An Extended Constructive Alignment Model in Teaching Electromagnetism to Engineering Undergraduates

: Introducing abstract concepts to students from applied ﬁelds can be challenging. Electromagnetics is one of those courses where abstract concepts are introduced. This work presents a conceptual model which deﬁnes learning objectives in three levels for Engineering Electromagnetics. Each level is aligned with its own assessment and evaluation methods. The advantage is that the three-level learning objectives can be extended as student self-assess and instructor assessment rubrics, and a detailed implementation is presented here. This model gives students more accessibility to the learning objectives and increases the transparency of the learning and grading processes. The main goal of this conceptual model is to make students learn with the end in mind.


Introduction
Electromagnetism is one of the critical fields in physics. It discusses the inter-dependence of electric and magnetic fields and how they behave under certain conditions [1]. Electromagnetism spans across a wide range including but not limited to communication systems (wireless, satellite, global navigation), space weather monitoring, and bio-medical applications such as body area networks, glucose monitoring using micro-strip patch antennas, hyper/hypo thermic applications, and the list continues. In today's world where everything is wireless, knowing the fundamentals of electromagnetics is essential for both physics and electrical engineering students. Based on the major the depth covered may differ. Teaching electromagnetic theory for engineering students is challenging since engineering students like to apply the knowledge to real-world scenarios, but the subject itself contains abstract mathematics. Therefore, it is a daunting task for the teachers to find the right balance between the theory and examples, given the limited time.
Electromagnetism, especially at its initial stages, requires visualization. Since most of the concepts such as "an electric charge in free space" cannot be seen, students have to imagine it in their mind. This issue together with the complexity of mathematics make students demotivated at the beginning of the semester. To avoid that issue, students need to be involved in the teaching and learning process since the beginning of the course. The more abstract a course can be the more student engagement is needed to keep the interest and the intensity of the subject [1][2][3]. Students should know what is expected from them and the process of achieving those. The assessment and evaluation criteria should be available to them to make the grading process transparent. This is where a constrictive alignment approach can be used.
Constructive alignment is an approach used to match the evaluation methods with the learning objectives [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. In constructive alignment, students are aware of the expectations at the beginning of the semester. This process makes the teaching and learning process transparent to the students. Students know that each assessment or evaluation method is aligned with a course objective. Many universities have applied this method successfully to their courses [1,10,[12][13][14]. Learning objectives, assessment, and evaluation methods are essential in the accreditation process. Nevertheless, average undergraduate students have less knowledge on learning objectives. The efficiency of the learning process will increase to a great extent if the students raise the concern about the learning objectives and use those to assess them.
In this work, the author presents a model where students can self-assess whether they have met the learning objectives. This model differs from the existing ones since, instead of defining a single set of learning objectives, those are given in three levels for each chapter covered. The author also suggests proper assessment and evaluation methods for each level of learning objectives. The advantage of this three-level constructive alignment model is the learning objectives can be extended to be the assessment rubrics for both students and the teacher. This approach makes the learning objectives more visible to the students and the learning process more transparent. Although this paper uses engineering electromagnetics as an example, this model can be used in teaching any major course (for example, electromagnetics) to students from an applied field (for example, electrical engineering).

Proposed Model
The extended constructive alignment model I am presenting here contains the following main points.

Entry Survey
At the beginning of the semester, the teacher is supposed to give the students and the entry survey. Appendix A shows a sample questionnaire prepared by the author for this paper This step builds the rapport between the teacher and the students and provides a rough understanding of the group of learners.
Knowing the plans of the students helps decide the extent of the material needing to be covered, assign reading and homework problems, and extra homework.
By identifying the preferred learning style, the teacher can adjust the course material to cater for all students. The learning style can change from topic to topic. But each person has a dominant learning style. These are diverging (learning by watching and feeling), assimilating (learning by watching and thinking), converging (learning by doing and thinking), and accommodating (learning by doing and feeling). Although some students might categorize themselves as a hybrid, it is important to know the preferred learning style of the students. When assigning students for group projects, the teacher can assign students such that each group contains one student from each learning style. The projects usually include an equal amount of workload from each learning category, and in this case workload can be successfully distributed, and students can learn from each other creating a collaborative learning environment.
Appendix A shows an entrance survey designed for an undergraduate electromagnetic course. But a revised version can be used for any subject. It is essential to keep the language of the questionnaire friendly and straightforward since this is the first written communication between the teacher and the student. For a course such as electromagnetics, students might have already heard the toughness of the class from their peers, hence it is crucial to building the rapport between the students and the teacher by using friendly language.
The entry survey also serves the purpose of making the minds prepared to absorb the complicated material by giving them a "heads-up".

The Three-Level Learning Objectives
The main difference between this proposed model and the current outcome-based education is that the current models contain only one set of learning objectives for each lesson. Whereas in this Educ. Sci. 2019, 9,199 3 of 10 proposed model, we are introducing three levels of learning objectives. These learning objectives must be made visible to the students at the beginning of each chapter.
The learning objectives are designed as low, medium, and high. The low-level learning objectives target the basic understanding of the course material. The wordings are selected based on Bloom's taxonomy [4][5][6][7][8][9]13], and sample learning objectives for a typical undergraduate electromagnetic course is given in Table 1.
For illustration, we have selected the topics covered in a 30 credit hours undergraduate electromagnetic course. The topics covered are:

1.
Gauss's Law for electrostatic fields and Maxwell's first equation.

2.
Gauss's Law for magnetostatic fields and Maxwell's second equation.

3.
Faraday's Law for time-varying electric fields and Maxwell's third equation.

4.
Ampere's Law for time-varying electromagnetic fields and Maxwell's fourth equation.
Poynting theory, electromagnetic power, basic electromagnetic radiation principles, and their applications.
Depending on the university, there are variations of these topics and instructors would breakdown the above topics to chunks. But the above are considered mandatory.
The learning objectives are designed on three levels for all chapters. In a course such as engineering electromagnetics, students might have different goals. If a student is planning on going to graduate studies, he or she may want to learn more in-depth physics content whereas if someone wants to join the industry wants to know just enough material. With this method, the student can decide whether he or she has achieved the required learning objective. Table 1. Three level learning objectives and the suggested assessment and evaluation methods (Bloom's taxonomies are in bold face).

Topic
Learning Objective(s) Assessment Method(s) Evaluation Method(s)

Gauss's Law for electrostatic fields and
Maxwell's first equation.
Low: By the end of this chapter students are expected to explain Maxwell's first equation and its implications.

Conference, Self-assessment
A quiz Presentation, Case study Medium: By the end of this chapter students will be able to apply Maxwell's first equation to solve real-world physics problems.
Self-assessment quiz, Question and answer, I am in the fog about . . .

Exam problem, Quiz
High: By the end of this chapter students are expected to design a basic static charge dust collector using Maxwell's first equation.

Chart it out, Concept map
Group project (2-3 students), A term paper Project report 2. Gauss's Law for magnetostatic fields and Maxwell's second equation.
Low: By the end of this chapter students will be able to discuss the practical implications of Maxwell's second equation.
Discussion, Conference Short presentation, Quiz, Short essay Medium: By the end of this chapter students will be able to solve problems related to Maxwell's second equation. Low: By the end of this chapter students are able to state the plane wave solution.
Ticket out the door Presentation, Short essay, Short quiz Medium: By the end of this chapter students are able to manipulate the plane wave solution and apply it in a real-world problem.
Self-assessment quiz, Questions and answers, Operations outline

Exam questions, Quizzes
High: By the end of this chapter students will be able to synthesize plane wave electromagnetic propagation in computer software.
Chart it out, Ticket out the door, Concept map Project, Demonstration, Video presentation 6. Poynting theory, electromagnetic power, basic electromagnetic radiation principles, and their applications.
Low: By the end of this chapter students will be able to identify the appropriate concepts used in real-world EM wave propagation applications.
Ticket out the door, Discussion Presentation, Essay Medium: By the end of this chapter students will be able to analyze the real-world EM applications using appropriate concepts.

Three-Level Assessment and Evaluation Methods
In this paper, the author suggests assessment and evaluation methods for each level of learning objectives. The teachers can pick a process that they might think suits the class environment to add a variety and build a collaborative environment. In Table 2 below the author shows a standard grade break down. Depending on the class performance and average, the teacher is free to make necessary adjustments. This is the "judgement" component since it determines the final grade based on the performance.
Since this course is targeting towards engineering students, the highest percentage is allocated for projects. Hence the majority of the course percentage is for the application or projects. Projects can be assigned individually or as groups since there are five projects within about 14-16 weeks. Hence, appointing group projects will expedite the submissions. The statistics collected from the entry survey can be used here for assigning groups. It is preferred that each group contains at least one member from each learning style. Also, students get to know each other by changing the groups for each project.
Most of the faculty is familiar with the evaluation methods. But some of the assessment techniques are unfamiliar to most of the instructors. But assessment techniques are necessary because those give students an opportunity to determine whether they have met the learning objectives. Appendix B shows a sample self-assessment quiz for chapter 1; Appendix C is a concept map for Section 2 and Appendix D illustrates an operations outline for topic 6.  Tables 3 and 4 show the student self-assessment and instructor assessment rubrics. The importance of these rubrics is that these are directly aligning with the learning objectives. Therefore, this is an extended model. With this model, students can determine where they are in the rubric, and the instructors can assess where each student is in the performance chart. The alignment between the learning objectives and the assessment rubrics extends this model and increases the visibility of the learning objectives. It also increases the transparency of the teaching-learning process.

Student Self-Assessment and Instructor Assessment Rubrics
The three levels of Bloom's taxonomy [9] (low, medium, and high) and the model introduced by Biggs in 1996 [5] are closely related. In the Biggs model the term pre-structural was used to indicate the unsatisfactory performance. The low-level learning objectives in Bloom's taxonomy are similar to the unistructural performance in Biggs' model. If the student is at this level, here the student is categorized as "needs improvement". If the student has achieved medium-level learning objectives (multi-structural in Biggs' model), he or she will be categorized into the satisfactory level. If the student has achieved the high-level learning objectives (or the relational in the Biggs model) that student will be categorized as excellent.

Discussion
This work presented an extended constructive alignment model for teaching engineering electromagnetics. The goal of this model is to relate learning objectives with the assessment rubrics, hence students become more familiar with the expectations. Because a typical undergraduate student would care about the course objectives if and only if it is related with the grade. Teaching electromagnetics is challenging for engineering students since most of the engineering students do not expect a course to be theoretical and mathematically complicated. But with electromagnetics being an essential field, those complex material needs to be introduced regardless of the challenges. Techniques such as the flipped classroom can be applied but those techniques might not have an effect given the work-life balance of students and the context of the course.
In this paper, the author presents a model which defines the learning objectives in three levels, hence it can be converted to assessment rubrics with minimal effort as illustrated later in this paper. Therefore, this model is an extended version of the existing constructive alignment concept. Initially, this might increase the workload of the instructor for course design, revisiting the learning objectives, preparation of assessments, and course material. But once the learning objectives are written the entire process will be much more apparent to the instructor as well as to the student. Instead of jumping right to the high-level learning objective, the students can self-guide themselves through each step of the learning process.
The difference between this model and the existing constructive alignment method is here course objectives are presented in three levels. Therefore, students know what is expected from them and the assessment and evaluation process become more transparent. As mentioned in this paper, this model has the advantage of directly converting the three-level course objectives into assessment rubrics.
Currently this model is structured in a way that everything is well defined and gives only little room for student's imaginative thinking. But as with every course, instructors have to fine-tune the model as it goes, keeping the core concepts intact. For example, if a student comes up with an alternative project instead of the one assigned, an instructor can compare the workload of the project and grant permission. And extra credit can be given if students perform beyond expectations. Another way to include creativity is the course objectives can be modified such that instead of the instructor assigning the projects students should come up with their own ideas. This second option might be better suited for an advanced undergraduate or a graduate level course where students have enough knowledge about the subject matter to challenge their creativity.

Conclusions
This paper presents an extended constructive alignment model for teaching electromagnetism to engineering undergraduates. Although the model is developed for electromagnetism, this can be applied when introducing any abstract field to undergraduates from an applied field. Currently this model is at a conceptual state and a follow-up paper will be published with the results of its implementation.

1.
A 15W EM radiator is isotopically radiating energy equally in all directions. Your task is to calculate the surface area of a dish antenna located 15 m from the radiator to collect 1W of power.
a. What should be the radiating surface for the above radiator?