Education Sciences Role of Leading Programs in Doctoral Education: a New Type of Leadership Education in the Sciences at University of Hyogo, Japan

Fostering global leaders for the next generation is an important mission of universities. In Japan, Leading Programs in Doctoral Education (LP) has been implemented in many graduate schools. The main goal of this program is to foster PhDs with deep specialization and peer leadership who will be able to compete well internationally. The Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo is implementing a LP to foster global leaders using cutting-edge technology. They are also trying to create new evaluation criteria of human resource development with their corporate sponsors. The success of LP depends not only on how many graduates can play leading roles globally, but also how university staff can create a superior new evaluation criteria of human resource development and how much it can be shared with universities and industry. Development of students and graduates with a high level of ability takes time, thus it is important to consider the continuous development of LP.


Introduction
Universities are faced with the challenge of educating students to become global leaders for the next generation.Many programs have been implemented in various fields to foster global leaders all over the world [1][2][3][4].However, most of them have either been academically specialized or comprised only of vocational training such as laboratory based technical training.These programs have indeed produced many academic researchers and trained workers, but have not generated "global leaders" who could play leading roles in industrial and governmental sectors.In this study, we discuss a new type of leadership education and create its evaluation criteria by introducing the case of science and leadership education at University of Hyogo.
The Leading Programs in Doctoral Education (LP) was started by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) in 2011 to advance the establishment of university graduate schools of the highest caliber by supporting dramatic reform of their education curricula so that their degree programs will be recognized as of top quality around the world [5].To foster excellent students who are both highly creative and internationally attuned and who will play leading roles in global academic, industrial, and governmental sectors, the program brings top-ranking faculty and students together from both within and outside Japan and enlists participation from other sectors in its planning and execution, while creating continuity between master and doctoral programs and implementing curricula that cross over various fields of specialization.
LP sounds very much like the US IGERT (Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship) -the National Science Foundation's flagship interdisciplinary training program, educating PhD scientists and engineers by building on the foundations of their disciplinary knowledge with interdisciplinary training.Collaborative research that transcends traditional disciplinary boundaries and requires teamwork provides students with the tools to become leaders in the science and engineering of the future [6].However, LP intended not only for science and engineering but also law and literature fields is a novel concept.
LP is divided into three categories: all-around, composite, and only-one (Figure 1).The all-around category involves constructing a degree program that uses an integrated arts and sciences model, and pools the university's collective wisdom to nurture future political, financial, administrative, and academic leaders who will become active in Japan and abroad, and lead global societies.The composite category entails a degree program that cuts across multiple fields to train leaders who can supervise industry-academia-government projects and who can drive innovation in solving the problems that society encounters.The only-one category comprises a degree program to develop leaders who would develop new fields utilizing the exceptional resources that are unique to Japan.By the end of March 2014, 62 programs had been adopted (Table 1).

The Necessity of Strengthening Leadership Education
Representatives of industry, especially in Japan, have indicated that more employees are needed that are well educated in leadership in order to compete successfully in global markets.The conventional wisdom regarding leadership has been that leadership stems primarily from authority, higher position, and a charismatic personality.However, during the last two decades, industry and the general public have called for new models of leadership without these features, namely, peer leadership, of which the most distinctive feature is that the skill of leadership can be mastered with training that is not derived from inborn personality and the environment [7,8].Individuals with peer leadership skills are always prepared to face difficulties with the understanding that their mission is to resolve issues by offering constructive suggestions or cooperating with others.The following is a list of primary skills that Japanese industry (Keidanren) expects of new employees [9].
 Ability to tackle challenges  Expertise/skills to take charge of tasks  Problem solving ability  Sense of responsibility  Understanding various cultures and values  Communication skills Therefore, MEXT decided to start the LP to foster competent PhD students with deep specialization and peer leadership for the sustainable development of Japan.

Outline
The University of Hyogo established a new department, Department of Picobiology, in April 2013 to implement the LP entitled "Next Generation Picobiology: Focused on Photon Sciences".This 5-year PhD program offers students a monthly scholarship of JPY 200,000 to support their studies and research.This program comprises a combination of the most advanced sciences, liberal arts, and leadership education.It also allows students to access some of the world's most advanced analytical equipment, such as Raman spectrophotometers, Super Photon Ring 8 GeV (SPring-8, a third-generation synchrotron radiation facility, RIKEN), neutron diffractors (J-PARC, JAEA), X-ray-free electron lasers (SACLA, RIKEN), electron microscopes, and a K computer (Fujitsu supercomputer with a Linuxbased operating system, RIKEN).Through cooperation with the RIKEN SPring-8 Center, students have the flexibility to discover issues that interest them along with the challenge of creatively developing new insights through the rigors of sciences that have been developed for this program.Students work closely with world-class researchers that are recruited for the program and benefit from many opportunities to foster their technical, analytical, and expressive abilities, as well as the IT, language, and problem-solving skills that are essential for future global leaders (Figure 2).

Quality Assurance and Industry University Collaboration System
Quality assurance is defined as a mechanism through which higher education institutions secure the quality of their educational and research offerings to build stakeholder confidence.Such approaches will include achieving intended outcomes and fulfilling stakeholder needs, as well as conforming to evaluation standards and the basic requirements stipulated by law [10][11][12].
The University of Hyogo has invited supporters (stakeholders) from not only life science corporations but also publishers, news agencies, and journalists to implement the LP.Many active leaders in industry have been invited as lecturers for common subjects such as Advanced Course of Global Leadership and Advanced Course of Career Paths for PhD.Students participate in internship programs provided by corporate stakeholders for one to three months.This industrial-academic collaboration has worked very well, since guest speakers bring real issues and challenges to the table that they have actually experienced [6].This increases interest and a desire to learn among students because they are not dealing with fictional issues invented by academics.
Corporate sponsors also benefit from this collaboration system: students, as their future consumers, can offer them ideas for their products; sponsors can learn about the actual conditions under which the students learn and live, data that are useful for designing training plans for new employees; and they can educate employees using the collaboration system.However, new corporate sponsors are truly difficult to attract when only university staff are involved and other marketing ideas are needed to sustain this collaboration.
In Japan, it can be said that the recruitment process of new employees seems to prioritize academic clique over applicants' ability, and PhD students have much more difficulty in finding suitable jobs according to their background than Bachelors.Therefore, such collaboration activities may change the recruitment system of PhD students in the Japanese industry and government in the future.

Create New Evaluation Criteria of Required Leadership and Science Education
The University of Hyogo is now trying to create new evaluation criteria of required leadership and science education in their LP from three standpoints: (1) growth of student as a scientist; (2) growth of student as a global leader; and (3) trends and needs in society.It is a noteworthy fact that they are creating the criteria in collaboration with their corporate sponsors.They recognize that past failure in leadership education, especially in Japan, has been caused by the mismatch between the expectations held by universities and industry: attaching too much emphasis to academic studies and lacking technical, human, and conceptual skills.This is why they decided to create new evaluation criteria with their corporate sponsors.
Graduates with leadership skills are unique and varied according to their specialized background.Therefore, human resources must be developed carefully considering such diverse types of individuals.On the other hand, they also have to produce PhDs who intently meet standards as global leaders.
To solve these problems, it is effective to create new evaluation criteria that meet the expectations of leadership according to many stakeholders.If their evaluation criteria can be considered as an agreed standard of human resources shared with industry and all universities, their LP will be praised for generations to come.

Concluding Remarks
Peer leadership does not require authority, high position, or a charismatic personality; rather, it is a skill that can be acquired by training.LP designed by MEXT is fostering competent PhD students to become global leaders with deep specialization and peer leadership.
The University of Hyogo is implementing the program to foster global leaders with excellence in science by providing access to the world's most advanced analytical equipment through cooperation with the RIKEN SPring-8 Center.This is a completely innovative education program to foster PhDs with both knowledge of cutting-edge science and peer leadership.They are now trying to create new evaluation criteria of required leadership and science education in their LP with their corporate sponsors from three standpoints: growth of student as a scientist, growth of student as a global leader, and trends and needs in society.
The success of these special programs depends on not only how many graduates can play an active part in their future, but also how university staff can create a superior new evaluation criteria of human resource development and how much it can be shared with universities and industry.Additionally, this is directly linked to the success of global academic, industrial, and governmental sectors.However, the development of graduates and employees with a high level of special abilities takes time.Therefore, the LP should be stable and continued over the long term.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Categories of Leading Program in Doctoral Education (LP).

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Various subjects for the Leading Program (LP) at University of Hyogo.

Table 1 .
Sixty-two Leading Programs in Doctoral Education (LP) by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT).
Graduate Course for system-inspired leaders in material scienceOsaka UniversityInteractive materials science cadet program Kyushu University Graduate school for molecular system & device science