Connections between Campos-Bolanos and Murofushi–Sugeno Representations of a Fuzzy Measure

: Nonadditivity of a fuzzy measure, as an indicator of defectiveness, makes a fuzzy mea-sure less useful in applications compared to additive, probabilistic measures. In order to neutralize this indicator of defectiveness to some degree, it is important to study the representations of fuzzy measures, including, in particular, additive, probabilistic representations. In this paper, we discuss a couple of probability representations of a fuzzy measure: the Campos-Bolanos


Introduction
Often in the expert knowledge-based models of complex processes or events, researchers use nonadditive but monotone estimators instead of additive ones [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. This Mathematics 2022, 10, 516 2 of 21 occurs because of the complex nature of the entity of study and the deficiency of statistical data, or its absence. One such monotone estimator is a fuzzy measure (the same as a monotone measure [6] or a capacity [5]). The requirement of additivity of classical measures implies the supposition that split sets are noninteractive regarding the measured property. This is very limiting in some application contexts. For instance, we analyze the work of workers whose purpose is to produce certain type of products. The workers are split into groups G 1 , G 2 , . . . , G n , and suppose that ν(G i ) is the number of products produced by group G i , i = 1, . . . , n. One may easily suppose that for any two groups G i , G j , any of the following may be true: a.
ν(G i ∪ G j ) = ν(G i ) + ν(G j ) when groups G i and G j work disjointedly; b.
ν(G i ∪ G j ) > ν(G i ) + ν(G j ) when the groups work together and their collaboration is effective; c.
ν(G i ∪ G j ) < ν(G i ) + ν(G j ) when the groups work together and their collaboration is ineffective.
Clearly, (b) and (c) cases are due to the way the groups work together as they interact with each other. In these cases, the productivity rate ν. is nonadditive but naturally fulfills the monotonicity condition with respect to inclusion.
However, the use of fuzzy measure in practical models is associated with a number of difficulties. In [4], we read "The flexibility of non-additive (fuzzy) measures when modelling interaction comes at a significant cost: the exponential number of coalitions whose contributions need to be quantified. This gives rise to two problems: their interpretation and elicitation. If a fuzzy measure based model is to be understood by domain experts, the large number of capacity values need to be combined into some sort of characteristic indices, such as the overall importance of an input in all coalitions, or the overall interaction of a pair of inputs. On the other hand, if a fuzzy measure is to be pecified, either by the experts or by machine learning techniques, it has to be done through a few desirability criteria and in a computationally efficient way".
However, there are also other difficulties when using a fuzzy measure. A fuzzy measure is distinguished by many important properties from the additive measure, probability, but it should also be noted that nonadditivity limits the applicability in the practice of a fuzzy measure. This is why authors have continued to research the additive representations of fuzzy measures. These can be nonadditivity indexes [9][10][11][12] or the degrees of defectiveness of nonadditivity [2], importance values, interaction indexes [7,[13][14][15][16], and other parameters. We especially highlight the probabilistic representations of a fuzzy measure [8,[17][18][19] as the main object of our research. Therefore, the authors of this work have continued to study probabilistic representations of fuzzy measures [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30], which have received new perspectives for their use.
Let us briefly overview the studies on fuzzy measure representations. One direction is probabilistic representations. In [17], a monotone expectation was defined as the Choquet finite integral. The theorems of its existence were proven with respect to the fuzzy measure's associated probabilities class. In [18], the authors introduced the notion of distance on fuzzy measures defined on finite sets as the distance between their associated probability classes. An application of this distance to measure the uncertainty and specificity of fuzzy measures was presented. In [19], the MSR of a fuzzy measure was defined. Basic propositions on the existence of specific fuzzy measures were proven in terms of the MSR. Some theorems of Murofushi and Sugeno [19] regarding the representation of fuzzy measures and also the Choquet integral were given in [8]. It was revealed that, if there exists a certain dependence between two measurable functions, then the Choquet integral turns out to be additive for those functions. Furthermore, this work discussed null sets regarding fuzzy measures and also fuzzy measures given on a class distinct from a σ-algebra. Two probability representations of a finite fuzzy measure-the CBR and MSR from the point of view of their applicability in practical MAGDM models-were analyzed in [24]. In [31], the Murofushi-Sugeno-type new representation-interpreter was constructed for the concrete class of finite fuzzy measures. The universal interpreter of a monotone (fuzzy) measure in the probability representation of Murofushi-Sugeno under the Choquet integral environment and second-order dual capacities were considered in [30]. The next direction is the study of the fuzzy measure nonadditivity indexes related to the use of a fuzzy measure in interactive MAGDM models, where some interactions between attributes are observed in the decision-making process. The nonadditivity index is a competent indicator that reflects the degree of interaction of the attributes. In [12], this index is used to indicate the range of advantages with respect to the alternatives of a decision-maker. In [9], the nonadditivity index for replacement of the Shapley concurrent interaction index and construction of an undated MAGDM-based decision scheme was introduced. In the work, a scheme was developed to calculate the nonadditivity index. A decision support algorithm was also built, which generates a dominance relationship to obtain the optimal ranking of alternatives. Some important properties of the nonadditivity index were discussed in [11]. A capacity identification algorithm based on the notion of the nonadditivity index was presented. The algorithm was formulated with linear constraints that represent the explicit or implicit advantages of the decision-maker over the alternatives. The model presents a linear programming problem to identify the optimal capacity. On the basis of the nonadditivity index [10], a capacity identification simulation algorithm was constructed, taking into account the given interactions of the attributes. Attempts at fewer computations of the new algorithm in the generation process compared to other similar algorithms ware established. We single out one more direction of the research-the additivity defectiveness of the capacity [2]. In this paper, the authors introduced the concept of capacity defectiveness, which is the degree of capacity nonadditivity. For certain capacity classes, the defectiveness coefficient was calculated or approximated. On the basis of the defectiveness index, an optimal approximation approach for fuzzy integrals was developed in the case of the replacement of the fuzzy measure with the classical measure. Particularly noteworthy are the problems of the identification of fuzzy measures (capacities) in the context of their representations, such as the interaction indexes of MAGDM attributes and the importance values (Shapley values). In [14], we find some representations of a fuzzy measure such as Mobius transformation, interaction indexes of attributes, and importance values (Shapley values). K-order additive fuzzy measures' representations were considered. In [15], it was shown that each discrete fuzzy measure represents a certain k-order additive fuzzy measure. The paper presented alternative ways to represent capacity by interaction indexes of attributes and Shapley values. Based on Heuristic Least Mean Squares, the learning algorithm for identification of k-maxitive measures was designed in [32]. In [33], the authors considered the structure and qualitative properties of a specific type of fuzzy measure that can be applied to the model of interactive MAGDM. Having constructed the general form of a nonadditive set function, the authors utilized the interaction coefficient, Möbius representation, and dual measure regarding the proposed measure. In [34], the generalized interaction index, gindex, was introduced. Its calculation needs vast resources in both time and memory. In order to reduce the complexity issues, the authors presented algorithms for the calculation of the gindex for k-maxitive measures. In [35], a new visualization scheme for a better understanding of the inner workings of a fuzzy measure was given. In [1], a joint Choquet integral-fuzzy measures (CI-FM) operator that utilizes the interactions between elements of information was studied. In [36], the authors, for identification of a fuzzy measure (capacity), used a hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set in describing the interactivity between attributes. In [16], the approaches proposed in the literature presented today were discussed, as well as their capabilities for capacity identification issues. Their advantages and disadvantages were discussed. Finally, we note the studies that connect capacity identification problems with the representations of the probabilities associated with them and with attribute interaction indices in the context of decision-making models with the new aggregation operators built there. In [24], in the environment of intuitionistic MAGDM, the new aggregation weighted operators were constructed that consider pairwise interactions of attributes. The new aggregates are based on an associated probabilistic class of a fuzzy measure. In [26], new aggregation operators reflecting the interactions between all attribute combinations in fuzzy MAGDM models were built. In [27], the authors created a Choquet integral-based new aggregation operators' family under q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets information. New operators consider all pairwise interactions between attributes. Based on the Shapley entropy maximum principle, a two-order additive fuzzy measure was created in the environment of a pair of interaction indexes and importance values of attributes of a MAGDM model. Approximately similar results were obtained in [28] under q-rung picture linguistic sets information. Associated intuitionistic fuzzy Choquet averaging (As-IFCA) and geometric (As-IFCG) aggregation operators were constructed in [23]. The As-IFPA (As-IFPG) operator coincided with the Intuitionistic Fuzzy Probabilistic Averaging (Intuitionistic Fuzzy Probabilistic Geometric) operator when a probability measure was used instead of a fuzzy measure in aggregations. Pair interaction indexes were used for the identification of a two-order additive fuzzy measure. Some variants of the newly constructed operators were utilized in the decision-making problem on certain fiscal policies. In [25], the Associated Immediate Probability Intuitionistic Fuzzy Order Weighted Averaging and Geometric operators were constructed. Associated probability distributions in the role of uncertainty measure were used. The new aggregation operators were considered in the intuitionistic fuzzy environment and their certain properties were given. In [29], a new method of possibilistic discrimination analysis was developed for the creation of positive and negative discrimination measures used for each alternative applicant's specific attribute. The gained discrimination pair reproduces the interaction of attributes in an intuitionistic fuzzy environment. For the intuitionistic fuzzy assessments, the new intuitionistic aggregation operators, the AsP-IFOWA and AsP-IFOWG, were introduced and considered. These operators represent the extensions of the Choquet finite integral and Yager's OWA operators.
The main object of our study was two probabilistic representations of a fuzzy measure defined on finite sets-the MSR [8,19] and CBR [17,18]. The motivation for the research consisted of the following. It should be noted that the use of the CBR for practical purposes was presented to a higher degree than the MSR. This is related to the more "flexible" structure of the CBR and the ability to easily embed its APC in problems such as fuzzy measure identification [13][14][15][16] and MAGDM modeling of the Shapley values and interaction indices of interacting attributes of the environment [9,22,[26][27][28]. The main motivation for this study was to establish links between these two probabilistic representations and to obtain evidence for representations of the Choquet integral in the MSR environment as the Choquet integral is the main aggregation tool in MAGDM modeling, which considers the interactions between attributes. Clearly, the results obtained would help in the future to increase the usability of the MSR apparatus in practice, and particularly in MAGDM modeling. Basic definitions and main propositions on the CBR and MSR are presented in Section 2. The connection between the CBR and MSR is studied and schematically and compositionally presented in Section 3. In Section 4, one important class of fuzzy measures-Choquet second-order capacities-is studied in the MSR environment. Propositions on the existence of Choquet second-order capacities in the MSR are proven analogously to those proven in the CBR. Important properties of the monotone expectation (ME) [4] in the MSR environment are also proven in Section 4. In Section 5, a new definition of distance on the class of fuzzy measures in the MSR environment is introduced. It is proven that the new distance is equivalent to the corresponding definition in the CBR. By parameterization of the new distance, its calculation formula is obtained from a practical point of view. The correctness principle between two fuzzy measures at corresponding dual measures is preserved. In Section 6, the linear recursive formula between the attributes' interaction indexes and probability distribution of the NERC of a two-order additive fuzzy measure is constructed. In Section 7, the example of a two-element set is considered, where some of the main results obtained are shown in a simple way. The last section presents the main results of the research and the prospects of future research in the direction of the problems discussed in the article. The sequential scheme of key facts and obtained results is presented by the Scheme 1. New results are highlighted in pink in the scheme.
served. In Section 6, the linear recursive formula between the attributes' interaction indexes and probability distribution of the NERC of a two-order additive fuzzy measure is constructed. In Section 7, the example of a two-element set is considered, where some of the main results obtained are shown in a simple way. The last section presents the main results of the research and the prospects of future research in the direction of the problems discussed in the article. The sequential scheme of key facts and obtained results is presented by the Scheme 1. New results are highlighted in pink in the scheme. Scheme 1. Sequential scheme of key facts and obtained results. Scheme 1. Sequential scheme of key facts and obtained results.
Let S n denote the permutation group of all-natural numbers from 1 to n.
The APC uniquely defines a fuzzy measure ν on B(Y) [4], and we call it the CBR of a fuzzy measure ν.
Ref. [19]: For every fuzzy measure ν: From Propositions 1-2, we easily show that for the construction of the representation i.e., projections of the probability measures π Y and π Y on the sets , we may select the class of probability measures of nonequivalent representations of the fuzzy measure ν representations are called the nonequivalent representations class (NERC) of the fuzzy measure ν.
Notice that the NERC completely describes the fuzzy measure ν and analogously describes APC {ψ σ } σ∈S n in the CBR.
Proof. Let us denote the set and consider probability measure π on B (Θ) : ∀ψ σ (C) > 0, where where ζ(C) is defined as With regard to (2) and (15), after elementary simplification, we receive where The constructed MSR is called an induced representation by APC −{ψ σ } σ∈S n . Figure 1 presents the schematic connection between Campos-Bolanos and Murofushi-Sugeno representations. From Figure 2, it follows that ∀G ∈B(Y):

Choquet's Capacities of Order Two in Murofushi-Sugeno Representations
In this section, propositions on the existence of Choquet extreme capacities in the environment of the MSR are proven.
be NERCs to the fuzzy measures ν and * ν , respectively.

Choquet's Capacities of Order Two in Murofushi-Sugeno Representations
In this section, propositions on the existence of Choquet extreme capacities in the environment of the MSR are proven.

Definition 8.
NERCs L ν Y and L ν * Y of the pair of dual fuzzy measures ν and ν * are called nonequivalent probability representations' dual classes.
It can be trivially proven that a fuzzy measure ν : Definition 9. Ref. [17]: Take some fuzzy subset W on Y and let χ W be its membership function χ W : Y → [0; 1] . A monotone expectation (ME) of χ W with respect to the fuzzy measure ν is defined as the Choquet integral: where dα is the Lebesgue measure on [0;1].
Proposition 10. Ref. [17]: Take dual fuzzy measures ν, ν * . ν and ν * are Choquet lower and upper capacities of order two if and only if Now, we prove the analogous proposition for the MSR: Proposition 11. Take two fuzzy subsets W 1 and W 2 on Y with compatibility functions χ W 1 , χ W 2 and dual fuzzy measures ν, ν * . ν and ν * are Choquet lower and upper capacities of order two, respectively, if and only if Necessity: Let ν, ν * be Choquet dual capacities of order two. Let Proposition 7 and Equation (24) be true. Using the properties of the supremum's function and a mathematical expectation, we have We have analogously proven the second inequality of (31).

Sufficiency: Let the inequalities (31) be valid
where I C and I B are indicator sets of C and B, respectively. We have It is simple to show that ME ν (I C∪B + I C∩B ) = ME ν (I C∪B ) + ME ν (I C∩B ) Note that ∀y ∈ Y : I C (y) + I B (y) = I C∪B (y) + I C∩B (y), and from the property of a monotone expectation ME ν (I C + I B ) = ME ν (I C∪B + I C∩B ), we have ν(C) + ν(B) = ME ν (I C ) + ME ν (I B ) ≤ ME ν (I C + I B ) = ME ν (I C∪B + I C∩B ) = = ME ν (I C∪B ) + ME ν (I C∩B ) = ν(C ∪ B) + ν(C ∩ B).
i.e., ν is the Choquet lower capacity of order two. Therefore, ν * will be an upper capacity of order two, which follows from the second inequality of (31).
We have 2 n − 1 equations with 2 n unknown parameters of the probability π. One parameter is free and, for convenience, let it be π 0 . Then, It is clear that ∀C ∈ B (Y): where f is a linear function of π 0 . Let 0 ≤ N − 0 ≤ π 0 ≤ N + 0 ≤ 1. Let ν 1 and ν 2 be fuzzy measures on B(Y). We know that ∀C ∈ B(Y) π Y (ζ Y (C)) = π(ω −1 (C)) and the value of π Y is also a linear function of parameter π 0 . Let π Y (ζ Y (C)) = π 0 + π(C), where π(C) is known as a certain expression of parameters and numbers π 1 , . . . , π 12...n , which may be calculated by (36). Let D ≡ D 2 be the distance between probability measures. By transformation (34), we obtain: Then, Then, Analogously [18], we prove the proposition on the correctness of the definition of a distance between fuzzy measures. Proposition 12. If ν 1 and ν 2 are any fuzzy measures on B(Y), then Therefore, from an information analysis point of view, a fuzzy measure and its dual fuzzy measure contain the same information but codified in a different way.

Connections between Two-Order Additive Fuzzy Measure and Interaction Indexes of Attributes in the MSR Environment
A fuzzy measure, as a basic uncertainty index of subjective information measurement in the decision-making process, in some MAGDM represents flexibly a certain kind of interaction among the decision attributes and can vary from redundancy (negative interaction) to synergy (positive interaction). In this section, connections between the interaction indexes and the probability distribution of the NERC of a two-order additive fuzzy measure are constructed. Definition 11. [6]: Let ν be a set function (not necessarily capacity) on some MAGDM attributes' set Y = {y 1 , . . . , y n }. The Mobius representation of ν is a set function m ν : 2 S → R 1 defined by where |G| is the cardinality of the set G, R 1 = (−∞, +∞).
It is known [6] that any capacity (fuzzy measure), more generally, any set function, ν can be uniquely expressed in terms of its Mobius representation by Definition 12. [15]: Take some fuzzy measure ν on Y. ν is said be k, k ∈ {1, 2, . . . , n} additive, if its Mobius representation satisfies m ν (G) = 0 for all G ⊂ Y such that G > k and there exists at least one subset G ⊂ Y such that m ν (G) = 0.
In the following, we consider the two-order additive fuzzy measure [15].

Conclusions
The nonadditivity of a fuzzy measure poses problems for its use in demanding problems such as interactive MAGDM. The CBR of a fuzzy measure fits well with some MAGDM models and enhances their reliability, which we cannot say in the case of the MSR of a fuzzy measure. The main motivation of the research was to increase the practical application possibilities of the MSR in various application fields. For this, connections were built between the CBR and MSR. In addition, the representations of the Monotone Expectation (Choquet finite integral) as the most distinctive aggregation operator of the interacting MAGDM models were studied in the MSR environment, as studied in the case of the CBR. In the MSR, we constructed the nonequivalent representation class (NERC) of a fuzzy measure. The proposition on the existence of the MSR induced by the CBR was proven. The presented formula of the APC by the NERC was obtained. The duality of fuzzy measures is an important phenomenon for the presentation of the same but differently codified uncertain expert information. Significant properties were proven for the representation of a monotone expectation (ME) under the NERC conditions: the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the second-order Choquet dual capacities were proven in terms of the NERC of a MSR and ME. A recursive connection formula between the interaction indexes, Shapley values, and the probability distribution of the NERC of a two-order additive fuzzy measure was obtained in the environment of general MAGDM. A new definition of distance on the class of fuzzy measures in the MSR environment was introduced. It was proven that the new distance is equivalent to the corresponding definition in the CBR: distances between any two fuzzy measures and between their dual fuzzy measures coincided as in the CBR and, thus, in the MSR. By parameterization of the new distance, its calculation formula was obtained from a practical point of We have the APC of the ν * similarly. ∀C ∈ B(Y) and following (13): Θ = {ψ 1 1 , ψ 2 1 , ψ 1 2 , ψ 2 2 }. Let ψ 1 1 < ψ 2 1 < ψ 1 2 < ψ 2 2 < 1, then π(ψ 1 1 ) = ψ 1 1 ,π(ψ 1 2 ) = ψ 1 2 − ψ 1 1 , π(ψ 2 1 ) = ψ 2 1 − ψ 1 2 , π(ψ 2 2 ) = ψ 2 2 − ψ 2 1 . We construct the MSR (θ, B(Θ), ζ, π). ∀θ ∈ Θ : Assume that ν is a two-order additive fuzzy measure on some MAGDM attribute set Y. Using Formula (50), we can write the connection between ν and pairwise interaction indexes of attributes in the MSR environment. For the permutation σ 1 = (σ(1), σ(2)) = (1, 2), we have π Y (ζ Y ({y 1 })) ≡ ψ σ 1 (y 1 ), π Y (ζ Y ({y 1 , .y 2 })) = π Y (ζ Y ({y 1 })) + I 1 − (1/2)I 12 ≡ 1 and for the permutation σ 2 = (σ(1), σ(2)) = (2, 1), we have

Conclusions
The nonadditivity of a fuzzy measure poses problems for its use in demanding problems such as interactive MAGDM. The CBR of a fuzzy measure fits well with some MAGDM models and enhances their reliability, which we cannot say in the case of the MSR of a fuzzy measure. The main motivation of the research was to increase the practical application possibilities of the MSR in various application fields. For this, connections were built between the CBR and MSR. In addition, the representations of the Monotone Expectation (Choquet finite integral) as the most distinctive aggregation operator of the interacting MAGDM models were studied in the MSR environment, as studied in the case of the CBR. In the MSR, we constructed the nonequivalent representation class (NERC) of a fuzzy measure. The proposition on the existence of the MSR induced by the CBR was proven. The presented formula of the APC by the NERC was obtained. The duality of fuzzy measures is an important phenomenon for the presentation of the same but differently codified uncertain expert information. Significant properties were proven for the representation of a monotone expectation (ME) under the NERC conditions: the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the second-order Choquet dual capacities were proven in terms of the NERC of a MSR and ME. A recursive connection formula between the interaction indexes, Shapley values, and the probability distribution of the NERC of a two-order additive fuzzy measure was obtained in the environment of general MAGDM. A new definition of distance on the class of fuzzy measures in the MSR environment was introduced. It was proven that the new distance is equivalent to the corresponding definition in the CBR: distances between any two fuzzy measures and between their dual fuzzy measures coincided as in the CBR and, thus, in the MSR. By parameterization of the new distance, its calculation formula was obtained from a practical point of view. The obtained new results were illustrated by the figures and the Scheme. In addition, for illustration of the obtained results, an illustrative example was presented. Regarding the limitations of the study, it can be said that there are only two possibilistic representations of the fuzzy measures: the CBR and MSR. It is clear from the literature presented in the article that the use of the CBR in practical tasks has significant results, which we cannot say about the MSR, as the latter is quite a complex tool in its use and it is, to some extent, limited. The results of the study presented here, which, to some extent, linked these two presentations, will allow one to increase the use of the MSR. However, future research should confirm the effectiveness of using the latter in some areas, such as cluster analysis tasks. For the future studies of the problems presented here, different fuzzy environments for the aggregation tools in MAGDM by the MSR will be developed. A probability distributions' class of the NERC of the concrete subspaces of fuzzy measures will be constructed and investigated. New results will give us an opportunity to efficiently develop modeling of MAGDM and other problems of complex process investigations under expert evaluations.
equivalent MSR of the fuzzy measure ν.