Construction of Cubic Trigonometric Curves with an Application of Curve Modelling

: This paper introduces new trigonometric basis functions (TBF) in polynomial and rational form with two shape parameters (SPs). Some classical characteristics, such as the partition of unity, positivity, symmetry, CHP, local control and invariance under afﬁne transformation properties are proven mathematically and graphically. In addition, different continuity conditions at uniform knots (UK) are proven. Some open and closed curves from TBS and trigonometric rational B-spline (TRBS) are generated to test the applicability of the suggested technique, and the inﬂuence of the shape parameter is also noted. Furthermore, various objects, such as designing an alphabet, star, butterﬂy, leaf and 3D cube.


Introduction
In CAGD, B-spline is an important ingredient in geometric modelling, and the role of TBS is seen to be crucial for the designing and manipulation of geometrical curves and surfaces. Many schemes have been developed for the curve designing. These include ordinary Bézier [1,2], Ball Bézier-like [3], H-Bézier [4], Q-Bézier [5], classical B-spline [1,2] and non-uniform rational basis spline (NURBS) [1,2] etc. The comparison of Harmonic rational curves with p-Bézier curves was proposed in [6]. C 2 Algebraic-Trigonometric Pythagorean Hodograph (ATPH) splines were created in [7] by solving a non-linear system of equations in complex variables.
The problem of G 1 Hermite interpolation by PH cubic segments was proposed in [8]. In [9], Zhu and Han constructed a new trigonometric Bernstein basis, such as functions with two exponential SPs, and they proved that the cubic trigonometric Bézier-like curves were more efficient than the cubic Bézier curves. Various trigonometric Bézier-like functions in [10,11] have been implemented in recent years. The relationship between the two shape parameters and their geometric effect on the curve is discussed in [12]. These shape parameters are self-contained and thus demonstrated that their geometric effect on the curve is linear.
In [13], a new basis called the C-Bézier basis was presented. This shows that such a basis and curves in polynomial spaces are similar to the Bernstein basis and Bézier curves. Chen et al. [14] built a new generalisation of the Bernstein operator based on a nonnegative real parameter. The shape-preserving properties of generalised Bernstein operators are also investigated. They demonstrated that monotonic or convex functions result in monotonic or convex generalised Bernstein polynomials. The q-Bernstein polynomials, which generalise the conventional Bernstein polynomials, were described by [15], who showed that the difference between two successive q-Bernstein polynomials of a function f may be represented in terms of second-order split differences of f .
With respect to the Jacobi L 2 -norm proposed in [16], a weighted least-squares approximation of Bézier coefficients with factored Hahn weights provides the best constrained polynomial degree reduction. Whereas, by constructing bivariate Bernstein-Kantorovich type operators on an extended domain with reparametrized knots, a link between approximation theory and summability methods was established in [17].
In [18], Schoenberg introduced the trigonometric splines with a recurrence relation. The geometric effect of the shape parameter on curves and the investigation on the Constrained modification of the curves is discussed in [19]. The author defined that spline curves are types of curves that are equitably unite, i.e., significantly a set of two or more polynomials. Splines are widely used in many fields of engineering, such as data fitting. In [20] the proposed method can be used to fit any type of curve ranging from smooth to discontinuous.
Furthermore, the method does not necessitate a high computational cost, thus, allowing it to be used in automatic reverse engineering applications. Han [21] constructed quadratic TBS curves and compared these to quadratic B-spline curves; they were smoother and closer to a control polygon. The authors in [22,23] introduced the term B-spline (Basis spline). In the mid-1980s, curves swarmed the field of Computer Aided Geometric Design (CAGD). Choubey and Ojha [24] developed TBS with one SP. In [25], the author contributed to the literature by proposing cubic TBS curves on uniform and non-UK with SPs. Yan [26] showed how to create a class of NURBS basis functions having a single SP. For a single knot, C 2 continuity can be achieved, and C 3 and C 5 continuity can be attained using the proposed basis for a unique SP.
A new class of algebraic trigonometric blended spline curves created over space were proposed in [27]. The SPs x and y in the proposed curve are used to control the curve. For the designing of rational surfaces, a scheme based on λµ − B B-spline was proposed in [28]. This method works well for modifying the complicated structures of rotational surfaces. A technique using a cubic TRBS with two SP as put into practise to construct flexible curves [29]. The sampling method for the reconstruction of curves and surfaces was proposed by [30]. They also discussed how to represent surfaces generated by two or more curves. With an application to curve design, [31] derived certain identities for trigonometric B-splines. In [32], the construction of craniofacial fractures using rational ball curve was introduced, which involves four free parameters. The construction of numerous bone fractures using NURBS curves and CT scan data in the DICOM format is described in [33].
This paper is an attempt to introduce new TBF and TBS curves with SP. The basic geometric properties, such as sum to one, positivity, symmetry, convex hull property and invariance under affine transformation are satisfied by the proposed basis functions. Different continuity conditions at UK were derived for TBF and TRBS functions. The main advantage of using trigonometric B-spline functions is that these functions have built-in continuity. There is no need to derive continuity conditions from segment to segment.
In order to change the curve from any particular point, we need to adjust that point according to our need. The applicability and efficiency of the suggested curves were tested using a variety of open and closed curves. Finally, the suggested curves are applied to 2D and 3D modelling. The main objectives of this paper are:

1.
To work on cubic TBF using trigonometric Bézier basis functions with some appropriate choice of SP λ.

2.
To demonstrate how the form parameter affects TBS basic functions and TBS curves.

3.
To derive different properties of CTBS along with their continuities in both polynomial and rational form.

4.
To construct different objects using CTBS and their applications in practical life.
The rest of the research is presented as follows: In Section 2, cubic TBFs are designed, and their geometric characteristics are proven mathematically and graphically as well. Section 3 discusses the construction and validity of cubic TBS curves. Section 4 presents the construction of cubic TRBS basis functions and also proves their basic properties. In Section 5, we elaborate on the design of the TRBS curve and construct open and closed curves by using appropriate values of SP λ and weights. The application of CTBS in the geometric modelling of different objects is explained in Section 6. The concluding remarks of this study are given in Section 7.

Cubic Trigonometric B-Spline Basis Functions
Definition 1. Consider N = (n 0 , n 1 , . . . .., n j+4 ) are the knot vectors in such a way that n 0 < n 1 < n 2 < · · · < n j+4 , where j denotes the degree of the curve. The new TBF with the UK are defined as follows. (1) Here, we have u i (n) = π 2 ( n−n i n i+1 −ni ) for i ∈ Z + , where, with the shape parameter (SP) λ ∈ [0, 1) with the proposed TBFs as: Figures 1 and 2 represent the graphical behaviour of proposed basis functions. In Figure 3, the effect of SP can be observed, and thus this effect is demonstrated using various colours as shown in Table 1.

Properties of the Basis Functions
Following are the properties that the above cubic TBF satisfies.
Theorem 1. The given cubic trigonometric basis functions (TBF) satisfy the property of partition of unity-that is, for n as a knot vector and i = 0, 1, 2, . . . ., j + 4 for j being the degree of the curve, we have The given expression will hold for n ∈ [n i , n i+1 ). Here, u i (n) = π 2 ( n−n i n i+1 −ni ) for i ∈ Z + and λ ∈ [0, 1). Thus, by substituting the values, we find: Theorem 2. The given basis functions and the proposed TBFs are positive or zero having the SP λ, i.e., B i (n) ≥ 0.
Proof. As the first and last interval consists of one term only, the property is true for both of the intervals. Whereas, for the second interval, let us take z = tan( 1 2 )u and u ∈ [0, 1]: We obtain Here, In the same manner, we can prove this property of n ∈ [n i+2 , n i+3 ). Therefore, Similarly, we have The symmetry of the given cubic TBS basis functions is shown in Figure 4.    Proof. For the first interval, the left and right hand continuity is given as

Derivatives at knot n
The graphical representation of second derivative of proposed basis function is given in Figure 5 for clarification of C 2 continuity.

Properties of Cubic Trigonometric B-Spline Curve
The B-spline curve H(n) = ∑ n i=0 B i (n)C i .

1.
Local Control: The cubic TBS curve has the property of local control i.e., in B-spline curve only that segment will be changed where that particular control point is located. Figure 7 shows that the cubic TBS curve does not pass though the extreme points.

Convex Hull Property:
This property shows that all the points of the cubic TBS curve always lie inside the convex hull of its control polygon, i.e., for n ∈ [n i , n i+4 ) CHP is shown below in Figure 8.

3.
Invariance under affine transformation: Let T be an affine transformation, such as rotation, scaling, transformation and reflection. This implies

Continuity of Trigonometric B-spline Curve:
The TBS curve H n has C 3 continuity for UK. Let k be the multiplicity of the knot vectors n i , and then the curve has C 3−k continuity. Whereas the continuity at C −1 implies that the curve is discontinuous.
In the knot interval n ∈ [n i , n i+1 ), the derivatives are evaluated as follows.

Derivatives at knot n
Similarly,

1.
Open Trigonometric B-spline Curve: The given TBS basis functions are verified by constructing an open B-spline curve by using the SP λ and the knot vectors N = (n 0 , n 1 , . . . .., n j+4 ). In Figure 9, by taking SP λ = 0.2, an open curve was constructed, and thus it also lies in the convex hull of its defining control polygon. The effect of SP is shown in Figure 10 by using different colours. These coloured curves were designed by taking different values of SP, and black is used for λ = 0, red for λ = 0.35 and blue for λ = 0.8.

2.
Closed Trigonometric B-spline Curve: In Figure 11, a closed curve was constructed by using the knot vectors N = (n 0 , n 1 , . . . .., n j+4 ) in the interval n ∈ [n i , n i+1 ) and specified by using the shape parameter (SP) λ. Therefore, the proposed basis function is applicable for both open and closed cubic TBS curves, and the effect of SP by taking various values of λ is shown in Figure 12 with blue used for λ = 0.8, red for λ = 0.35 and black for λ = 0. Therefore, it is proven that, by increasing the value of λ, we obtain more refined forms of curves, which are closer to the control polygon.

Cubic Trigonometric Rational B-Spline Basis Functions
Definition 3. The cubic TRBS basis function with the degree d of the polynomial with the weights w i s > 0 is defined as follows.
). (6) Here, B i,d are the cubic TBS basis functions with the knot vectors N. In addition, where ).

Properties of Rational Trigonometric Cubic B-Spline Basis Functions
The following are some of the properties of cubic TRBS basis functions.

Theorem 5.
The sum of all the basis functions of cubic trigonometric rational B-spline (TRBS) is equal to 1, i.e., n ∑ i=0 P i,d (n) = 1.
This can also be written as ).

Theorem 6.
For all w i = 1 = w j , then P i,d (n) = B i,d (n).
Proof. The TRBS basis functions for degree d = 3 is defined as ).
As we know that the sum of all the basis functions is equal to 1, i.e., this is already proven in the property of the partition of unity. Thus, this implies

Rational Trigonometric Cubic B-Spline Curve
Definition 4. The Cubic TRBS curve with the free parameter λ and the weights w i s > 0 is defined as ). (8) where K i = K 0 , K 1 , . . . ., K m are the control points and B i,d (n) are the trigonometric basis with the degree d at the knot vectors N = (n 0 , n 1 , . . . ., n j+4 ). The above expression can also be written as where ).
Local Control: Figure 14 shows that, in B-splines, the curve is always controlled by changing the weights and the control points.

3.
Invariance Under Affine Transformation: Let T be an affine transformation, and then ).

Continuity of Cubic Rational B-spline Curve:
The cubic TRBS curve has C 1 continuity at UK vector n. Consider m is the multiplicity of the knot vectors n, which is equal to the order of the cubic B-spline curve, and then the curve has continuity C 3−m , and C −1 continuity implies that the curve is discontinuous. For n ∈ [n i , n i+1 ), the continuity of the knot vectors is given as Differentiating Equation (10) w.r.t 'n' and then substituting n = n i in the first derivative of rational curve defined on n ∈ [n i , n i+1 ), we obtain Differentiating Equation (11) w.r.t 'n' and then substituting n = n i in the first derivative of rational curve defined on n ∈ [n i , n i+1 ), we obtain Differentiating Equation (12) w.r.t 'n' and then substituting n = n i+1 in the first derivative of rational curve defined on n ∈ [n i , n i+1 ), we obtain Differentiating Equation (13) w.r.t 'n' and then substituting n = n i in the first derivative of rational curve defined on n ∈ [n i , n i+1 ), we find Differentiating Equation (14) w.r.t 'n' and then substituting n = n i+1 in the first derivative of rational curve defined on n ∈ [n i , n i+1 ), we obtain Differentiating Equation (15) w.r.t 'n' and then substituting n = n i+1 in the first derivative of rational curve defined on n ∈ [n i , n i+1 ), we obtain

1.
Open Rational B-Spline Curve: An open TRBS curve can be constructed by using control point multiplicity as shown in Figure 15 and obtain an end point interpolated curve.

2.
Close Rational B-spline Curve: By using the uniform knots (UK), we can construct closed or periodic cubic trigonometric rational B-spline (TRBS) curve as shown in Figure 16. The curve in blue colour is constructed by taking λ = 0.65. Black colour shows the value of SP λ as λ = 0.3. Whereas for λ = 0.1 we use red colour. The effect of shape parameter (SP) is observed in the figure below and Table 2 shows the effect of weights.

Applications
The proposed scheme was used for the construction of open and closed curves and to design different shapes, such as alphabet, star, butterfly and leaf with the suitable choice of SPs and weights.

1.
Alphabet Designing: Twelve control points are used for the designing of an alphabet M. Thus it is seen that by change the value of SP, we obtain a more refined shape of the letter M. In Figure 17a firstly we take λ = 0 and then in Figure 17b we take λ = 0.8. As we increase the value of SP we see that an alphabet become more finer.

2.
Star Designing: The cubic trigonometric rational B-spline (TRBS) curve is used in the designing of star by taking 10 control points. In the star construction, the SP λ = 0.8 is used in black colour. Whereas λ = 0 in red colour indicates the effect of SP and weights as seen in Figure 18.

3.
Butterfly design: A butterfly was constructed by using a cubic TBS curve as shown in Figure 19. A total of 92 control points are used in the construction of butterfly. By using different values of SP, such as at λ = 0.5, the wings of the butterfly are designed. furthermore, for λ = 0.1 the remaining part of the butterfly was designed.
The adjustment in the value of SP works efficiently and gives a finer object.

4.
3D cube construction: A geometrical model of a cube in a 3-dimensional manner was designed in the figure below by using cubic TRBs curve. The free parameter λ = 0.1 was used in this model. Different colour curves are used to represent the effect of control points. Thus, it was seen that all the curves lies inside its defining polygon as shown in Figure 20.

5.
Leaf Design: Trigonometric B-spline curve was used to create a geometrical design of a leaf. The model of leaf in Figure 21a was formed by using the value of SP λ = 0. Then we take λ = 0.35 in Figure 21b to construct the geometrical design of a leaf whereas in Figure 21c we take the value of SP at λ = 0.6. Therefore, we see that the shape of the leaf becomes finer as the value of the SP is raised. Figure 19. Butterfly designing using rational B-spline function.

Conclusions
In this paper, we presented cubic TBS curves in both polynomial and rational forms. Both of the curves satisfied all the basis properties, such as the partition of unity and positivity. The continuity of the proposed scheme was also checked but using the defined basis functions. The flexibility of the preserved basis was also checked by constructing different models-for example, alphabet design, butterfly construction and making a leaf, a star and a model of a cube in 3D by using appropriate values of the SP and weights. Hence, we conclude that TBS curves are more beneficial than trigonometric Bézier curves. In the future, the surface can be constructed by using the proposed basis. The applicability of the basis functions can be improved by taking more shape parameters and by extending the interval of SPs.