Fractional Evolution Equations with Inﬁnite Time Delay in Abstract Phase Space

: In the presented research, the uniqueness and existence of a mild solution for a fractional system of semilinear evolution equations with inﬁnite delay and an inﬁnitesimal generator operator are demonstrated. The generalized Liouville–Caputo derivative of non-integer-order 1 < α ≤ 2 and the parameter 0 < ρ < 1 are used to establish our model. The ρ -Laplace transform and strongly continuous cosine and sine families of uniformly bounded linear operators are adapted to obtain the mild solution. The Leray–Schauder alternative theorem and Banach contraction principle are used to demonstrate the mild solution’s existence and uniqueness in abstract phase space. The results are applied to the fractional wave equation.


Introduction
In the past few years, it has been noted that nonlinear fractional differential equations have great value in many scientific branches such as physics, biology, engineering, control theory, fractal dynamics, signal processing, etc. For further information, see [1][2][3][4][5]. This is due to the fast expansion of fractional calculus theory and its vast scope of applications [6][7][8][9].
Several phenomena are mathematically modeled as evolution equations, and thus, their solutions represent continuous or discrete functions and provide the distinctive qualitative and quantitative properties of these phenomena [10,11]. Furthermore, the discussion of evolution equations, especially with time delay, is usually a difficult task, which has led to the reluctance of many authors to approach the topic and the lack of contributions to it, such that the research on it is relatively sparse despite its utmost importance. Of course, the study of time delay is rather widespread. Many changes and operations depend not only on the current position, but also on the previous position. Thus, it is obligatory to investigate the time delay influence in the mathematical modeling of fractional evaluation equations.
Many scientists are curious about the presence of solutions and their uniqueness and have studied and investigated them (see [12][13][14] and the references therein). Benchohra et al. [15] substantiated the existence and uniqueness of a solution for fractional differential equations with infinite delay, and the outcomes were obtained by using fractional calculus, the Banach fixed-point theorem, and the nonlinear alternative of the Leray-Schauder type. Zhou and Jiao [16] established sufficient conditions for the existence of a mild solution to fractional neutral evolution equations. The approach used was the analytic semigroup and nonlinear Krasnoselkii fixed-point theorem. Norouzi et al. [17] proved the existence and uniqueness solution for a ψ-Hilfer neutral fractional semilinear equation with infinite delay, and the outcomes were obtained by the semigroup operator, Banach fixed-point theorem, and nonlinear alternative of the Leray-Schauder type. For more contributions to the literature, see [18][19][20][21][22] and the references therein.
The fractional wave equations are derived by substituting the ordinary second derivative with a fractional one of order lying between one and two. They have drawn attention principally in the dynamical theory of linear viscoelasticity, in the description of the propagation of stress waves in viscoelastic media, and in the description of the power-law attenuation with the frequency when sound waves travel through inhomogeneous media. Furthermore, they are used as a model for the oscillation of a cable made of special smart materials [23]. For the first time, Schneider and Wyss [24] introduced the fractional wave equation as where c D α 0 is the Caputo fractional derivative of order 1 < α ≤ 2. They presented the corresponding Green function in closed form for arbitrary space dimensions in terms of Fox functions and exhibited their properties.
Keyantuo et al. [25] introduced the representation of the inhomogeneous Cauchy problem: where 1 < α ≤ 2 and A is a closed linear operator. They proved an explicit representation of a mild solution in terms of the integrated cosine family. Their results have been applied to several examples, which include: • Elliptic operators with Dirichlet-, Neumann-, or Robin-type boundary conditions on L p -spaces and on the space of continuous functions with a specific form of the operator A. • Elliptic operators in one-dimension and on general L p spaces with • The fractional-order Schrodinger-like equation with the operator A = e iθ ∆ where ∆ is a realization of the Laplace operator and π 2 < θ < (1 − α 4 )π. Most of the contributions are concerned with the Caputo fractional derivatives and applying the classical Laplace transform [26][27][28][29].
Inspired by the mentioned works and as a continuation of the contributions to the literature, we considered the following fractional semilinear evolution equation with infinite time delay: where ρ c D α 0 is the generalized Liouville-Caputo fractional derivative of order 1 < α ≤ 2 and type 0 < ρ < 1. The function f : [0, a] × X × P h → X is a continuous function where X is a Banach space equipped with the norm · X , φ(τ) ∈ P h , where P h is the admissible phase space, which will be decided upon later. Furthermore, u τ represents the state function's history up to the present time τ, i.e., u τ (θ) = u(τ + θ) for all θ ∈ (−∞, 0]. Let A be an infinitesimal generator of a strongly continuous cosine family {C(τ)} τ≥0 of uniformly bounded linear operators defined on infinite Banach space X (D(A) ⊆ X). The Banach space of continuous and bounded functions from (−∞, a] into X provided with the topology of uniform convergence is denoted by C = C a ((−∞, a], X) with the norm |u(τ)| and let (B(X), . B(X) ) be the Banach space of all linear and bounded operators from X to X. As {C(τ)} τ≥0 is the cosine family on X, then there exists M ≥ 1 where (2)

Preliminaries
This section is divided into five sections: The first section provides the principles and important results in fractional calculus that will be needed for the study. The second subsection is devoted to a recap of the ρ-Laplace transform and its most important properties used to find the solution for the evaluation equations. The third subsection gives a quick rundown of the cosine family operator, which is employed in this article. The fourth subsection begins with a definition of abstract phase space. The final subsection introduces some other requirements.

The Generalized Liouville-Caputo Fractional Derivative
Katugampola [30] introduced a new approach for the fractional integral, depending on a parameter ρ ∈ R − {0}, being a generalization of both Riemann-Liouville and Hadamard fractional integrals. Based on this new fractional integral, he introduced a new approach for fractional derivative of the Riemann type and Caputo type. Furthermore, he provided a numerical example and noticed that the characteristics of the fractional derivative are highly affected by the value of ρ. Thus, this approach provides a new direction for control applications.
Let AC n (I) be the space of all absolutely continuous functions determined by the interval I = [a, b], a, b ∈ R. Suppose the parameter 0 < ρ < 1 and Γ(·) denotes the Gamma function.

ρ-Laplace Transform
where L{h} denotes the standard Laplace transform of h.
Theorem 1 ([33]). In the Liouville-Caputo sense, the ρ-Laplace transform of the generalized L-C fractional derivative is represented as: The ρ-Laplace transform of the function h is presented in the format where L{h} denotes the standard Laplace transform of h.

Cosine Family Operator
Definition 6. Consider {C(t)} t∈R to be a one-parameter family of bounded linear operators mapping the Banach space X → X, which is referred to as a strongly continuous cosine family if and only if: for all s, t ∈ R; (iii) C(t)x is a continuous on R for any x ∈ X.
The sine family {S(t)} t∈R is correlated with the strongly continuous cosine family {C(t)} t∈R , and it is characterized by . Consider A to be an infinitesimal generator of a strongly continuous cosine family where the operator R(λ; A) = (λI − A) −1 is the resolvent of the operator A and λ ∈ (A) the resolvent set of A.
A is defined by Clearly, the infinitesimal generator A is a densely defined operator in X and closed.

Abstract Phase Space P h
We illustrate the abstract phase space P h in a convenient way [15,36].
A is bounded and measurable} and establish the space P with Let us define the space: If P h is equipped with the norm Forthwith, we take into consideration the space which has the norm

Some Other Basic Requirements
In the sequel, to present our results, we need the following: , and there are a nondecreasing continuous function g : Then, In addition, if ω is nondecreasing, then denotes the Mittag-Leffler function.
A fascinating topological fixed-point theorem that has been greatly applied while dealing with the nonlinear equations is the following variant of the nonlinear alternative due to Leray and Schauder [39].
Theorem 3 (Nonlinear alternative Leray-Schauder Theorem). Let H be a Banach space, D ⊂ H be a closed and convex set, and U be an open subset of D such that 0 ∈ U. Suppose that the operator T : U → D is a continuous and compact map (that is, T (U) is a relatively compact subset of D). Then, either: 1.
The operator T has a fixed point x * ∈ U; 2.
There are x ∈ ∂U (the boundary of U in D) and δ ∈ (0, 1) such that x = δT (x).

Setting of the Mild Solution
It is appropriate to recast the fractional semilinear problem (1) in the corresponding integral equation according to Definitions 1 and 2.
as long as the integral in (3) exists. First, we show the following lemma before giving a definition of the mild solution of (1).

Lemma 5.
Let (1) hold. Then, we have where M q is a probability density function defined by Lemma 4.
Proof. Let p > 0 be a variable of the ρ-Laplace transform. Suppose that Let p α ∈ (A). Now, applying ρ-Laplace transforms to (3), we have which can be used to calculate the first term replacing t with s q as In addition, since L ρ [1](p) = p −1 , we obtain In conclusion, we can write By applying the inverse ρ-Laplace transform, we obtain the desired result.

Definition 9.
A function u(τ) ∈ (C(−∞, a]; X) is said to be the mild solution of (1) if it satisfies

Remark 1.
From the linearity of C(τ) and S(τ) for all τ ≥ 0, it is clearly deduced that C q (τ) and S q (τ, s) are also linear operators where 0 < s < τ. Lemma 6. The following estimates for C q (τ) and S q (τ, s) are verified for any fixed τ ≥ 0 and 0 < s < τ: where M is defined in (2) and M 1 = Ma qρ ρ q Γ(2q) .

Proof.
For any x ∈ X and fixed τ ≥ 0, according to Lemma 4 and Inequality (2), direct calculation gives: In addition, for any fixed 0 ≤ τ < a and 0 < s < τ, we have This ends the proof.
Proof. It is known that the cosine family {C(τ)} τ≥0 of uniformly bounded linear operators based on infinite Banach space X is strongly continuous, which implies that for any x ∈ X and τ 1 , τ 2 ∈ R, it follows that |C(τ 2 )x − C(τ 1 )x| → 0 as τ 2 → τ 1 . Hence, let τ 1 < τ 2 . Then, we obtain: On other hand, from the strongly continuous sine family operator, we have as τ 2 → τ 1 . This ends the proof.
Clearly, V r is a closed, bounded, and convex subset in C((−∞, a], X). That is, to verify any τ ∈ (−∞, a], the set is relatively compact on X. In view of the previous two lemmas, the set Ω is bounded on V r and is equicontinuous, by which we conclude that the set Ω is relatively compact on X. Therefore, in conjunction with the Arzela-Ascoli theorem, the operator C q (τ) is compact. Furthermore, in a similar way, we can deduce that the operator S q (τ, s) is a compact operator for all 0 < s < τ ≤ a.

The Main Results
Define the operator N : P h → P h as follows: Let x(·) : (−∞, a] → X be the function denoted by After that, x(0) = φ(0). We indicate the function defined by z for each z ∈ C([0, a], X) with z(0) = 0, by If u(·) satisfies that u(τ) = N (u)(τ) for all τ ∈ (−∞, a], we can decompose u(τ) = z(τ) + x(τ), τ ∈ (−∞, a]; it is denoted as u τ = z τ + x τ for every τ ∈ (−∞, a], and the function z(·) satisfies Set the space Θ = {z ∈ C([0, a], X), z(0) = 0} equipped with the norm Therefore, (Θ, · Θ ) is a Banach space. Assume that the operator G is defined as follows: Let the operator G : Θ → Θ be formulated as follows: That the operator N seems to have a fixed point is equivalent to G having a fixed point; thus, we proceed to prove that G has a fixed point.
We now make the following assumptions: (H 1 ) f : [0, a] × X × P h → X is a continuous function, and there exist two constants C 1 , C 2 ≥ 0 such that for any (τ, u, u τ ), (τ, v, v τ ) ∈ [0, a] × X × P h , we have (H 2 ) There is a positive constant L α < 1 that ensures (H 4 ) There exists a positive number N ensuring N /σ > 1 where Here, Proof. To demonstrate that G maps bounded sets of Θ into bounded sets in Θ, for any L ≥ 0, we set Then, for any z ∈ Θ L , we obtain Using the result in Lemma 9 gives Now, we show that the operator G is a contraction map. Indeed, consider z, z * ∈ Θ. Then, for any τ ∈ [0, a], we have As a result of the preceding, we conclude that in view of the given condition L α < 1. Hence, taking into consideration the assumption (H 1 ), we may derive that G has a unique fixed point using Banach's contraction mapping principle and that (9)  Proof. We seek to employ the Leray-Schauder alternative theorem, which is based on satisfying the four phases that follow the operator G : Θ → Θ defined as above: • Step (1): The continuity of the operator G due to the continuity of the function f according to the assumption (H 2 ) and the continuity of the operators C q (τ) and S q (τ, s) according to Lemma 7 is clear. • Step (2): To show that the operator G : Θ → Θ is bounded on a bounded subset of Θ, let the set Θ L be defined as in Theorem 4, and take z ∈ Θ L ; by the assumption (H 2 ) and Lemma 10, we have which implies the boundedness of the operator G on the bounded subset Θ L . • Step (3): To demonstrate that the set {G(z) : z ∈ Θ} is equicontinuous, let z ∈ Θ and τ 1 , τ 2 ∈ [0, a] with τ 1 > τ 2 . Then, Due to the compactness of the operators C q (s) and S q (τ, s) (see Lemma 7), we deduce that G(z)(τ 1 ) − G(z)(τ 2 ) → 0 as τ 2 → τ 1 . Consequently, the set {G(z) : z ∈ Θ} is equicontinuous. • Step(4): (A priori bounds) We now argue that there is an open set U ⊆ Θ with z = λG(z) for λ ∈ (0, 1) and z ∈ ∂U. To do this: Let z ∈ Θ and z = λG(z) for some 0 < λ < 1. Then, for each τ ∈ [0, a] using the result obtained in Step (2), we have Hence, the inequality above and the definition of give Using the Gronwall-type inequality (Lemma 4), then, The operator G :Ū → Θ is obviously continuous and completely continuous. According to the assumption (H 4 ) and from the selection of U , there is no z ∈ ∂U such that z = λG(z) for λ ∈ (0, 1).
We derive that G has a fixed point z in U as a result of the nonlinear alternative of the Leray-Schauder type. Thus, on (−∞, a], the problem (1) has at least one mild solution on (−∞, a].

Conclusions
In the current study, we investigated the system of fractional evolution equations with infinite delay. Our findings were based on current functional analysis approaches. The generalized Liouville-Caputo derivative, which is affiliated with many well-known fractional derivatives, was the fractional derivative used in our model, and we used the ρ-Laplace transform to obtain the integral equivalent equation and propose the mild solution of the system by considering unbounded operator A as the generator of the strongly continuous cosine family.
We achieved two outcomes in the case of the problem (1), and we had two result: The first arguments involve the existence and uniqueness of the solution, whereas the second concerns the existence of solutions for the given problem. The first result is based on a Banach fixed-point theorem and gives a criterion for ensuring a unique solution to the problem at hand by necessitating the use of a nonlinear function f (τ, u, u τ ) to meet the traditional Lipschitz condition. The second argument is based on a nonlinear Leray-Schauder alternative, which permits the nonlinearity f (τ, u, u τ ) to behave like f (τ, u, u τ ) ≤ η 1 (τ) u X + η 2 (τ) u τ P h where η i is defined in (H 3 ). In the scenario of simple assumptions, the fixed-point theory's instruments were selected. For our purposes, they are straightforward to implement and expand the scope of the given outcomes. Finally, a numerical examples was given to demonstrate our point by studying a function that meets all of the predetermined criteria.