Makerspaces in First-Year Engineering Education

: Langara College, as one of the leading undergraduate institutions in the province of British Columbia (BC), o ﬀ ers the “Applied Science for Engineering” two-year diploma program as well as the “Engineering Transfer” two-semester certiﬁcate program. Three project-based courses are o ﬀ ered as part of the two-year diploma program in Applied Science (APSC) and Computer Science (CPSC) departments: “APSC 1010—Engineering and Technology in Society”, “CPSC 1090—Engineering Graphics”, and “CPSC 1490—Applications of Microcontrollers”, with CPSC 1090 and CPSC 1490 also part of the Engineering Transfer curriculum. Although the goals, scopes, objectives, and evaluation criteria of these courses are di ﬀ erent, the main component of all three courses is a group-based technical project. Engineering students have access to Langara College’s Makerspace for the hands-on component of their project. The makerspace expands experiential learning opportunities and allows students to gain a skillset outside the traditional classroom. This paper begins with a detailed review of the maker movement and the impact of makerspace in higher education. We discuss di ﬀ erent forms of makerspace and the beneﬁts of incorporating them on ﬁrst-year students’ creativity, sense of community, self-conﬁdence, and entrepreneurial skills. The paper introduces Langara’s engineering program and its project-based design courses. Langara’s interdisciplinary makerspace, its goals and objectives, equipment, and some sample projects are introduced in this paper in detail. We then explore how the group-project component of APSC 1010, CPSC 1090, and CPSC 1490 are managed and how makerspace improves students’ performance in such projects. In conclusion, the paper describes the evaluation of learning outcomes via an anonymous student survey.


What Is a Makerspace?
The makerspace concept, originating in the DIY (do-it-yourself) community, is among the most prominent keywords in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) education today [1]. Makerspaces are, in general, physical spaces with shared resources used to pursue technical projects with the support of a maker community. Drivers of the maker movement include inexpensive technology, open-source hardware and software, as well as globalization. Makerspace centers commonly include woodworking, electronics, robotics, and fabrication, with making activities including [2]: 1. circuits, switches, and electricity; 2.
Developing problem-solving and investigation skills; 3.
Introducing students to the design cycle; 4.
Providing opportunities for hands-on and technical experience [4]; 7.
Demonstrating manufacturing/prototyping methods and the challenges/limitations involved; 8.
Based on previous research, to maximize the makerspace's impact on the quality of education, many key points must be considered [21]: 1.
The mission of the academic makerspace must be clearly defined from the onset; 2.
The facility must be properly staffed with educators, manufacturing and design professionals, as well as administrative support [22]; 3.
Access times must be aligned with the students' work schedules; 4.
Providing user trainings and workshops is essential; 5.
Attention must be devoted to establishing a co-maker community on campus; 6.
Outfitting, training, safety, financing, and staffing models should be fully developed; 7.
Special attention needs to be taken towards design aspects to draw the student population into the grassroots, community-formed makerspaces [11]; 8.
Tidiness, familiarity, and the optimal use of the design makerspaces offer a more-welcoming environment [23]; 9.
The ongoing maintenance and tooling cost of fabrication equipment should be scheduled in a consistent manner [9]; 10. A pedagogical design should be designed to stimulate students' innovative skills while respecting the formal requirements [24].

Objective and Structure
In most engineering programs, technical and science courses are offered along with labs and workshop sessions. The scope of these sessions is particularly focused on the specific technical course details. In this paper, based on the quality of course projects, instructors' observations, and student evaluations, it is proposed that early introduction of makerspace can be a promising factor to improve students' active learning throughout an engineering program.
Langara College's "Applied Science for Engineering" two-year diploma and the "Engineering Transfer" two-semester certificate programs offer a structured curriculum for the students interested in engineering disciplines to gain the theoretical and practical knowledge equivalent to the first-year of an engineering Bachelors program. These programs help students transfer to their field of interest with a better understanding of engineering disciplines. Unlike four-year programs where students are introduced to group projects in their final years of studies, Langara's engineering diploma program offers three project-based courses to first-and second-year students listed below: 1.
Since 2017, Langara's Makerspace has been utilized to facilitate the project component of the project-based engineering courses in addition to multiple courses from other disciplines. This paper is based on the authors' experiences on the impact of using makerspace in teaching APSC 1010, CPSC 1090, and CPSC 1490. Throughout this paper we focus on the benefits of general makerspaces for the first-year students who are interested in engineering but are not necessarily familiar with the specifics of engineering disciplines. This paper demonstrates how utilizing makerspace can solidify the students' sense of community while improving their hands-on technical skills. It is also shown that makerspace assists engineering education in nurturing confidence, increasing retention, and improving recruitment of students in their fields of interest.
The paper begins with a detailed review of the maker movement and the impact of makerspace in higher education. It also introduces the project-based design courses in Langara's engineering program. In conclusion, the paper describes the evaluation of learning outcomes via an anonymous student survey.
The abbreviations used in this paper are listed in Table 1.

Makerspace Safety
As the safety of students and staff is of paramount importance, the development of stringent safety protocols is necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the makerspace [9]. Workshops and protocols are organized to keep the equipment functional and mitigate the loss of makerspace knowledge after student graduation. This safety culture encourages and enforces personal accountability and promotes dialogue among community members [7,10,25]. Makerspace encourages safe experimentation to build students' confidence while practicing peer-to-peer community-based training [1].

Diversity in Makerspaces
While the number of female students enrolled in engineering and STEM programs are increasing, women, particularly women of color, are still more likely than their male peers to leave engineering majors. Several factors contribute to this result, including reduced self-efficacy, the stereotype threat, deeply ingrained masculine culture, disappointment with courses, and a lack of community in engineering settings [26]. Makerspace education has the potential to empower female K-12 and undergraduate students by providing a place where students can identify as engineers. Makerspace also provides opportunity for community-based engagement by supporting relationships between students, their engineering peers, and leaders [26][27][28][29].
People with disabilities and youth growing up in poverty are also largely underrepresented in STEM fields [30]. As suggested in [31], several points should be considered for making makerspace and tools more accessible. Various techniques have been proposed in [32] to reduce accessibility barriers and promote inclusion. Three forms of engagement-critical, connected, and collective-support sustained engagement in the makerspace through the following items:
Providing student leadership and volunteering opportunities [33].

Alternative Forms of Makerspaces
Mobile makerspace is a fast-growing manifestation of maker culture due to the high demand for makerspaces [34]. The mobile design provides more students with accessibility, engagement, and security especially for underrepresented and underserviced groups [35]. However, the overall durability and the lack of dedicated staff remain a challenge for mobile makerspaces [36].
New initiatives, such as more easily accessible e-documents and digital hardware (such as 3D printers, laser cutters, etc.) are transforming libraries into non-traditional makerspace environments [37]. As a result, librarians are trained to build partnerships that promote libraries as centers of learning and technology [31]. This movement provides more-accessible, equipped, and community-based makerspaces [32]. Successful experiences on the effective development of engaging library-based makerspaces have been reported in many university campuses. The literature discusses key considerations for equipping such spaces and training staff [38][39][40].

Entrepreneurship
First-year project-based engineering courses requiring activities within makerspaces incorporate fundamental multidisciplinary engineering skills and offer excellent opportunities for Entrepreneurial-Minded Learning (EML) [41]. The maker revolution provides new opportunities for entrepreneurs, inventors, and customers to reduce product-development time [8]. Makerspaces empower student entrepreneurs to fabricate their own designs and deepen their learning experiences [17]. Open-source and Internet-of-Things (IoT) hardware/software technologies provide more affordable opportunities for product development in makerspaces [25,42].

Self-Efficacy
Makerspaces provide an environment that allows for a blending of education, experimentation, and communication. Students using makerspaces are educated through a combination of learning, teaching, mentoring, and advising; conduct experimentations through designing, building, and fixing; and are engaging in solving communication conundrums through collaboration and participation. All these assist engineering education in nurturing confidence, increasing retention, and improving recruitment of students. Students' self-efficacy and confidence in their engineering abilities can be improved at makerspace by providing opportunities for observation, social interaction, and repetition [43]. According to [44], becoming highly involved in a makerspace improves confidence and expectations of success for conducting engineering design [1].

Creativity
As a response to declining numbers in students' preferences for STEM, young students' interest in STEM needs to be stimulated throughout schooling. The maker movement, as a key part of a third industrial revolution, provides opportunities for the creation of STEM-related artifacts through experiential learning and social interactions [45]. The makerspace ethos holds that knowledge is best acquired by a combination of theoretical (theora) and practical (praxis) approaches through building things that are concrete and sharable [12]. As a result, students' creative competency can be encouraged with DIY projects in a makerspace [46]. A hallmark of the maker movement is its DIY mindset that brings together individuals from different backgrounds where problem-solving and collaborative learning encourage creativity [47,48]. Makerspaces act as catalysts for self-efficacy, self-confidence, innovation, and creativity [37].

Engineering Program
Langara College, as one of BC's leading undergraduate institutions, offers the "Applied Science for Engineering" two-year diploma program (http://bit.ly/2l1OYis) as well as the "Engineering Transfer" two-semester certificate program (http://bit.ly/2lj7rap). Both programs allow students to complete the equivalent of the first-year of an engineering bachelor's program, with students in the Diploma program progressing at a slower pace. In the two-year diploma program students gain a thorough background in mathematics and natural sciences, including laboratory practice, and technical communications. They are also introduced to Canadian engineering practice, and the engineering principles of case study and design. Three project-based courses are offered as part of the two-year diploma program: "APSC 1010-Engineering and Technology in Society", "CPSC 1090-Engineering Graphics", and "CPSC 1490-Applications of Microcontrollers", with CPSC 1090 and CPSC 1490 also part of the Engineering Transfer curriculum.

APSC 1010-Engineering and Technology in Society
"APSC 1010-Engineering and Technology in Society," offered to first-term engineering students as a part of the two-year diploma program, aims to introduce students to engineering design and case studies, in addition to providing a brief survey of the history, ethics, and various disciplines of engineering (http://bit.ly/2ms2cFr). The details of this course are presented in [49].

CPSC 1090-Engineering Graphics
"CPSC 1090-Engineering Graphics" has three components: hand drawing, computer-aided design (CAD) modeling, and a group project (http://bit.ly/2mzpitE). It introduces students to the design process of engineered products, spatial visualization, and documentation through the use of proper instrumentation, free hand sketching, and CAD programming (e.g., SolidWorks). Topics covered include orthographic projections, descriptive geometry, cross-sectional views, auxiliary views, dimensioning and tolerancing, and design problem solving. The course also covers standards and conventions of engineering drawing.

CPSC 1490-Applications of Microcontrollers
"CPSC 1490-Applications of Microcontrollers" is an introductory project-based course on Arduino microcontrollers that explores the design of embedded microcontroller systems as solutions to a set of practical real-life problems. Course activities start with specific case studies and labs that apply scientific principles and technical knowledge. Activities then evolve to student-led and student-driven, team-based collaborative projects with specific practical goals. Projects require teams to document and present their project design solutions to the entire class and to be able to illustrate key aspects of their solution using projected slides, engineering graphics, and live demonstrations (http://bit.ly/2mXSdb3).
The assessment criteria for these project-based courses are listed in Table 2.

Langara College Makerspace
Langara's Makerspace is both a physical resource and a conceptual framework for engagements. Rather than simply providing an accessible set of new tools and technologies, Langara's Makerspace seeks to examine how making is situated within an academic context, how intellectual rigor manifests itself therein, and how this relatively new type of space fosters creative problem-solving to pressing design and engineering challenges.
Critical making forms a keystone of our makerspace. The term critical making describes an approach to theoretically and pragmatically connect two distinct modes of engagement: critical thinking-which is typically understood as conceptually and linguistically based-and physical making, goal-based material work [50]. Rather than empowerment and engagement through proximity and skills acquisition, Langara's Makerspace seeks to foster a culture that examines what new and emergent technologies, materials, and cultures mean within a much broader critical context.
Objects and their accompanying effects and affects are inseparable. What an object is made of, who makes it, when, where, in what amount, who ultimately owns it, how it creates change in us, how well it serves its purpose, and what its life cycle is (along with a myriad of other critical questions) permeate the things around us. Making, through its participatory, collaborative, and cross-disciplinary ethos brings the ethics of objects home to the individual. Manufacturing is no longer an invisible, disembodied, and abstract process. The rise of maker culture and the rapid proliferation of inexpensive and effective technologies bring important questions to the fore as the third industrial revolution shifts conception and production toward the individual, the personal, and the local.
These egalitarian technologies have brought both new opportunities and new responsibilities. Traditional makerspaces have built considerable momentum, spreading rapidly, to a diverse array of communities and institutions. But standard methods of technological design often produce systems that lack cultural richness, emotion, and human-oriented values, and instead often overemphasize principles like efficiency and productivity which contribute to a consumer-oriented culture that overworks, overproduces, and overconsumes [51].
Langara's Makerspace (Figure 1a) explores ways to bridge the gap between how something is, or can be, made, and the broader societal questions of why it is made and what its implications may be. Some of the projects done at the makerspace are shown in Figure 1b-e. Figure 1b shows a Langara-funded research project that examines marine plastic waste as an underutilized feedstock for the production of new objects. Open-source machine plans are being reconfigured and reconstructed to enable the shredding and injection molding of plastic waste. This technology will then be used to explore how the ability to locally remanufacture marine plastic waste can impact remote coastal communities in BC. Figure 1d shows a City-of-Vancouver and CityStudio based project that addressed the twin issues of urban heat islands and the lack of sheltered gathering spaces in Vancouver's downtown eastside. Students conceived, designed, fabricated, and presented proposals. The winning entry is to be built by students and the community for $40,000. Figure 1e depicts a 100% recyclable, laser-cut lighting kit that can be made for under $20, and be sold assembled, given away as a kit, or shared online as a set of instructions. List of Langara's Makerspace equipment is presented in Table 3. Free workshops are organized throughout the year to introduce students to the operation of makerspace equipment such as laser cutters, 3D printers, the CNC router, and the vinyl cutter. More information on the makerspace can be found: https://iweb.langara.bc.ca/makerspace/. Figure 1c displays a complete museum exhibition of the Prudhomme family archive of Canadian historical artifacts. Students and faculty from across disciplines created the entire exhibition (graphics, text, translations, events, and a number of "artifacts") for this national exhibition. The exhibition examined the fluid nature of "truth" and the place of credulity within an artificially-constructed narrative. Figure 1d shows a City-of-Vancouver and CityStudio based project that addressed the twin issues of urban heat islands and the lack of sheltered gathering spaces in Vancouver's downtown eastside. Students conceived, designed, fabricated, and presented proposals. The winning entry is to be built by students and the community for $40,000. Figure 1e depicts a 100% recyclable, laser-cut lighting kit that can be made for under $20, and be sold assembled, given away as a kit, or shared online as a set of instructions.
List of Langara's Makerspace equipment is presented in Table 3. Free workshops are organized throughout the year to introduce students to the operation of makerspace equipment such as laser cutters, 3D printers, the CNC router, and the vinyl cutter. More information on the makerspace can be found: https://iweb.langara.bc.ca/makerspace/.

Group Projects
Cooperative project-based learning (CPBL) improves students' technical and design knowledge. It also helps develop many soft skills, including independence, accountability, interpersonal and teamwork skills, project management, problem-solving, and self-assessment [52]. Many of the projects are selected based on the mixed-ability maker culture which entails making useful things for people with disabilities [30]. In CPSC 1090, students were assigned practical real-life projects based on projects proposed by Tetra Society of North America (https://www.tetrasociety.org/)-a volunteer-based organization focusing on finding solutions to overcome environmental barriers faced by people with disabilities. In APSC 1010 and CPSC 1490, students are also encouraged to define their own projects with the appropriate guidance from the instructor based on a real-life problem. The following steps are applied by the project teams in the engineering design process [ Iterate and Improve.
Students in APSC 1010, CPSC 1090 and CPSC 1490 apply three stages for the group projects.

Team Forming and Project Selection
In both APSC 1010 and CPSC 1490 team formation is done through self-selection, based on the students' knowledge of each other's educational background, specialized knowledge, and skills. Conversely, as CPSC 1090 mimics a real-world design project within an existing engineering company, students are randomly assigned to their groups. This creates opportunities to build teamwork, collaboration, and interpersonal skills. Random assignment also helps ensure comparable groups and minimizes the influence of individual characteristics, such as previous experience with the CAD program. Ideally, all three courses would assign students based on their interests and skillsets. This will be implemented shortly in all three courses [53].

Progress Reports and Makerspace Meetings
The teams are expected to meet on a weekly basis to discuss problem-solving methodologies. Instructor input is offered when necessary to provide research literature and differing points of view. To avoid poor performance due to dysfunctional teams, progress reports and peer evaluation techniques are utilized. In the last four weeks of the course, students have access to Langara College's Makerspace which expands experiential learning opportunities and allows students to gain a skillset outside of the traditional classroom.

Final Presentation and Evaluation
At the end of the term, groups deliver a 15-min PowerPoint presentation to the class followed by five minutes of questions. In this presentation, students explain the design processes and challenges in order to defend their design choices. Work division, time-management, and budget are also discussed in detail. Then, they show a demo of their final prototype to the class.

Peer Evaluation
Each team member completes a scoring matrix, rating every team member's total contributions to the project. These matrices are averaged amongst all team members and used to weight the project mark according to individual contributions. The criteria for peer evaluation are:

1.
Punctuality and regular attendance in group meetings; 2.
Meaningful contributions to group discussions; 3.
Completing group assignments on time; 4.
Preparing work in a quality manner; 5.
Demonstrating a cooperative and supportive attitude; 6. Significant contributions to the success of the assignment.

Student Projects
In APSC 1010 and CPSC 1490 project teams select an open-ended topic of their own interest with achievable goals. The instructor provides the necessary research resources and guides the groups in tailoring their topics so that the work is authentic, based on real-life problems, low-budget, and challenging. Teams propose their topic in a presentation to receive feedback from their peers and the instructor [49].
Students used the makerspace as a location for their group meeting and they utilized different available equipment such as 2D and 3D printers, laser and vinyl cutters, Arduino and Raspberry-Pi microcontrollers, electric circuitry, sensors and actuators, and metal/woodwork hand tools. Moreover, makerspace provided an effective training environment through mentor supervision, formal workshop sessions, and informal peer education. Figure 2 shows some of the project results delivered for APSC 1010 and CPSC 1490. Each team member completes a scoring matrix, rating every team member's total contributions to the project. These matrices are averaged amongst all team members and used to weight the project mark according to individual contributions. The criteria for peer evaluation are: 1. Punctuality and regular attendance in group meetings; 2. Meaningful contributions to group discussions; 3. Completing group assignments on time; 4. Preparing work in a quality manner; 5. Demonstrating a cooperative and supportive attitude; 6. Significant contributions to the success of the assignment.

Student Projects
In APSC 1010 and CPSC 1490 project teams select an open-ended topic of their own interest with achievable goals. The instructor provides the necessary research resources and guides the groups in tailoring their topics so that the work is authentic, based on real-life problems, low-budget, and challenging. Teams propose their topic in a presentation to receive feedback from their peers and the instructor [49].
Students used the makerspace as a location for their group meeting and they utilized different available equipment such as 2D and 3D printers, laser and vinyl cutters, Arduino and Raspberry-Pi microcontrollers, electric circuitry, sensors and actuators, and metal/woodwork hand tools. Moreover, makerspace provided an effective training environment through mentor supervision, formal workshop sessions, and informal peer education. Figure 2 shows some of the project results delivered for APSC 1010 and CPSC 1490. Arduino-based coaster, (c) Kerbal space game controller, (d) Smart glove prototype for the physically impaired [55], (e) Pedal powered electric generator, (f) Electricity generation using Peltier tile, (g) Prototype for automatic blind opener, (h) Turn-signal bike jacket prototype, (i) Wind turbine prototype, (j) Origami-inspired portable solar panel [56], and (k) Solar-tree prototype.  [55], (e) Pedal powered electric generator, (f) Electricity generation using Peltier tile, (g) Prototype for automatic blind opener, (h) Turn-signal bike jacket prototype, (i) Wind turbine prototype, (j) Origami-inspired portable solar panel [56], and (k) Solar-tree prototype.
In CPSC 1090, a representative from the project partner (Tetra Society) is also invited to attend the presentations and test the final product (see Figure 3 for the cup holder project testing). The feedback from the stakeholder is well received by the students, and leads to discussions about potential improvement and optimization of the proposed solution. Work division, time-management, and budget are also discussed among the students in detail.
Educ. Sci. 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 16 In CPSC 1090, a representative from the project partner (Tetra Society) is also invited to attend the presentations and test the final product (see Figure 3 for the cup holder project testing). The feedback from the stakeholder is well received by the students, and leads to discussions about potential improvement and optimization of the proposed solution. Work division, time-management, and budget are also discussed among the students in detail.  Table 4 presents a list of projects completed by APSC 1010 and CPSC 1490 students. Although recent studies question the adequacy of Student Evaluation of Teaching (SET) as a solo measure of teaching effectiveness, SET scores are still the most common evaluation method. Research shows that to improve the efficiency of SET, students' comments should be considered carefully in the review process in parallel with classroom observations [57]. Utilization of shorter surveys and communication of changes implemented based on student feedback are two motivators for higher student participation in SET [58]. Averages in smaller samples/scales are more susceptible to misleading results than averages in larger samples/scales [59]. To evaluate the effectiveness of using makerspace and group projects, anonymous voluntary surveys were conducted at the end of both courses. These surveys consisted of a series of close-ended questions asking the students, on a scale of 0 to 10, to what extent they agreed with a set of fixed statements. The surveys provide additional measures for evaluating the effectiveness of makerspace in addition to final projects quality and students' participation monitored by the instructors. Tables 5 and 6 show the questions and the percentage of students providing a number greater than or equal to 7. More comprehensive results including number of participants, average, and standard deviation are provided in Figures 4 and 5. The results confirm the effectiveness of these courses in achieving its goals. This process also verifies how project-based courses and the use of the makerspace solidified engineering concepts for students.   Table 4 presents a list of projects completed by APSC 1010 and CPSC 1490 students. Although recent studies question the adequacy of Student Evaluation of Teaching (SET) as a solo measure of teaching effectiveness, SET scores are still the most common evaluation method. Research shows that to improve the efficiency of SET, students' comments should be considered carefully in the review process in parallel with classroom observations [57]. Utilization of shorter surveys and communication of changes implemented based on student feedback are two motivators for higher student participation in SET [58]. Averages in smaller samples/scales are more susceptible to misleading results than averages in larger samples/scales [59]. To evaluate the effectiveness of using makerspace and group projects, anonymous voluntary surveys were conducted at the end of both courses. These surveys consisted of a series of close-ended questions asking the students, on a scale of 0 to 10, to what extent they agreed with a set of fixed statements. The surveys provide additional measures for evaluating the effectiveness of makerspace in addition to final projects quality and students' participation monitored by the instructors. Tables 5 and 6 show the questions and the percentage of students providing a number greater than or equal to 7. More comprehensive results including number of participants, average, and standard deviation are provided in Figures 4 and 5. The results confirm the effectiveness of these courses in achieving its goals. This process also verifies how project-based courses and the use of the makerspace solidified engineering concepts for students.        79.5% Q4. The labs and makerspace provide an appropriate environment for this course.

Conclusions
This paper provides a review on the history and benefits of makerspace and the maker culture in postgraduate studies with a focus on engineering disciplines. Different considerations in makerspace are discussed and different forms of the makerspaces are briefly introduced.
Three project-based courses offered as part of Langara's two-year engineering diploma program ("APSC 1010-Engineering and Technology in Society", "CPSC 1090-Engineering Graphics", and "CPSC 1490-Applications of Microcontrollers) and their group project component are introduced in detail. The paper then demonstrates how the use of makerspaces can potentially improve students' experiences in these first-year engineering-design courses. Instructors observed different impacts of a makerspace on first-year engineering students such as:
Developing problem-solving and investigation skills; 3.
Providing opportunities for hands-on and technical experience; 6.
Demonstrating manufacturing/prototyping methods and the challenges/limitations involved.
Many samples of successful samples of student projects implemented at makerspace were presented. Based on instructors' observation, project qualities, and student evaluations, the makerspace and project-based courses appear to highly improve students' learning experiences in engineering courses.
Due to the fast-changing industry and increasing need to create multidisciplinary teams in the current digital economy, there is a high demand for formal and effective education of specialists and leaders [60]. Makerspace can provide a perfect environment and platform to facilitate both theoretical and practical trainings. Other prospects for using the makerspace to train instructors, technicians, managers, and entrepreneurs are under development through continuing-study programs at Langara College.
In this study, based on the quality of final projects, instructors' observations, and student evaluations, early introduction of makerspace was identified as a promising factor to improve students' active learning throughout an engineering program. Since Langara's Makerspace has been in operation only since 2017, the statistical data verifying its role in improving engineering students' retention is not available at the moment. As a future novel work, the statistical data gathered from different institutions throughout several years can be utilized to analyze the impacts of makerspace in students' retention, GPAs, and successful graduation.
Author Contributions: P.T. was the instructor for APSC 1010 and CPSC 1490, and he wrote the original draft of this paper; P.R. is the manager of Langara College makerspace and he wrote the Section 3.2 of this paper; S.M. was the instructor for CPSC 1090 and she wrote the corresponding Sections 3.1 and 4.3 of this paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research received no external funding.