log N) according to Algorithm 3.

Conclusions
This paper studied single-machine delivery time scheduling with DES and psddt.The objective is to find the optimal sequence, starting time and finishing time of the due window so that the position-dependent weighted sum of earliness, tardiness, starting time and size of the due window is to be minimized.Under common, slack, and different due windows, it is shown that the studied problems can all be solved within a time complexity of O(N log N).Future research could explore scheduling with linear deterioration functions in the context of flow shop setting, since, due to the complexity of the flow shop environment, heuristic algorithms may be proposed, such as the application of the gravitational search algorithm with hierarchy and distributed framework to it, as mentioned in Wang et al. [28].

Table 1 .
Literature content and achievements of this paper.≤d| ∑( k Q k + ζ k Y k + Ωd 1 + D) DMA is the deteriorating maintenance activity, d k is the due date of job J k and CON/SLK/DIF is the common/slack/different due date assignment, respectively.

Table 2 .
Parameters for the example.