The Existence and Multiplicity of Homoclinic Solutions for a Fractional Discrete p − Laplacian Equation

: In this study, we investigate the existence and multiplicity of solutions for a fractional discrete p − Laplacian equation on Z . Under suitable hypotheses on the potential function V and the nonlinearity f , with the aid of Ekeland’s variational principle, via mountain pass lemma, we obtain that this equation exists at least two nonnegative and nontrivial homoclinic solutions when the real parameter λ > 0 is large enough.


Introduction
One side, in recent years, lots of researchers pay their attentions on the problem of the second-order difference equation (see [1]) − ∆ T u(j) + V(j)u(j) = f (j, u(j)) in Z, (1) where T > 0 is a real number, Z is the set of all integers, V : Z → [0, ∞) is a potential function, the function f : Z × R → R, and −∆ T u(j) is the discrete Laplace operator, defined as In addition, the fractional Laplacian and related problems are all hot topics for researchers. About fractional Laplace operator and fractional Sobolev Spaces, more details and properties, refer readers to see [11][12][13][14]. In many fields, nonlocal fractional problems have very important applications, such as optimization, game theory, quantum mechanics, anomalous diffusion, finance and so forth, readers can see the literatures [3,[15][16][17] and the references cited. For applications of fractional Laplace operators, the literature is very rich, we refer to [8,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] and the references therein. Very recently, in [29], Ciaurri et al., studied an equation as following: where s ∈ (0, 1), (−∆ T ) s u(j) = 1 Γ(−s) ∞ 0 (e t∆ T u(j) − u(j)) dt t 1+2s is the discrete fractional Laplace operator, Γ(−s) is a Gamma function, we denote e t∆ T u(j) by v(t, j), which is the solution of the problem as follow: By the Theorem 1.1 of [29], for any u ∈ L s := {v : for any k ∈ Z\{0} and K T S (0) = 0. When u is bounded, we know that the discrete fractional operator (−∆ T ) s u(j) converge to the usual discrete opertor −∆ T u(j), as s → 1 − . In addition the solutions of the fractional Laplace equation (−∆) s u = f in R can be approximated by the solutions of Equation (2).
by using variational principle, the multiplicity results were obtained. Usually, the solutions of the continuous fractional problems can be approximated by the solutions of the discrete fractional Laplacian equations. However, numerical analysis is difficult for discrete fractional equations, because of the singularity and nonlocality of the discrete fractional Laplace operator, more details see [31] and the reference cited therein.
Motivated by the above literatures, in this study, we investigate the existence and multiplicity of homoclinic solutions of a class of discrete fractional p−Laplace difference equation on Z. Specifically speaking, we study where T > 0 is a real number, s ∈ (0, 1), 1 < p < ∞, Z denote the set of whole integers, V : Z → (0, ∞) is a continuous potential function and the nonlinear term f : Z × R → R is a continuous functions too, (−∆ T ) s p is the discrete fractional p−Laplace operator, we define it by for any j ∈ Z, u ∈ L p,s , L P,s : Here, K T s,p is the discrete kernel, satisfies the following expression: There exist two constants c s,p and C s,p such that where c s,p and C s,p satisfy the condition 0 < c s,p ≤ C s,p < ∞.
When T = 1, we have Meanwhile, for the fractional discrete p−Laplace operator (−∆ T ) s p u , when p = 2, it is coincide with the usual fractional discrete laplace operator (−∆ T ) s u, and when p = 2 and d = 1, then Equation (4) reduces to Equation (3).
As usual, if u(k) → 0 as |k| → ∞, the function u : Z → R is the homoclinic solution of Equation (4).
Next, we give the hypotheses which will be used in this paper. We suppose the continuous potential function The nonlinear term f : Z × R → R is a continuous function, satisfies t p−1 = 0 uniformly for all k ∈ Z; ( f 2 ) For all T > 0, sup |t|≤T |F(·, t)| ∈ 1 , where 1 := {u : Z → R| ∑ j∈Z |u(j)| < ∞}, and

Theorem 1.
Assume that the potential function satisfies the condition (V) and the function f sitisfies conditions ( f 1 )-( f 4 ). Then, for any λ > λ * , Equation (4) has at least two nontrivial and nonnegative homoclinic solutions.
To our best knowledge, for fractional discrete p−Laplacian, Theorem 1 is the first result established on variational techniques to study the existence of solutions for these type of equation. More precisely, in this paper, when positive constant λ is big enough, we prove the existence of two nontrivial nonnegative homoclinc solutions of Equation (4) by using the mountain pass theorem and Ekeland's variational principle. However, at present, it is still an open problem for all λ > 0, which can be one of our further research directions.
This paper is composed of three sections in addition to the introduction. In Section 2, a variational framework to Equation (4) and some preliminary outcomes was given. In Section 3, employing critical point theory, two distinct non trivial and nonnegative homoclinic solutions for Equation (4) were gotten.

Preliminaries
In this section, we describe the functional setting and some basic definitions in which we shall work and state our main results for more detail see [21,30,32].
Then we give the variational setting to Equation (4) and discuss its properties. For any 1 ≤ p < ∞, p is defined as We see that ( p , . p ) and ( ∞ , . ∞ ) are Banach spaces, see [32], and p 1 ⊂ p 2 for 1 ≤ p 1 ≤ p 2 ≤ ∞. We denote by . p the norm of p for all p ∈ [1, ∞].
For an interval I ⊂ R, we clarify p I by equipped with the norm Thus, the proof is completed.
Besides, the following compactness result holds.

Lemma 2.
If condition (V) holds, then embedding W → q is compact for any 1 < p ≤ q < ∞, provided the condition (V) holds.
Proof. The proof is similar to papers [21,30]. First, we establish that the result holds for the case q = p. According to the hypothesis u for all u ∈W. Indeed, the embedding W→ p is continuous. Next, we verify that W→ p is compact. For {u n } n ⊂W, we suppose that there exists d > 0 such that u n p W ≤ d for all n ∈ N. Since W is a reflexive Banach space (see Appendix A), there exist a subsequence of {u n } n still denoted by {u n } n and a function u ∈W such that u n u in W. By hypothesis (V), for any ε > 0, there exists j 0 ∈ N such that Because the dimension of W I is finite, we infer that {u n } n is a bounded sequence in W I , since {u n } n is bounded in p I . Thus, up to a subsequence, we conclude that u n → u on I. Thus there exists n 0 ∈ N such that for all n ≥ n 0 Hence, we conclude that u n → u in p . Now, we view the case q > p. Note that for all u ∈ p . This inequality jointly with the result of the considered case q = p, shows the proof.
To get some effects of energy functional associated with Equation (4), the following result is required.

Lemma 3. For any compact subset U of W, and any
Proof. We prove it by contradiction, suppose that there exist ε > 0 and a sequence {u n } ⊆ U such that Due to the compactness of U, passing to a subsequence we may assume that u n → u in W for some u ∈ U. Thus, there exists n 0 ∈ N, such that u n − u < ε 2 for any n ≥ n 0 , moreover, there exists j 1 ∈ N such that Recall the classical Minkowski inequality: which is a contradiction, and the proof is archived.
For u ∈W, we propose the associated energy functional with Equation (4) as where Lemma 4. If (V) is fulfilled, then Psi is well-defined, of class C 1 (W, R) and for all u, v ∈W.
Proof. According to Lemma 1, the functional Psi is well-defined on W. Fix u, v ∈W. We first prove that for all h > h 1 . Indeed, for any h ∈ N, we have for all h > h 2 . Fix h > max{h 1 , h 2 } . Clearly, there exists t 0 ∈ (0, 1) such that for all Fix 0 < t < t 0 , for j, m ∈ Z, using the mean value theorem, we can find 0 < t j,m < t such that where y(j) = u(j) + t j,m v(j) . Evidently y ∈W and y W ≤ 2C. Observe that From (7) and (10), using Holder's inequality, we infer where for all τ ∈ R, φ p (τ) := |τ| p−2 τ. Consequently (6) holds valid. A similar idea gives Thus, we get Therefore, Ψ is Gâteaux differentiable in W. In the end, we prove that Ψ : W → W * is continuous. To this end, we take {u n } n sequence in W with u n → n→∞ u in W. From Lemma 3, for all ε > 0, there exists h ∈ N such that In addition, there exists n 0 ∈ N such that for all n ≥ n 0 , where p = p p−1 . For any v ∈ W with v W ≤ 1, and for any n ≥ n 0 , by the Hölder inequality and a similar argument to above, we conclude Also, we can show that which implies that Ψ is continuous. Hence, we confirm that Ψ ∈ C 1 (W, R).
for all u, v ∈ W.
Proof. Suppose that u ∈ W is a critical point of I λ , that is, I λ (u) = 0. Then for all v ∈ W. For each k ∈ Z, we define e k as e k (j) = δ kj := l , j = k Obviously, e k ∈ W. Choosing v = e k in (13), we get which implies that u is a solution of (4). Furthermore, according to u ∈ W and Lemma 2, we can easily infer that u(k) → 0 as |k| → ∞. Hence u is a homoclinic solution of (4).
Next, we employ the general mountain pass lemma (see [33]) to prove our main result. we first verify that the functional I λ possesses the mountain pass geometry. Proof. On the one hand, according to ( f 1 ), for any 0 < ε < V 0 pλ there exists δ > 0 such that F(j, t) ≤ ε p |t| p for all |t| < δ and j ∈ Z Since u ∞ ≤ u p , we can find 0 < ω < |b 0 | p−1 V(h 0 ) 1 p such that u ∞ < δ for all u ∈ W with u = ω. Here, h 0 and b 0 come from assumption ( f 4 ). Then On the other hand, set e = b 0 e h 0 (j) and e h 0 (j) = 1 if j = h 0 ; e h 0 (j) = 0 if j = h 0 . Then Therefore, the functional I λ fulfills the mountain pass geometry.
For all u ∈ W, we have which denotes that coerciveness is valid. Next we prove that I λ fulfills (PS)c condition. Let {u n } n be a sequence in W such that I λ (u n ) → c and I λ (u n ) → 0 in W * . Because {u n } n is bounded due to the coercivity of I λ , consequently, by Lemma 2, there is a subsequence of {u n } n , still denoted by {u n } n , such that u n u in W and u n → u in p . Then Similar to Lemma 5, it is obvious that Combining (15), we know that u n − u → 0, i.e., u n → u in W.

Proof of Main Result
Proof of Theorem 1. By Lemmas 7 and 8 and mountain pass lemma, we have that for all there exists a sequence {u n } n ⊂ W such that So there exists a subsequence of {u n } n (still denoted by {u n } n ) such that u n → u (1) λ strongly in W. Furthermore, I λ (u (1) λ ) = α ≥ 0 and I λ (u (1) λ ) = 0. Hence, Lemma 6 implies that u (1) λ is a homoclinic solution of (4). Next we prove that Equation (4) has another homoclinic solution. Choose ω ∈ R such that I λ (e) < ω < 0, where e is given by Lemma 7. Set It is clear that M = 0. It follows from (14) that M is a bounded subset in W. Now we infer that I λ is bounded below on M. If not, we suppose that there exists a sequence {u n } n ⊂ M such that lim n→∞ I λ (u n ) = −∞. (16) Since {u n } n is bounded, up to a subsequence, we have u n u in W and u n → u in p . Similar to Lemma 5, we know that J is continuous in p . We obtain that Ψ is weakly lower semi-continuous in W thanks to the convexity of Ψ. Thus, lim n→∞ inf I λ (u n ) ≥ I λ (u) > −∞, which contradicts (16). So we can define Then c ∼ λ < 0 for all λ > 0. On basis of Lemma 7 and the Ekeland variational principle, applied in M, there exists a sequence {u n } n such that and for all υ ∈ M. It is clear that {u n } n is a (PS) c ∼ λ sequence for the functional I λ . Similar to Lemma 8, there exists a subsequence of {u n } n (still denoted by {u n } n ) such that u n → u (2) λ in W. So, we get a nontrivial homoclinic solution u (2) λ of Equation (4) fulfilling Therefore, Equation (4) has at least two nontrivial homoclinic solutions. Finally, we show that all critical points of the functional I λ are nonnegative. Let u ∈ W\{0} be a critical point of I λ . Then, I λ (u n ) = 0 and u k → 0 as |k| → ∞. Let u + = max{u, 0} and u − = max{−u, 0}. We have I λ (u n ), −u − = 0, due to I λ (u n ) = 0. It follows from f (k, t) = 0 for all k ∈ Z, t ≤ 0 that We know that for all j, m ∈ Z, which means that u − (j) = u − (m) for all j, m ∈ Z. By virtue of u k → 0 and u − (k) ≤ |u(k)|, we get that C = 0. Hence, we infer that u − (k) = 0, which ends the proof.

Conclusions
Lemmas 1-3 are important contents needed for functional estimation; Lemmas 4 and 5 are important conclusions to ensure the continuous differentiability of functional; Lemma 6 shows that the critical point of functional is a homoclinic solution of Equation (4) for all λ > 0.; Lemmas 7 and 8 verify the mountain pass geometry and (PS) conditions respectively. Finally, in combination with Ekeland's variational principle, we get two homoclinic solutions. In future studies, we can consider the case of variable order and variable exponent. See for more details (see [34][35][36]).  Acknowledgments: The authors thank the anonymous referees for invaluable comments and insightful suggestions which improved the presentation of this manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Appendix A
The pair (W, . W ) equipped with the equivalent norm u = ∑ j∈Z V(j)|u(j)| p 1/p is a Banach space.
Proof. The proof is similar to [37], for fullness, we provide its facts. Employing hypothesis (V) and Lemma 1, we keep which shows that u = ∑ j∈Z V(j)|u(j)| p 1/p is an equivalent norm of W. Finally, we establish that (W, . W ) is complete. Let {v n } n be a Cauchy sequence in W. We point out that for all u ∈W. Then, {v n } n is even a Cauchy sequence in p . By the completeness of p , there exists u ∈ p satisfying u n → u in p . In addition, Lemma 1 and hypothesis (V) imply that .Inadditionu n → u strongly in W as n → ∞. Thus, we conclude the result.