A Class of Quasilinear Equations with Distributed Gerasimov–Caputo Derivatives

: Quasilinear equations in Banach spaces with distributed Gerasimov–Caputo fractional derivatives, which are deﬁned by the Riemann–Stieltjes integrals, and with a linear closed operator A , are studied. The issues of unique solvability of the Cauchy problem to such equations are considered. Under the Lipschitz continuity condition in phase variables and two types of continuity over all variables of a nonlinear operator in the equation, we obtain two versions on a theorem on the nonlocal existence of a unique solution. Two similar versions of local unique solvability of the Cauchy problem are proved under the local Lipschitz continuity condition for the nonlinear operator. The general results are used for the study of an initial boundary value problem for a generalization of the nonlinear phase ﬁeld system of equations with distributed derivatives with respect to time


Introduction
Various classes of fractional differential equations are the subjects of intensive research by many scientists in recent decades.Such equations are of interest both because of their increasing importance in applied investigations [1][2][3][4], and from the point of view of the development of theory [5][6][7][8].A special class consists of equations with distributed derivatives (or so-called continual derivatives, mean derivatives), which, in partial, are applied to the research of some real phenomena and processes, when an order of a fractional derivative in a model depends on the process parameters: in the theory of viscoelastic media [9], in modeling dielectric induction and diffusion [10,11], in the kinetic theory [12], and in other scientific fields [13][14][15][16].These works initiated other investigations of the equations with distributed derivatives from the point of view of the qualitative theory of differential equations [17][18][19][20][21][22].
The main aim of the present work is to investigate the Cauchy problem for a class of abstract quasilinear equations with distributed derivatives.Let Z be a Banach space, D β be the fractional Gerasimov-Caputo derivative for β > 0 and the fractional Riemann-Liouville integral for β ≤ 0, A be a linear closed densely defined in Z operator.Consider the Cauchy problem for the quasilinear equation were studied in works [23][24][25], where ω : (b, c) → C and A is a bounded operator, or a generator of an analytic resolving family of a fractional equation.For b = 0, c ∈ (0, 1], a criteria in terms of conditions on a linear closed operator A for the existence of an analytic resolving family of operators for Equation (3) were obtained in paper [26].In the work [27], these criteria were generalized to the case c > 1 and a perturbations theorem on generators of analytic resolving operators families for (3) was obtained.Analogous results for the equation with a discretely distributed Gerasimov-Caputo derivative were obtained in [28].All these results were generalized and combined in general formulations with the Riemann-Stieltjes integral in the definition of the distributed derivative [29].
Recall that an arbitrary function µ with a bounded variation has the form µ = µ c + µ d , where µ c is a continuous function with a bounded variation, and µ d is a jumps function.
Consequently, the left-hand side of (2) has the form Here, such theorems are used for the study of the Cauchy problem (1) to quasilinear Equation (2).Note that the above-mentioned papers concern equations with distributed order derivatives in finite-dimensional spaces, or in the linear case, or with a bounded operator A in a Banach space (see [25]).In the present paper, we have studied for the first time a quasilinear equation with distributed derivatives and an unbounded A operator in an infinite-dimensional space.
In the second section of the present work, the main definitions and results on the solvability of the inhomogeneous equation are formulated.The third section contains the definition of special functional spaces, statements and proofs of their properties and properties of operators of distributed Gerasimov-Caputo fractional derivatives, which are acting in these spaces.In the fourth section, theorems on nonlocal solvability of Cauchy problem (1) and ( 2) are proved under the condition B ∈ C([t 0 , T] × Z n ; D A ), where D A is the domain of A with its graph norm, or with B ∈ C([t 0 , T] × Z n ; Z ), but in a slightly narrower functional space.In the fifth section, analogous results were obtained on the local unique solvability of problem ( 1) and ( 2) with B ∈ C(U; D A ), or B ∈ C(U; Z ), where U is an open set in R × Z n .The last section contains an application of abstract results to the research of an initial boundary value problem for some generalization of the phase field system of equations with the distributed order Gerasimov-Caputo time-derivatives.

Linear Equation and Resolving Families
Let Z be a Banach space, denote for β > 0, h : (t 0 , ∞) → Z the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral of an order β > 0 be the derivative of the m-th order, then is the Gerasimov-Caputo derivative of the order α [1,2,30].It will be assumed that For a function h : R + → Z, the Laplace transform is denoted by h or Lap[h], if the expression for h is too large.For the Gerasimov-Caputo derivative of an order α ∈ (m − 1, m], it is known the equality (see, e.g., [6]) The notations S θ,a will be used later.Besides, the Banach space of all linear continuous operators from Z to Z will be denoted by L(Z ), and denote the set of all linear closed operators, densely defined in Z, acting in the space Z, by Cl(Z ).The domain D A of an operator A ∈ Cl(Z ) endows by its graph norm Hence, D A is a Banach space with this norm due to the closedness of A.
Consider the Cauchy problem for the distributed order equation → C is a function with a bounded variation, briefly µ ∈ BV((b, c]; C), c is a variation point of the measure dµ(α).Equality (6) contains the Riemann-Stieltjes integral.A solution of problem ( 5) and ( 6) is a function Z ) and equalities (5) and (6) for t ∈ R + are fulfilled.Hereafter, R + := R + ∪ {0}.
Under the conditions of this section, consider the analytic on S π,0 functions also defined by Riemann-Stieltjes integrals.Here and further, the main branch of the power function is considered.
to Equation (6) for any z k ∈ D A .
Remark 1.Thus, a k-resolving family {S k (t) ∈ L(Z ) : t ≥ 0} consists of operators, such that S k (t) for t ≥ 0 maps arbitrary z k ∈ D A into the value z(t) = S k (t)z k at the point t of a solution of Cauchy problem (6) and (7).Therefore, the families {S k (t) ∈ L(Z entirely describe the solution of the complete Cauchy problem (5) and (6).
For an operator A ∈ A W (θ 0 , a 0 ), the operators be a variation point of the measure dµ(α).Then, there exists an analytic 0-resolving family of operators of the type (θ 0 − π/2, a 0 ) for Equation (6), if and only if A ∈ A W (θ 0 , a 0 ).In this case, there exists a unique k-resolving family of operators for every k = 0, 1, . . ., m − 1, and it has the form Remark 5.The theorem shows that the condition A ∈ A W (θ 0 , a 0 ) is not only sufficient, but also necessary for the analytic resolving families existence, in other words, for the unique solvability of problem ( 5) and (6) in the considered sense.

Some Properties of Distributed Derivatives
Therefore, for where , and we have the same result.
Proof.Indeed, due to Lemmas 2 and 3 for every s, t, such that t 0 ≤ s < t ≤ T, we have

Nonlocal Unique Solvability of Quasilinear Equation
A solution on a segment [t 0 , T] of the Cauchy problem for the equation . ., n, and equalities ( 9) and (10) for t ∈ (t 0 , T] Then a function z is a solution of problem ( 9) and (10) on the segment [t 0 , T], if and only if z ∈ C m−1,c n ([t 0 , T]; Z ) and for all t ∈ [t 0 , T] the equality holds, where Proof.If z is a solution of problem ( 9) and (10), then there exists D c n z ∈ C([t 0 , T]; Z ), since c n is a variation point of the measure dµ n (α).Therefore, z ∈ C m−1,c n ([t 0 , T]; Z ) and due to Corollary 2 the mapping acts continuously from [t 0 , T] into D A , since B ∈ C([t 0 , T] × Z n ; D A ). Consequently, by Theorem 3, equality ( 11) is valid.Let z ∈ C m−1,c n ([t 0 , T]; Z ) and for all t ∈ [t 0 , T] equality (11) holds.Then, by Corollary 2, mapping (12) belongs to the class C([t 0 , T]; D A ) in the case B ∈ C([t 0 , T] × Z n ; D A ).By Theorem 3, z is a solution of problem ( 9) and (10).
Proof.Due to Lemma 4, it is sufficient to prove that the integro-differential Equation ( 11) has a unique solution in the Banach space C m−1,c n ([t 0 , T]; Z ).
For z ∈ C m−1,c n ([t 0 , T]; Z ) define the operator Since mapping (12) belongs to C([t 0 , T]; D A ), due to Theorem 3, we find that If c n < k, then the form of Z k implies that by ( 4) T]; Z ).In the case c n > k, we have due to equality ( 4) Let G j be the j-th degree of the operator G, j ∈ N.For the sake of certainty, we consider that T − t 0 ≥ 1.In the case T − t 0 < 1, further reasoning will remain valid after the replacement T − t 0 by 1.
Arguing as before, we can find that for k = 0, 1, . . ., m − 1 and for small ε > 0 the inequality . By the same way, we obtain Similarly, we obtain for t Hence, for a large enough j, the mapping G j is a contraction in the space C m−1,c n ([t 0 , T]; Z ) and it has a unique fixed point in this space, which is known to be the unique fixed point in C m−1,c n ([t 0 , T]; Z ) of the mapping G. Due to Lemma 4, z is the fixed point of G, if and only if it is a unique solution of problem ( 9) and (10).
If c n ≤ m − 1, then we will omit the estimates for the derivatives of the order c n .9) and (10) on the segment [t 0 , T], if and only if for all t ∈ [t 0 , T] it satisfies equality (11).9) and (10), then due to Lipschitz continuity of B and by Corollary 3 the function B z satisfies the Hölder condition.Due to Theorem 3, equality (11) is valid.Let z ∈ C m−1,β ([t 0 , T]; Z ) and for all t ∈ [t 0 , T] equality ( 11) is valid.Then, by Corollary 3, the function B z is Hölderian.By Theorem 3, the function z is a solution of problem ( 9) and (10).
) and ( 10) have a unique solution on the segment [t 0 , T].
Since B is Lipschitz continuous and by Corollary 3 all the arguments of B satisfy the Hölder condition, hence, B z is Hölderian also.Consequently, by Theorem 3, we have If c n ≥ m − 1, then β > m − 1 and, as in the proof of the previous theorem, it can be shown that G(z) ∈ C m−1,β ([t 0 , T]; Z ), for sufficiently large j, the mapping G j is a contraction in C m−1,β ([t 0 , T]; Z ) and G has a unique fixed point in C m−1,β ([t 0 , T]; Z ).Due to Lemma 5, the unique fixed point is a unique solution of problem ( 9) and (10).
If c n < m − 1, we can take β = m − 1 and the proof will be simpler.

Local Unique Solvbability of Quasilinear Equation
Now, the nonlinear operator B is defined on some open subset U of R × Z n .A solution on some segment [t 0 , t 1 ], t 1 > t 0 , of Cauchy problem (9) for Equation (10) and equality (10) for t ∈ (t 0 , t 1 ] are satisfied.
Proof.Take a sufficiently small δ > 0, such that in the neighborhood the inequality (13) holds with some C > 0. Define Due to Corollary 2 M t 1 is a complete metric space with the metric For z ∈ M t 1 , define the operator As in the proof of Theorem 4, we have G(z) ∈ C m−1,c n ([t 0 , t 1 ]; Z ), therefore, G(z) ∈ M t 1 .If necessary, we can reduce t 1 here.Due to Corollary 2 Consequently, for small enough Arguing as in the proof of Theorem 4, we have for k = 0, 1, . . ., m − 1 and small ε > 0 for sufficiently small t 1 − t 0 , hence, Thus, the mapping G is a contraction in the metric space M t 1 .By the Banach theorem on a fixed point, G has a unique fixed point z in this space.Due to Lemma 4, the fixed point z is a unique solution of problem ( 9) and (10) be a variation point of the measure dµ l (α), l = 1, 2, . . ., n, A ∈ A W (θ 0 , a 0 ) for some θ 0 ∈ (π/2, π), a 0 ≥ 0, z k ∈ D A , k = 0, 1, . . ., m − 1, (t 0 , z 1 , z 2 , . . ., z n ) ∈ U, a mapping B ∈ C([t 0 , T] × Z n ; Z ) be locally Lipschitz continuous.Then, there exists t 1 > t 0 , such that problem (9) and (10) have a unique solution on the segment [t 0 , t 1 ].
Proof.For a fixed β ∈ (c n , c) take a small enough δ > 0, such that in the inequality ( 13) is satisfied with a constant C > 0. Define For z ∈ M t 1 , define the operator Due to the Lipschitz continuity of B by Corollary 3, B z satisfies the Hölder condition.Due to Theorem 3, G Reasoning by the same way as in the proof of Theorem 6, we can obtain that G(z) ∈ C m−1,β ([t 0 , T]; Z ) and the mapping G is a contraction in M t 1 and has a unique fixed point in the metric space M t 1 .By Lemma 5, the fixed point is a unique solution of problem ( 9) and ( 10) on the segment [t 0 , t 1 ].

Application to a Nonlinear Initial-Boundary Value Problem
In the framework of the Cauchy problem for a quasilinear equation in Banach space, we can investigate initial-boundary value problems for partial differential equations with time-distributed derivatives.For this aim, we need to choose an appropriate space Z and an operator A. Now, we will demonstrate this with the example of the following problem.
Consider a bounded region for the nonlinear system of equations in Ω × (0 and ( 18) are the linearization of the phase field system of equations [36,37].
. By {ϕ k : k ∈ N}, denote an orthonormal in the inner product •, • in L 2 (Ω) eigenfunctions of Λ 1 , which are enumerated in the nonincreasing order of the eigenvalues {λ k : k ∈ N} taking into account their multiplicities.
Then, there exists a unique solution of problem ( 14)-( 18) on a segment [0, t 1 ] with some t 1 > 0. If the first order partial derivatives of functions F 1 , F 2 with respect to the second and the third variables are bounded, then there exists a unique solution of problem ( 14)-( 18) on a segment [0, T] with every T > 0.

Conclusions
Using the form of the unique solution for the Cauchy problem to the linear inhomogeneous equation in a Banach space with a distributed Gerasimov-Caputo fractional derivative and with a linear closed operator A, which generates an analytic resolving family, we reduce the Cauchy problem for an analogous quasilinear equation to an equation of the form z = G(z), where the mapping G(z) uses the forms of k-resolving families of operators of the initial linear equation.It allows us to prove the fulfillment of the conditions of the Banach theorem on a fixed point in a specially constructed spaces of functions.Thus, in this paper, it is shown how the linear theory of resolving families of operators made it possible to make the transition from the study of linear equations with a distributed derivative to the study of the corresponding quasilinear equations.The obtained results will allow us to study the unique solvability issues for new initial-boundary value problems for equations and systems of equations with distributed Gerasimov-Caputo partial derivatives.
Using the approach developed in this paper, we plan to investigate the initial problems for quasilinear equations with distributed Riemann-Liouville, Hilfer, ϕ-Hilfer fractional derivatives [39], as well as other integrodifferential operators.