Position and Attitude Tracking Finite-Time Adaptive Control for a VTOL Aircraft Using Global Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Control

: In this work, the position and attitude tracking ﬁnite-time adaptive control problem of a type of vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft system is studied. Here, the dynamic of the VTOL aircraft is subjected to external disturbances and unknown nonlinearities. Firstly, radial basis function neural networks are introduced to approximate these unknown nonlinearities, and adaptive weight update laws are proposed to replace unknown ideal weights. Secondly, for the errors generated in the approximation process and the external disturbances of the aircraft system, adaptive parameter update laws are presented. After that, based on the designed global fast terminal sliding mode control functions and adaptive update laws, we present the position tracking control laws and the roll angle control law. Then, based on this, the adaptive global fast terminal sliding control laws for the given aircraft system are ﬁnally obtained. Meanwhile, the stability of the aircraft control system is proven by using Lyapunov stability theory and designed adaptive control laws. It is not only ensured that the outputs of the aircraft system can track the given trajectories, but also ensured that the tracking errors can converge to approximately zero within a ﬁnite time. Finally, the validity of the designed adaptive control laws is veriﬁed through three numerical examples. It can be obtained that the ﬁnite-time tracking problems of the given aircraft system can be achieved at 18.8766 s and 14.6340 s under the given parameters. The results are consistent with the theoretical analysis. In addition, under the control laws proposed in this work, the aircraft system can achieve tracking after 9.443 s and 9.674 s and the tracking errors are basically close to zero, which is signiﬁcantly superior to other control methods considered in this work.


Introduction
During the past decade, vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft systems have achieved widespread attention because of their simple structures and unrestricted free take-off and landing.They have been widely applied in fields such as military, civil and urban air mobility [1][2][3][4].
At present, for the control problems of VTOL aircraft, many research results have been obtained.In [5], the global configuration stabilization control problem of VTOL aircraft under a strong output coupling was addressed, in which the smooth static feedback control method was used to design the tracking controller.In [6], the authors discussed the fault-tolerant tracking problem of a VTOL aircraft under external disturbances and actuator faults, in which the global convergence of tracking error was obtained via using the proposed robust control scheme.In [7], the tracking control problem of the VTOL aircraft with uncertainties was designed, in which the tracking errors were able to globally achieve ultimately bounded status under the designed fuzzy-based adaptive output feedback control strategy.Moreover, by using the designed tracking controller, the authors of [8,9] solved the output tracking problem of VTOL aircraft with velocity-sensorless and delayed measurement outputs.Through applying the model predictive control method, the trajectory tracking control for the VTOL aircraft was addressed by the authors of [10,11].Additionally, some control strategies, such as the output feedback tracking control law [12], the adaptive neural network backstepping control law [13], and the robust dynamic surface tracking control law [14], were presented to solve the control problems of planar VTOL aircraft.Furthermore, many scholars have conducted research on the control problems of fixed-wing VTOL and electric VTOL; relevant results have been found in [15][16][17][18][19].It is worth noting that as a typical underactuated system, designing a good control law is particularly important for the tracking control of VTOL aircraft.This is especially true when the VTOL aircraft system has external disturbances and unknown nonlinear dynamics.This is the first starting point of our work.
In some practical engineering systems, for example, the chemical reaction process [20] and the attitude control of spacecraft [21], stability typically needs to be achieved within a finite time.However, many control methods can only obtain stability of control systems within an infinite time [22][23][24].Therefore, some researchers have shifted their focus to finite-time control problems [25][26][27].For instance, the adaptive finite-time consensus control design for a type of multi-agent systems with unknown actuator faults was studied in [28,29].In [30], the authors designed a neural-based adaptive finite-time controller and applied it to solve the tracking control problem of a class of non-strict feedback systems with multiple constraints.For the tracking control problem of a class of nonlinear systems with the strict-feedback form, the authors of [31] presented a command filtered-based finite-time adaptive output tracking control scheme.Moreover, the authors of [32][33][34] investigated the finite-time tracking control problem of nonlinear systems through applying the designed command filtered-based finite-time control scheme.Therefore, the finite time tracking control for a VTOL aircraft system is worth studying.This is another starting point for this work.
As we know, the sliding mode control method has a good advantage in dealing with nonlinear system problems.Currently, it is used for the design of control strategies for various complex systems and can achieve good control performance [35][36][37][38].Furthermore, to obtain the finite-time stability of control systems, some researchers also considered the fast terminal sliding mode control (FTSMC) method.Recently, the control laws with FTSMC have been developed and widely applied [39][40][41][42].However, compared with the traditional linear sliding mode control (LSMC), the FTSMC can not only make the tracking errors of a given system converge to approximately zero within a finite time, but can also eliminate chattering effectively because there is no switching term [39][40][41][42].In addition, we find that few studies have discussed the finite-time tracking problems of VTOL aircraft under the FTSMC method.This is the third starting point for this work.
Inspired by the above-mentioned analysis, this work investigates the position and attitude tracking finite-time control problems of VTOL aircraft with external disturbances by using a global FTSMC method.To cope with the unknown nonlinear dynamics of VTOL aircraft system, the radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs) are considered in this work.Moreover, some parameter update laws are proposed to tackle the approximation errors generated in the approximation process and the unknown external disturbances of the aircraft system.Combined with the position tracking errors and attitude tracking error, the global FTSMC functions are designed.Based on the application of the neural network control technique, the designed global FTSMC functions and the designed parameter update laws, the adaptive global FTSMC laws for the VTOL aircraft are presented.Given the nature of the FTSMC method, the tracking errors of given aircraft system can converge to approximately zero within a finite time under the designed adaptive control laws.In the end, the validity of designed adaptive control laws is verified through simulation analysis.
The rest of this work is arranged as follows.In Section 2, the dynamic model of VTOL aircraft is given; the RBFNN and some useful lemmas are also provided.In Section 3, the position and attitude tracking control laws are designed by combining the global FTSMC method with the neural network control technique, and the finite-time stabilization of the VTOL aircraft system is proven by utilizing Lyapunov stability theory.In Section 4, two simulation examples are provided to illustrate the validity of the proposed finite-time control laws.Finally, some brief conclusions are drawn in Section 5.

Preliminaries
To approximate the unknown nonlinearities of VTOL aircraft, the RBFNN is considered in this work.For any nonlinear function H NN (x), which can be described as [28]: where are the input of RBFNN and the weight vector, respectively; l > 1 is the neural network node number; and ϕ i (x) represent the Gaussian basis function [28], which is given as where σ i and T represent the width of the Gaussian function, and the center of the basis function, respectively.In addition, Lemma 1 ([43]).The nonlinear continuous function F(x) is defined over a compact set Ω x ⊂ R n , then there is an RBFNN (W * ) T ϕ(x) [43], such that where ρ(x) represents bounded approximation error, and W * stands for the ideal weight vector [43], which is given as Moreover, some lemmas are provided as follows.
Remark 1. Neural network is widely used in various nonlinear systems because of its ability to approach arbitrary nonlinearity with arbitrary accuracy [2,29,30,43,44].However, it should be pointed out that the number of nodes is difficult to accurately determine when constructing a neural network.Generally speaking, the approximation accuracy of the neural network will be higher with the increase of the number of nodes, but it will also increase the computational complexity.In order to balance the two, the selection of nodes is mostly based on the trial and error method.

Problem Statement
Assuming the existence of external disturbances and referring to [6], the dynamic model of VTOL aircraft system is described as where x, y and θ stand for the horizontal position, vertical position, and roll angle of aircraft system, respectively.u 1 and u 2 represent the control inputs and stand for the thrust and the torque, respectively.M is the mass of the aircraft, g represents the gravitational acceleration, J is the motion of inertia on the center of mass, and ε 0 stands for the coupling coefficient between the rolling moment and the lateral force.D 1 (t), D 2 (t) and D 3 (t) denote the unknown external disturbances, which may involve wind gusts, internal couplings, and so on.
In this work, our control objective is to design the adaptive global FTSMC laws u 1 (t) and u 2 (t) for the aircraft system (8) such that the position outputs (horizontal position and vertical position) x and y are able to track the desired trajectories x d and y d in the presence of unknown external disturbances, and the tracking errors can converge to approximately zero within a finite time.Meanwhile, the roll angle of VTOL aircraft can also track the given roll angle within a finite time via using the designed roll angle control law.Assumption 1.The unknown external disturbances D i (t), i = 1, 2, 3, are bounded.That is to say, there are unknown constants D * i > 0 that satisfy |D i (t)| ≤ D * i .Assumption 2. The roll angle θ always lies in region −π/2 < θ < π/2.

Main Results
In this section, the RBFNN and global FTSMC method will be considered for the control law design of VTOL aircraft.Furthermore, by applying the designed control laws, the position and attitude tracking control problems can be solved.The entire design procedure includes three parts, and the last part is finite-time stability analysis.

Horizontal Position Tracking Control Law Design
The horizontal position tracking error is defined as z Using the subsystem .
x 2 = U 1 + F 1 + D 1 (t)/M, and the derivative of .z x is further given as ..
Π1 are designed as . .
where k 1 and k 2 are designed positive constants, m 1 and n 1 are positive odd constants and Substituting Equations ( 16) and ( 18)-( 20) into Equation ( 15), we obtain

Vertical Position Tracking Control Law Design
The vertical position tracking error is defined as Using the subsystem .
where U 2 = u 1 cos x 5 /M and F 2 = u 2 ε 0 sin x 5 /M.Note that the parameters ε 0 and u 2 are unknown, an RBFNN is applied to approximate the unknown function F 2 [43], then we have where Z 2 = [x 5 ] T , ρ 2 (Z 2 ) represents the approximation error, and there is |ρ 2 (Z 2 )| ≤ ρ 2 with ρ 2 > 0 being an unknown constant.Design a global fast terminal sliding mode function [42], , where α 2 and β 2 are designed positive constants, the definition of λ is as in Section 3.1, namely, λ = m 0 /n 0 .Applying Equations ( 23) and ( 24), we have the derivative of s 2 as .
In view of ρ 2 (Z 2 ) and D 2 (t) being bounded unknown parameters, there exists an unknown positive constant

Defining the following Lyapunov function candidate as
where and Π2 are the estimations of W * 2 and Π 2 , γ 2 and µ 2 are designed positive constants.
Using Lemma 3 [44], we have Thus, for the vertical position tracking control law U 2 , parameter update laws .Ŵ2 and .
Π2 can be respectively designed as where k 3 and k 4 are designed positive constants and m 2 and n 2 are positive odd constants and satisfy m 2 /n 2 < 1.
According to the definitions of U 1 and U 2 , the adaptive global FTSMC law u 1 (t) is obtained as Correspondingly, the reference angle θ d for roll angle x 5 (x 5 = θ) is given as

Roll Angle Tracking Control Law Design
Based on the reference roll angle θ d , the roll angle tracking error can be defined as Using the subsystem .
z θ is further given as .. where Design a global fast terminal sliding mode function [42] , where α 3 and β 3 are designed positive constants; the definition of λ is the same as in the previous section.Then the derivative of s 3 is Considering that D 3 (t) is a bounded unknown parameter, there exists an unknown positive constant Π 3 such that |D 3 (t)/J| ≤ D * 3 /J = Π 3 .Defining the following Lyapunov function candidate as where is the estimation of Π 3 and µ 3 is the designed positive constant.
In view of |D 3 (t)/J| ≤ Π 3 and applying Equation ( 37), the time derivative of V 3 as .
According to Lemma 3 [44], we have Therefore, the roll angle tracking control law U 3 and the parameter update law .
Π3 are designed as .
where k 5 and k 6 are designed positive constants and m 3 and n 3 are positive odd constants and satisfy m 3 /n 3 < 1. Substituting Equations ( 40)-( 42) into Equation ( 39), we have .
Therefore, the adaptive global FTSMC law u 2 (t) can be obtained by

Finite-Time Stability Analysis
Based on the results of the above analysis, we can obtain Theorem 1, which is given as: Theorem 1.Given the VTOL aircraft (1) under Assumptions 1 and 2, the adaptive global FTSMC laws (33) and (44) with parameters update laws ( 19), ( 20), ( 30), (31), and (42) are applied.Then, the horizontal position and vertical position outputs of VTOL aircraft can track the given reference trajectories, and the tracking errors can approach zero within a finite time.Meanwhile, the roll angle of VTOL aircraft can also track the given angle within a finite time.
Proof.Defining the Lyapunov function V as Along with Equations ( 21), ( 32) and ( 43), the derivative of V is given as Noting the definitions of m 1 , m 2 , m 3 , n 1 , n 2 and n 3 , it can be seen that m 1 + n 1 , m 2 + n 2 and m 3 + n 3 are even constants.Furthermore, it can be deduced that s Applying Equation ( 17) and integrating Equation ( 47) over [0, t], we have  ≥ .Hence, the Equation ( 46) is chang ( ) 17) and integrating Equation ( 47) over [ 0 ( ) ( ( ) , and ( ) By utilizing Lemma 4, we can conclude from Equation (49) tha On the other hand, applying Lemma 2 [45], we obtain ) ) where Mathematics 2023, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 24 ( ) Noting the definitions of n , it can be seen that m n + and m n + are even constants.Furthermore, it can be deduced that .Hence, the Equation ( 46) is changed to ( ) Applying Equation ( 17) and integrating Equation ( ) which hints that where ( ) By utilizing Lemma 4, we can conclude from Equation (49) that On the other hand, applying Lemma 2 [45], we obtain ) ) Mathematics 2023, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 24 ( ) Noting the definitions of n , it can be seen that m n + and m n + are even constants.Furthermore, it can be deduced that .Hence, the Equation ( 46) is changed to ( ) Applying Equation ( 17) and integrating Equation ( 47) over [ ] ) which hints that where ( ) By utilizing Lemma 4, we can conclude from Equation (49) that On the other hand, applying Lemma 2 [45], we obtain ) ) Mathematics 2023, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW ( ) Noting the definitions of m n + and m n + are even constants.Furthermore, it can be deduced that .Hence, the Equation ( 46) is changed to ( ) 17) and integrating Equation ( ) which hints that where ( ) On the other hand, applying Lemma 2 [45], we obtain ) ) From Equations ( 53)-( 55), it can be found that the tracking errors z x , z y , and z θ can be close to zero.
On the other hand, applying Lemma 2 [45], we obtain where t x r , t y r , and t θ r represent the reach time when tracking errors z x , z y and z θ converge to zero.
Remark 2. Using Equations ( 56)-( 58), we can adjust the reach times t x r , t y r and t θ r by adjusting the values of m 0 , n 0 , α i and β i , i = 1,2,3.However, it should be noted that changes in α i and β i also result in changes in the control laws U 1 , U 2 and U 3 , which in turn affect the amplitude of control inputs u 1 (t) and u 2 (t).Therefore, when selecting these design parameters, we should make appropriate trade-offs between them.

Remark 3.
Due to the fact that the VTOL aircraft system ( 9) is an underactuated system with three degrees of freedom and two control inputs, it is impossible to track all three degrees of freedom.As a result, this paper uses (34) to generate the reference trajectory θ d for the roll angle.

Simulation Analysis
In this section, two simulation examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of proposed adaptive global FTSMC laws.
The tracking performance curves of the horizontal position, vertical position and roll angle are shown in Figures 1-3, respectively.It is seen from these figures that the desired tracking problem of the given VTOL aircraft is solved under the presented adaptive global FTSMC laws.Although the roll angle shown in Figure 3 exhibits significant overshoot at some points, it does not affect the position tracking results of the aircraft.The tracking performance curves of the horizontal position, vertical position and roll angle are shown in Figures 1-3, respectively.It is seen from these figures that the desired tracking problem of the given VTOL aircraft is solved under the presented adaptive global FTSMC laws.Although the roll angle shown in Figure 3 exhibits significant overshoot at some points, it does not affect the position tracking results of the aircraft.
The tracking error curves of the horizontal position and vertical position are described in Figure 4. We can see from Figure 4 that the tracking errors are basically close to zero after a finite time.Noting Equations ( 53) and (54), it is easy to calculate  by substituting the initial values selected in this example.That is to say, theoretical calculation indicates that the reach times for the horizontal position tracking error and vertical position tracking error close to zero are 18.8766 s and 14.6340 s, respectively.In Figure 3, the tracking errors of the horizontal position and vertical position corresponding to these two times are , respectively.From this, it can be concluded that the position tracking errors of the VTOL aircraft system can converge to approximately zero within a finite time, which further indicates the validity of the theoretical analysis.
Figure 5 gives the curves of control inputs 1 ( ) u t and 2 ( ) u t , and the curves of parameter update laws Π are shown in Figures 6 and   7, respectively.It is not difficult to see from these figures that these signals are bounded.This also proves the effectiveness of the proposed control laws from another perspective.
Example 2. In this example, the control laws based on the general linear sliding mode control are considered to compare the proposed control laws in this paper.Please refer to Appendix A for a detailed control laws design process.Hence, we have the following control laws and parameter update laws: The tracking error curves of the horizontal position and vertical position are described in Figure 4. We can see from Figure 4 that the tracking errors are basically close to zero after a finite time.Noting Equations ( 53) and (54), it is easy to calculate t x r = 18.8766 and t y r = 14.6340 by substituting the initial values selected in this example.That is to say, theoretical calculation indicates that the reach times for the horizontal position tracking error and vertical position tracking error close to zero are 18.8766 s and 14.6340 s, respectively.In Figure 3, the tracking errors of the horizontal position and vertical position corresponding to these two times are −7.997× 10 −4 and 9.555 × 10 −3 , respectively.From this, it can be concluded that the position tracking errors of the VTOL aircraft system can converge to approximately zero within a finite time, which further indicates the validity of the theoretical analysis.
Figure 5 gives the curves of control inputs u 1 (t) and u 2 (t), and the curves of parameter update laws Ŵ1 and Ŵ2 , Π1 , Π2 and Π3 are shown in Figures 6 and 7, respectively.It is not difficult to see from these figures that these signals are bounded.This also proves the effectiveness of the proposed control laws from another perspective.
Example 2. In this example, the control laws based on the general linear sliding mode control are considered to compare the proposed control laws in this paper.Please refer to Appendix A for a detailed control laws design process.Hence, we have the following control laws and parameter update laws: . (61) (64) (66) Similar to the analysis in Section 3, it is easy to prove that the horizontal position, vertical position and roll angle outputs of VTOL aircraft can track the reference trajectories.The selection of parameters in Equations ( 59)-( 68) is the same as in Example 1.In this example, GFTSMC stands for the global fast terminal sliding mode control, and GLSMC stands for the general linear sliding mode control.
The comparison results are shown in Figures 8-10  3 ˆ( ) ( ) Similar to the analysis in Section 3, it is easy to prove that the horizontal position, vertical position and roll angle outputs of VTOL aircraft can track the reference trajectories.The selection of parameters in Equations ( 59)-( 68) is the same as in Example 1.In this example, GFTSMC stands for the global fast terminal sliding mode control, and GLSMC stands for the general linear sliding mode control.
The comparison results are shown in Figures 8-10.From Figures 8-10, it can be found that the tracking control problem of the given VTOL aircraft system can be solved under the designed control laws with general LSMC.However, compared to the control laws with global FTSMC, the overshoot, the adjustment time and the convergence time are all relatively large under the control laws with general LSMC.Specifically, the roll angle tracking error is much larger than under the control laws with FTSMC.In addition, it can be seen that the aircraft system can achieve tracking after 9.443 s and the tracking errors can basically converge to zero by using the control laws proposed in this work.That is to say, under the same parameter selection, the control performance obtained by the control laws with global FTSMC is better than that obtained by the control laws with general LSMC.These results further elucidate the validity of the control laws proposed in this work.Example 3.This example further illustrates the effectiveness of the control law proposed in this work.In this example, the control laws (Scheme 1) proposed in this work are compared and analyzed with the control laws (Scheme 2) proposed in [5].The selection of parameters should be consistent with Example 1.The simulation results are given in Figures 11-13  From Figures 8-10, it can be found that the tracking control problem of the given VTOL aircraft system can be solved under the designed control laws with general LSMC.However, compared to the control laws with global FTSMC, the overshoot, the adjustment time and the convergence time are all relatively large under the control laws with general LSMC.Specifically, the roll angle tracking error is much larger than under the control laws with FTSMC.In addition, it can be seen that the aircraft system can achieve tracking after 9.443 s and the tracking errors can basically converge to zero by using the control laws proposed in this work.That is to say, under the same parameter selection, the control performance obtained by the control laws with global FTSMC is better than that obtained by the control laws with general LSMC.These results further elucidate the validity of the control laws proposed in this work.Example 3.This example further illustrates the effectiveness of the control law proposed in this work.In this example, the control laws (Scheme 1) proposed in this work are compared and analyzed with the control laws (Scheme 2) proposed in [5].The selection of parameters should be consistent with Example 1.The simulation results are given in Figures 11-13.By applying Scheme 1 and Scheme 2, the comparison results of the horizontal position tracking performance and the vertical position tracking performance are given in Figures 11 and 12.It is easy to see from the two figures that the tracking control of the considered VTOL aircraft is achievable.In addition, the aircraft system can achieve tracking after 9.443 s and the tracking errors can basically converge to zero by using Scheme 1, which is significantly superior to the Scheme 2. The roll angle tracking performance is shown in Figure 13.From the figure, the given roll angle and the roll angle of VTOL aircraft obtained in Scheme 1 are smoother and have smaller tracking error than those obtained in Scheme 2. Through this example, the validity of control laws presented in this work is further elucidated.Remark 4. In Equation (41), it is necessary to use the first-order and second-order derivatives of a given roll angle θ d to design the roll angle tracking control law U 3 .However, the process of obtaining .θ d and .. θ d is very complex.With reference to [48], a third-order integral-chain differentiator is considered in our simulation examples, which is described as where the outputs X 2 and X 3 stand for .θ d and .. θ d , respectively.In simulation examples, we take ϑ 1 = 10, ϑ 2 = 30, ϑ 3 = 30, π = 1/[100(1 − exp(−2.5t))]as 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.0 s, and π = 0.01 as t > 1.0 s.Remark 5.In Example 2, to better compare the effectiveness of the two types of control laws, the parameter selection is kept the same as in Example 1.In this case, we obtained the simulation results of Figures 8-10.It should be noted that in Example 2, we can also adjust relevant parameters to achieve better control performances for the VTOL aircraft system under the control laws with general linear sliding mode control.By using the control laws designed in this work, the desired tracking problems can be achieved within a finite time and with better tracking performance.However, in order to obtain smaller control law amplitude, significant errors may occur at the beginning of the simulation.Therefore, we need to make appropriate trade-offs between the two.

Conclusions
This work mainly discussed the application of a global FTSMC method in the position and attitude tracking finite-time control problem of the VTOL aircraft.The RBFNNs were applied to approximate the unknown nonlinear terms of VTOL aircraft, and some parameter update laws were presented in the analysis process.Meanwhile, the global FTSMC functions were designed via utilizing the position tracking errors and attitude tracking error.Then, the adaptive global FTSMC laws were designed by using the neural network control method, the global FTSMC functions and the designed parameter update laws.Based on the proposed adaptive global FTSMC laws, the simulation results proved that the position and attitude outputs of the VTOL aircraft system can track the desired trajectories and the tracking errors can be close to zero within a finite time.In Example 1, it can be seen that the finite-time tracking problems can be achieved at 18.8766 s and 14.6340 s.The results of this example were consistent with the theoretical analysis results.Moreover, in Examples 2 and 3, the aircraft system can achieve tracking after 9.443 s and 9.674 s, and the tracking errors can basically converge to zero by using the control laws proposed in this work.These results are significantly superior to other control methods considered in this work.
In this work, the authors mainly focused on the finite-time tracking control for a VTOL aircraft with global FTSMC method.Their potential application areas can include urban air mobility, military, and traffic condition detection.However, the tracking control problem of VTOL aircraft achieving the desired target tracking within a predefined time or fixed time under the global FTSMC method has not been considered.Therefore, the predefined time or the fixed-time tracking control problem of a VTOL aircraft with the global FTSMC method will be studied in future research.
In addition, this work still has certain limitations.For example, the motion model of the given VTOL aircraft does not include a mathematical model of the rotor and the electric motor, nor does it consider actuator faults or time delays of control inputs.If these conditions are considered, can the control proposed in this work still achieve good control performance?Therefore, we will gradually address these concerns in future work.
of Anhui Province Engineering Technology Research Center under Grant QCKJ202207B, and the Program for the Top Talents of Anhui Polytechnic University.
According to the definitions of U 1 and U 2 , the adaptive law u 1 (t) is obtained as Correspondingly, the reference angle θ d for roll angle x 5 (x 5 = θ) is given as For the roll angle tracking, design a linear sliding mode function s 3 = .

From
Equations (53)-(55), it can be found that the tracking e can be close to zero.

3 Π
are bounded.Furthermore, we can obtain from Equation (48) that

From
Equations (53)-(55), it can be found that the tracking errors x z , y z , and z θ can be close to zero.

3 Π
are bounded.Furthermore, we can obtain from Equation (48) that

From
Equations (53)-(55), it can be found that the tracking errors x z , y z , and z θ can be close to zero.

3 n
, it can be seen that 2 2

3 Π
are bounded.Furthermore, we can obtain from Equation (48) that bounded co By utilizing Lemma 4, we can conclude from Equation (49) that From Equations (53)-(55), it can be found that the tracking errors x z , y z , a can be close to zero.

1 , s 2 and s 3
η 1 is a bounded constant.By utilizing Lemma 4, we can conclude from Equation (49hand, according to the definitions of s

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Curve of horizontal position tracking performance.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Curve of vertical position tracking performance.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Curve of roll angle tracking performance.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Curve of horizontal position tracking performance.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Curve of horizontal position tracking performance.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Curve of vertical position tracking performance.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Curve of roll angle tracking performance.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Curve of vertical position tracking performance.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Curve of horizontal position tracking performance.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Curve of vertical position tracking performance.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Curve of roll angle tracking performance.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Curve of roll angle tracking performance.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Tracking error curves of horizontal position and vertical position.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Curves of control inputs 1 u and 2 u .

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Tracking error curves of horizontal position and vertical position.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Tracking error curves of horizontal position and vertical position.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Curves of control inputs 1 u and 2 u .

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Curves of control inputs u 1 and u 2 .

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Tracking error curves of horizontal position and vertical position.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Curves of control inputs 1 u and 2 u .

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Curves of parameter update laws

Figure 9 .
Figure 9.Comparison results of vertical position tracking error.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9.Comparison results of vertical position tracking error.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Comparison results of roll angle tracking. .

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Comparison results of roll angle tracking.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Comparison results of horizontal position tracking performance.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Comparison results of horizontal position tracking performance.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Comparison results of vertical position tracking performance.

Figure 13 .Figure 12 .
Figure 13.Comparison results of roll angle tracking performance.By applying Scheme 1 and Scheme 2, the comparison results of the horizontal position tracking performance and the vertical position tracking performance are given in

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Comparison results of horizontal position tracking performance.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Comparison results of vertical position tracking performance.

Figure 13 .Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Comparison results of roll angle tracking performance.By applying Scheme 1 and Scheme 2, the comparison results of the horizontal position tracking performance and the vertical position tracking performance are given in ) which hints that s 1 , s 2 , s 3 , Ŵ1 , Ŵ2 , Π1 , Π2 , and Π3 are bounded.
Furthermore, we can obtain from Equation (48) that t 0 Mathematics 2023, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW ( )