Oscillatory and Periodical Behavior of Heat Transfer and Magnetic Flux along Magnetic - Driven Cylinder with Viscous Dissipation and Joule Heating Effects

: Several primary mechanisms are less utilized in engineering and recent technologies due to unsustainable heating. The impact of viscous dissipation and Joule heating is very important to examine current density and heat rate across a magnetized cylinder. The key objective of this examination was to insulate excessive heat around the cylinder. The present effort investigated the impact of viscous dissipations, Joule heating, and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) on the transitory motion of convective - heat transport and magnetic flux features of dissipative flows throughout a magnetized and warmed cylinder at suitable places. The suggested turbulent dynamical structure of mathematics is offered for an associated method of partial differentiation equations impacted by boundary values. The complex equations are translated via non - dimensional shapes by using relevant non - dimensional numbers. The non - dimensional representation has been improved to make it easier to conduct uniform computational calculations. The computational answers for these linked dimensionalized formulations have been achieved using the Prandtl coefficient Pr, Joule heating parameter 𝜁 , Eckert number 𝐸 𝑐 , the magneto - force number 𝜉 , the buoyancy parameter 𝜆 , and multiple additional predefined factors. The important contribution of this work is based on non - fluctuating solutions that are utilized to examine the oscillating behavior of shearing stress, rate of fluctuating heat transport, and rate of fluctuating magnetic flux in the presence of viscous dissipation and Joule heating at prominent angles. It is shown that the velocity of a fluid increases as the buoyancy parameter increases. The maximum frequency of heat transmission is illustrated for each Eckert variable.


Introduction
Considering the widespread use of numerous manufacturing and mechanical applications, from thermal exchanger chambers, ventilation heaps, cooling structures, assessment instruments, detectors, the transpiration of different substances (textiles, veneers, papers, and film ingredients), cooled transparent materials, polymers, mechanical parts, and blades of turbines to electrical systems, anemometry, and organic or radiated contamination/purification, the flow of heat about a cylindrical object has been the target of analysis.It occurs exclusively by natural convection or forced convection in particular procedures.However, there are other systems in which both forced and natural convection are of equivalent orders with the mechanism of heat transfer referred to mixed convection.Viscous dissipation is used as the source of energy, transforming temperature gradients and consequently improving heat exchange levels.The significance of dissipation from viscous material varies depending on whether the cylinder is warm or cold.Poornima et al. [1] provided a computational framework to represent an intensely opaque liquid passing through an insulating rotating cylinder that is hosting a chemical function.The outermost part of the cylinder was exposed to a transversal fixed and consistent electromagnetic field.Considering the nonlinear tiny fluids under thermal boundary parameters, Mahat et al. [2] examined computationally the effect of dissipations on sustained two-dimensional combined convection flow across a straight round cylinder.Mohamed et al. [3] performed the numerical simulation of convectionconduction flow separation across a plain round cylinder using a tiny liquid based on the dissipating viscous action.Anwar et al. [4] examined graphically the continuous convection-driven flow separation of a dynamic liquid across a straight round cylinder in a channel moving upwards in both the warmed and coolant cylinder situations.Aboud et al. [5] used the Galerkin approach with finite elements to computationally explore the aqueous movement and convection-driven heat transmission of a non-Newtonian nanofluid-filled round annular cylinder enclosed in a field of magnets for a steady-state, impermeable, laminar stream.The influence of magnetohydrodynamics on the velocity of an electrically conducting fluid in magnetic regions was investigated in [6].Due to its uses in the construction of heat exchangers and nuclear reactors, the phenomenon has considerable potential.Makanda et al. [7] examined the influence of radioactivity on MHD conduction from a cylindrical structure containing significant slip in a Casson solution with non-Darcy transparent medium.Gireesha et al. [8] investigated the implications of mixed thermal motion of non-Newtonian fluids induced by a stretchy surface that is naturally warmed with small particles of dust.
In production and manufacturing technologies, the consequences of viscous dissipation for the movement of heat is an essential subject.The implications of the magnetic hydrodynamics for oscillating thermal and magneto-fluid motion have received essential consideration in heated up/metal extraction, micro devices for electronics, geography, and metalworking disciplines.Employing the above-mentioned MHD and thermal transfer concepts, several academics have investigated natural or forced convection thermal transfer procedures in both nonmagnetic and ionized geometries, such as vertically warmed plates, elliptical cylinders, ionized spheres, plumes, and nano permeable tubes.In [9], the researcher assessed the implications of the enclosed surface with nanoparticles for the natural heat process.Entropy assessment of circular pseudoplastic movement with hydromagnetic input by employing the Keller box methodology was carried out computationally in [10].Zhang et al. [11] explored a situation where two analogous consecutive concentric cylinders were contained in a duct and subjected to an ambient transverse magnetic attraction.The effects of the magnetic attraction, the motion of the conductive flow at the intake, the separation rate on fluid movement systems, the periodicity of shedding vortex, pressure gradient variables, drag factors, and the variation in pressure were explored.By using a power series expansion, Naghshineh et al. [12] investigated the statistical results for the flow-separation mechanism for Ostwald-de Waele power law materials.Khan et al. [13] addressed the impacts of magnetohydrodynamics, permeable media, and mixed convection on the stationary region movement of non-Newtonian fluids.In [14], the investigator derived the mathematical models of an unstable two-dimensional incompressible viscous electrically charged hydrogel under an applied electromagnetic field through the theory of distributed-order Maxwell and Cattaneo parametric connections.The Marangoni transformed thermal motion of the Casson material through a vertically stratified channel was described by Hayat et al. [15].By using a consistent magnetic field, the author [16] investigated the Stokesian movement of an axisymmetric, inflexible pair-stressed fluid over an impermeable substance sur-rounding an opaque sphere.Routa et al. [17] investigated how fluid movement and thermal transport mechanisms along a cylinder were impacted by ground topography, dynamic behavior, and rotational motion.Incorporating the power-law modeling for hydrodynamic behavior, the sinusoidal topographic model was used to influence the roughness features.Applying computer modeling, Junbo and Yongming [18] focused on the naturally occurring movement of water boundary layers on heated/cooled smooth plates.It was investigated how the phase change was affected by the wall temperature, incoming stream speed, and incoming stream heating.The properties of double-diffusive combined convective motion in the upward channel with viscous stratification's continuous instability were studied by Ankush [19].The effects of dissipations, solar radiations, and Ohmic energy on the magnetohydrodynamic pulsating motion of a third-grade hybrid nanofluid in an impermeable surface were studied in [20].The influence of the outflow boundary variables on the consistency of insoluble fluids in a region containing permeable boundaries was researched by IIin and Morgulis [21].
The researchers utilized several kinds of strategies, namely the series approach, Karman Pohlhausen modeling, the finite-element strategy, and the firing approach, to arrive at computational findings for particular boundary requirements.A variety of surface-based, aircraft-based and space-based evaluation centers make it feasible in MHD and heat-generating conditions.The consequence of a heating source or sinking on the frequency of periodic convective motion through electrically conductive cylinders has not yet been evaluated.Utilizing the ideas of oscillation movement, heat exchange, magnetohydrodynamics, and thermal sources, a mathematical framework for the present phenomenon in nature has been created.Considering radiation, a nonuniform heat source, and a porous material, Kumar [22] addressed the Joule energy implication and chemical change on an unstable hydromagnetic free convective micropolar fluid across a stretched surface.To explore the Joule heating effect on mixed-convection MHD dissipative and radiative movement of an immiscible Jeffrey fluid caused by a stretched surface with power law thermal gradient, heat source/sink, and suction, Kumar [23] designed a mathematical model.To ensure the study's precision and validity, the authors estimated the friction factor, heat transfer rates, and mass transfer rates under certain confirmed conditions.The results were then compared to prior literature.A micropolar fluid's MHD free/forced convective flow past a wedge set in a variable-free stream and surface temperature was studied by Roy et al. [24].They observed that the amplitudes of skin friction and couple stress increased with the increase in the Richardsons number.Fluctuating laminar free/forced convective fluid flow along a vertical wedge caused by oscillations in the free stream and surface temperature was discussed by Roy and Hossain [25].Firoza et al. [26] analyzed combined mass-heat transmission over an oscillating free/forced convective flow across the vertical wedge with inclusion of radiation.Fluctuating free/forced convective dusty fluid flow via a vertical wedge caused by a minor variation in the free stream and surface temperature was examined by Hossain et al. [27].The mass absorption problems with magnetohydrodynamic and radiation influences on viscous fluid through a stretching structure were researched by Maranna et al. [28].Mabood et al. [29] successfully conducted Jeffrey tiny fluid systems with enthalpy and MHD implications within a flexible shape using a variety of technological solutions.The magnetic flux characteristics around the vertical and circular geometries were investigated in [30][31][32][33][34].The comparison of results has been illustrated by Chawla [35].The dual-temperature condensing and dual-temperature evaporating approach has been offered for the higher-temperature heat-pump system by incorporating the methodologies of ejection and two-phase compressors in order to attain the objective of neutralizing carbon for usage of heating in factories to recovering wasted energy in [36].A trans-critical CO2 heating and ventilation engine with specific hydraulic sub-cooling was tested using a simulation for sustainability and socioeconomic evaluation in [37].
The significant novelty of the present research is to elaborate the oscillatory and periodical behavior of heat transfer and magnetic flux across various angles of a magnet-ized cylinder.For heat, mass and flow behavior, the continuity, momentum, energy and mass equations were derived in the form of partial differential equations.The governing equations were transformed into unit-less form by using dimensionless variables.The current problem is very important for insulating material to decrease excessive heating.This is a well-numerated effort for the physical mechanism using a finite difference scheme and Gaussian elimination technique.Due to excessive heating, various mechanisms are less interesting in engineering and industrial processes.To overcome this issue in current analysis, the surface is magnetized, and the fluid is electrically conducting, which is responsible for reducing excessive heating along the surface.It is pertinent to mention here that the convective heat transfer is practically associated with oscillatory flow behavior.In the literature, various unsteady models are converted into ordinary equations and just solved for the steady part, but in the current work, the periodic behavior of skin friction, heat transfer and magnetic flux is obtained by using oscillating Stokes conditions.The results are excellent and accurate because they are satisfied by the given boundary conditions.Based on the findings of the research overview, the oscillating hybrid thermal motion of oscillating energy and oscillating magnetic flux through a magnetized warmed cylinder has not been explored in terms of dissipations and Joule heating.The periodical and fluctuating hybrid convection magneto-thermo movement inside the magnetic cylinder at notable points was initially created via principles of preceding research and the findings of [3,7,13].The periodic heat transport, fluctuating friction coefficients, and oscillatory magnetic flux values are illustrated by using velocity distributions, magnetic distributions, and temperature distributions at prominent angles.The main novelty of the current work is to compute the amplitude of fluctuating heat transfer and oscillatory magnetic flux along a magnetized heated cylinder.

Flow Formulation
Consider the laminar, time-dependent fluctuating mixed convective boundary layer movement mechanism across a horizontal, heating geometry at sharp angle s/3 and . Figure 1 shows coordinate axes of cylindrical geometry with  and  directions.The components  and  describe the and -directional velocity elements, correspondingly.The term   is the factor of normal electromagnetic region, and   depicts the element of electric field at the outer boundary of the cylindrical shape; the wall temperature of the cylindrical shape is   ,  ∞ is ambient temperature of cylindrical diagram,   is minimum magnetic magnitude exact at the horizontal heating geometry.Additionally, the gravity force is acting downward.The boundary layer equation's dimensioned form shows the flow behavior as Non-dimensional boundary values are: In the above Equations ( 1)-( 5), using proposed boundary conditions (6), mixed convective parameters  and  represent the variable surface temperature number,  is the magnetic Prandtl parameter, Pr stands for Prandtl parameter,  represents the electromagnetic force number, Eckert number, and Joule heat factor and is defined in Equation (7).
along with boundary conditions: ⟶ 1,   ⟶ 1, ℎ  ⟶ 0, as  ⟶ ∞ Now, introducing the following group of primitive variable formulations for the dependent and independent variables of steady and unsteady parts using Equation ( 21 The fluctuating portion is once more transformed into calculations, both imaginary and real.By taking into account [30][31][32][33][34] and utilizing the Stokes coefficients for fluctuations presented in Formula (22), the relationship between both real and imaginary forms may be discovered.

Computing Technique
The primitive formed steady, real and imaginary models are evaluated with the help of an implicit finite difference scheme.The systems of obtained algebraic equations are solved numerically by using the Gaussian elimination approach in terms of a global matrix.The matrix-formed expressions are explored graphically and statistically via programming tool FORTRAN and Tecplot-360.The oscillatory profiles of steady, real and imaginary components with unknown quantities , ,  and  are illustrated by Formula (41), where,   ,   and   are amplitudes and   ,   and   are phase angles.The geometrical results of periodical shear stress  , magnetic flux  , and heat transfer  along the horizontal cylinder are evaluated at prominent inclined positions. where,

Results and Discussion
In the current research, a changeable mixed convection oscillatory flow of magnetic flux and heat transmission around a magneto-driven cylinder under feasible angles /3, /6 and  with combined effects of MHD, viscous dissipation and Joule heating effects was numerically simulated.The graphical and numerical findings were explored under convective thermal conditions.The governing computational mechanism was implemented for oscillation and transient characteristics of magnetic flux and friction.A fluctuating dynamic computational framework was suggested for associated forms of partial differential equations under thermo-boundary variables.To make the non-dimensional representation easier to work with for efficient statistical calculations, it was reduced further.Later, for a variety of variables, significant computations were performed via the implicit finite difference methodology.

Non-oscillating/Steady Plots of Velocity 𝑈, Temperature 𝜃, Magnetic 𝜙 Region
In Figure 2a, the velocity  increases as the Eckert coefficient   increases at angle  with significant amplitude.The temperature  and magnetic field  are enhanced at angle /6 as the Eckert coefficient   increases in Figure 2b,c.The minimum difference in each temperature  and magnetic field  graph is illustrated at both angles.The identical effects of Eckert coefficient   is investigated in both  and .The influence of Joule heat  on velocity , temperature  and magnetic  profiles is investigated for Pr = 7.0 under maximum convective forces in Figure 3a,c.The impact of  is prominent as  changes from angle /6 to .The  and  profiles increase for  = 0.1 to  = 0.5 and gradually decrease for higher values of  under dissipative flow.The minimum difference in both  and  is drafted then  under maximum Joule heat .The increasing behavior of  is confirmed for each Joule heating  coefficient under dissipative fluid.It was valid because the Joule heat coefficient  acts like a thermal element to improve heat transmission across the magnetic surface.The effects of mixed convection factor  on velocity , temperature  and magnetic  profiles are scrutinized at two angles, /6 and , across the heated cylinder immersed in dissipated fluid in Figure 4a,c.The velocity  distributions improve as buoyancy factor  grows through both angles.The same increasing effects of both  and  are noted for minimum  = 0.1 at each angle under Joule heat  and dissipations   .It is expected due to increasing pressure forces that enhance the motion of dissipative fluid around the heated cylinder.Both temperature  and magnetic field  decline as  increases at both angles.The important angle for significant results is /6 for each parameter.The minimum velocity  behavior is depicted at both angles for each coefficient  under Joule heating .A notable difference in each plot is gained for every mixed convection coefficient .In Figure 5a,c, the implication of Prandtl coefficient Pr for each unknown variable ,  and  is sketched at two suitable angles, /6 and , under Joule heat  and viscosity dissipations   .The velocity  increases as Pr decreases due to low viscous fluid at both angles.The lower velocity  behavior is noted for maximum Pr due to higher thickness of dissipative fluid at each angle, /6 and .The temperature  improves as Pr declines with favorable differences in each line.Moreover, similar characteristics of magnetic field  are examined as Pr increases at both /6 and  angles under MHD effects.All results are accurate by matching the given boundaries.

Oscillatory Representations of Transient Shearing Stress 𝜏 𝑠 , Heat Rate 𝜏 𝑡 , Magnetic Flux 𝜏 𝑚
The transient and oscillating behavior of shearing stress   , heat rate   and rate of magnetic flux   for several coefficients of Eckert number   across three angles, /6, /3 and , of a circular cylinder were studied.In Figure 6a, the small frequency in shearing stress   is found for each   = 0.1, 0.5 at all angles.The maximum oscillations in heat transfer   increase as   increases at each angle in Figure 6b.The significant fluctuations in magnetic flux improve as   grows from angle /6 to  under Joule heat in Figure 6c.The most interesting angle for maximum results is /6 in each diagram.In Figure 7a, the larger fluctuations in   with the best difference in each line are noted for Joule heat  under dissipative flow.The minimum increment in   is obtained for   at angle .In Figure 7b, the intensity of fluctuations in   increases as   grows at each angle under viscous dissipations and buoyant forces.It is seen that the oscillations in each graph are enhanced under convective forces.Joule heat increases the heat transport at each angle across the heated cylinder.In Figure 7c, the identical pattern of magnetic flux   is examined at each angle due to dissipation.This was expected because the magnetic surface absorbed the excessive heat due to electrical conducting fluid.In Figure 8a, the small oscillations in shearing stress   are investigated at lower magnetic Prandtl  , but large oscillations in   are illustrated at higher magnetic Prandtl  for each angle.The lower difference in   with significant frequency is examined for each  under Joule heat and dissipations in Figure 8b, since the heat transmission decreases as magnetic Prandtl  increases to absorb the increasing heat rate.In Figure 8c, the magnetic flux improves as  grows from angle /6 to  across the It is seen that the magnetic flux enhances as magnetic Prandtl  increases along each angle.In Figure 9a, the influence of Prandtl coefficient Pr on shearing stress  , heat transmission and magnetic flux is sketched at three significant angles under Joule heat and dissipations.The maximum oscillations in   are enhanced as Pr grows at each angle, with noticeable differences in each line.In Figure 9b, the heat rate decreases as Pr decreases under Joule heat and dissipation from angle /6 to  across the heated cylinder.The maximum rate of heat transport is drafted as Pr grows across each angle of the stationary cylinder.In Figure 9c, a similar trend in magnetic flux is sketched for each Pr under maximum Joule heat and dissipations, since maximum magnetic field decreases the heat transmission across each position of the stationary cylinder.Table 1 compares the calculated shearing stress   results with previously published research by Chawla [35] using multiple attractive magnetic Prandtl  factor options based on the effect of a vertically applied magnetic field throughout a warmed and magnetized cylinder.The significant shearing stress   is achieved by electromagnetic influences for every .Furthermore, the present shearing stress   outcomes are consistent with previously reported findings.Table 2 demonstrates that the magnitude of heat transmission is minimal near angle  = 1.4 but maximal near  = 0.0 and  according to different electromagnetic Prandtl coefficient values.The significant position for the transmission of heat may be found in the range of  = 0.0,  with different ranges of  = 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.5.The growing characteristic of heat transmission is shown from  = 1.4 to  = , and then decreases from  = 0.0 to  = 1.4.The lowest value of heat rate is noted at  = 1.4 across the magnetic cylinder.

Conclusions
To insulate increasing heat rate, the aligned magnetic characteristics across circular geometries are very important in engineering and advanced technological devices.The magnetized devices contribute a significant impact in microchips to reduce cracking and overheating.In the current research, changeable mixed convection oscillatory flow of magnetic flux and heat transmission around a magneto-driven cylinder under feasible angles /3, /6 and  with combined effects of MHD, viscous dissipation and Joule heating effects was numerically simulated.The graphical and numerical findings were explored under convective thermal conditions.The governing computational mechanism was applied for oscillation and transient characteristics of magnetic flux and friction.A fluctuating dynamic computational framework was suggested for associated forms of partial differential equations under thermo-boundary variables.The complex equations were converted into a non-dimensional format by using the necessary non-dimensional components.To make the non-dimensional representation easier to work with for efficient statistical calculations, it was reduced further.The present thermal and electromagnetic hydrodynamics mechanism is important for nanoburning and magneto-resonance scanning approaches.The computational and tabular results for different growing elements via attractive options were obtained.The significant key points are addressed below.

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The prominent amplitude quantity of the velocity  was examined at  = 3.0 across angle /3, but enhanced results of Joule heating  for the temperature  plot were deduced at angle /6.

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Prominent improvement in temperature  was investigated at angles /3, /6 and  with the Joule heating impacts.The result was theoretically possible since viscous dissipation and Joule heating have been employed as source inputs for assessing the transfer efficiency of heat in magnetically conducting fluids.

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Since the force of buoyancy works like an external pressure component to increase fluid speed, the enhanced Pr through viscous dissipation and Joule heating led to the noticeable augmentation in electromagnetic diagrams.

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The higher amplitude of oscillation in   at each circular position was evaluated under viscous dissipation and Joule heating at angle /3.This was technically predicted since the frequency of fluid movement rises due to gravitational pull, which improves the intensity of the oscillating heat and oscillating magnetic flux of water-based fluids.

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Assuming the significance of the three angles /3, /6 and , the minimal magnitude of oscillation in a magnetic flux was investigated due to viscous dissipation and Joule heating.

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The magnitude of fluctuating heat transfer   was improved under maximum Pr at every location /3, /6 and  compared to other plots.For each Pr option around the entire magnetized cylinder, the same behavior in a magnetic flux with suitable magnitude was developed.
cylinder.The oscillations in magnetic flux decline as  diminishes at each angle.

Table 1 .
Numerical findings of skin friction around magnetized and heated cylinder under feasible values of magneto Prandtl parameter  = 1.0, 10.0 and 100.0.

Table 2 .
Four distinct choices of  = 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.5 for numerical findings of heat transfer   along various angles  of magnetized cylinder.