Verification of the Field Productivity of Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC. Developed Through Optimized In Vitro Culture Method

Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC is a perennial plant belonging to the family Scropulariidae. The root of R. glutinosa is used in oriental medicine and mainly grown using rootstock rather than seed cultivation, which gives rise to several problems including root rot, and results in a low productivity and poor quality. To solve the challenges involved in R. glutinosa seed cultivation, our team previously used the formative features and genetic analysis of R. glutinosa to determine the optimal in vitro tissue culture conditions for producing sterile culture seedlings and rootstocks of R. glutinosa. The aim of the present study was to identify differences between R. glutinosa standard rootstock seedlings (SR), R. glutinosa culture rootstock seedlings (CR), and culture seedlings (CS) under field conditions. The reproductive characteristics of the aerial part were more robust while the area and length of leaves were smaller for SR than those for CR and CS. The characteristic that differed the most in SR was flowering, which did not occur in CR and CS. In addition, the fresh and dry weights of the subterranean parts of CR and CS were two-fold greater than those of SR. Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) analysis showed only slight differences between the chemical constituents of SR and its culture products, which was confirmed by measuring the content of catalpol, an indexing substance. Catalpol had a reduced content in the culture products compared to SR. However, this difference was not significant. Our findings will be useful for the identification of the best seedling type of R. glutinosa to enable its mass production.

was to compare the growth characteristics of R. glutinosa plants in the field cultivated using the method developed by Kang et al. [21] and R. glutinosa existing currently in the market to compare the productivity of the medicinal parts of the plants. Additional experiments were conducted to analyze the medicinal components of R. glutinosa. The results presented in this study will provide a verifiable strategy for the mass production of the medicinal plant R. glutinosa in the field.

Aerial Part
By comparing the growth characteristics of the aerial parts of the SR, CR, and CS, R. glutinosa seedlings cultivated over a period of three months, only SR seedlings flowered ( Figure 1). First, we observed that the number of leaves for SR (47.4 on average) was significantly greater than those for CS and CR (both had 28.5 leaves on average) ( Figure 2). The width of the leaves was the highest for the CS seedlings, which averages 12.9 cm, while the width of leaves for the CR seedlings was 10.5 cm on average. The SR seedlings had the lowest length of 6.7 cm on average ( Figure 2). The leaf widths were significantly different among all seedlings. The lengths of the leaves were similar to the widths of the leaves. CS had the highest leaf width (25.8 cm on average), which was followed by CR (21.8 cm on average) and SR (15.6 cm on average). The lengths of the leaves were not significantly different between CS and CR, but the lengths of the leaves of both CS and CR showed significant differences compared to that of SR.
The rate of plant death was highest (17.6%) for CS, which was followed by CR (11.1%) and SR (8.1%) ( Table 1). The number of inflorescences was found to average 1.9 peduncle for SR, with 7.7 cm being the average length. Inflorescences and peduncles were not identified for CR or CS (Table 1).

Subterranean Part
The growth characteristics of the subterranean parts of the R. glutinosa seedlings were investigated. The subterranean part of the R. glutinosa seedlings is used in oriental medicine. The seedlings were harvested in December, which is the harvest time of R. glutinosa. The fresh and dry weight of the roots were then examined.
The average fresh weight of the subterranean part was the highest for CR (294.8 g), which was followed by that for CS (256.1 g) ( Table 2). SR had the lowest weight at 118 g. The fresh weight of the entire subterranean part was higher for CR and CS than for SR. The total dry weight of the subterranean part was also the highest for the CR seedling ( Figure 3).

Figure 2.
Comparison of the development of the aerial parts (number of leaves, leaf width, and leaf length) of three types of R. glutinosa seedlings (SR, CR, and CS). The indicated statistical differences were calculated using two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post-hoc test: * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001. N = 5.

Subterranean Part
The growth characteristics of the subterranean parts of the R. glutinosa seedlings were investigated. The subterranean part of the R. glutinosa seedlings is used in oriental medicine. The seedlings were harvested in December, which is the harvest time of R. glutinosa. The fresh and dry weight of the roots were then examined.
The average fresh weight of the subterranean part was the highest for CR (294.8 g), which was followed by that for CS (256.1 g) ( Table 2). SR had the lowest weight at 118 g. The fresh weight of the entire subterranean part was higher for CR and CS than for SR. The total dry weight of the subterranean part was also the highest for the CR seedling ( Figure 3). The length of the R. glutinosa tuberous root was found to be the highest for SR, while CS was found to have the shortest root length. Statistical differences were only significant between SR and CS root lengths ( Figure 4). The fresh weight of the tuberous root was highest for CR seedlings, while SR seedlings had the lowest weight. The dry weight of the tuberous root was found to be proportional to the fresh weight. The surface area of the tuberous root was the highest for CR (46 cm 2 ). The second The length of the R. glutinosa tuberous root was found to be the highest for SR, while CS was found to have the shortest root length. Statistical differences were only significant between SR and CS root lengths ( Figure 4). The fresh weight of the tuberous root was highest for CR seedlings, while SR seedlings had the lowest weight. The dry weight of the tuberous root was found to be proportional to the fresh weight. The surface area of the tuberous root was the highest for CR (46 cm 2 ). The second highest area was measured for CS at 39.6 cm 2 . SR was found to have the lowest surface area among the three seedling types with an average surface area of 30.3 cm 2 ( Table 2). The length of the R. glutinosa tuberous root was found to be the highest for SR, while CS was found to have the shortest root length. Statistical differences were only significant between SR and CS root lengths ( Figure 4). The fresh weight of the tuberous root was highest for CR seedlings, while SR seedlings had the lowest weight. The dry weight of the tuberous root was found to be proportional to the fresh weight. The surface area of the tuberous root was the highest for CR (46 cm 2 ). The second highest area was measured for CS at 39.6 cm 2 . SR was found to have the lowest surface area among the three seedling types with an average surface area of 30.3 cm 2 ( Table 2).

Multivariate Statistical Analysis and Component Analysis Using FT-NIR and LC/MS (Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry)
To use the roots of two types of R. glutinosa plants (CR and CS) developed through tissue culture under optimized conditions (hormones, etc.) as raw materials for the preparation of drugs, the identification of the raw materials was required to determine the differences between existing CS in circulation and CS developed using the cultivation method developed by us. Using Fourier Transform Near-Infrared Spectrometer (FT-NIR), the result of the Bioequivalence Test was verified. The FT-NIR analysis results showed the same pattern for the peaks of three types of seedlings (SR, CR, and CS) ( Figure 5C).
The three R. glutinosa seedling types were investigated for drug equivalence validation by identifying their chemical profiles using LC/MS analysis. In particular, the main bioactive component, catalpol, was assessed ( Figure 5A,B). Each sample was extracted using 70% MeOH with reflux to obtain a crude MeOH extract, which was analyzed by LC/MS analysis to determine the chemical profile. The LC/MS analysis of the extracts demonstrated that the chemical profiles of the four tested extracts were very similar ( Figure 5D). Catalpol was detected in a UV chromatogram obtained through LC/MS performed at 254 nm and 315 nm. The similarity between the chemical profiles determined through LC/MS analysis indicated the drug equivalence of the three types of R. glutinosa seedlings.
reflux to obtain a crude MeOH extract, which was analyzed by LC/MS analysis to determine the chemical profile. The LC/MS analysis of the extracts demonstrated that the chemical profiles of the four tested extracts were very similar ( Figure 5D). Catalpol was detected in a UV chromatogram obtained through LC/MS performed at 254 nm and 315 nm. The similarity between the chemical profiles determined through LC/MS analysis indicated the drug equivalence of the three types of R. glutinosa seedlings. To determine the catalpol concentrations reliably for the three seedling types, a calibration curve was plotted for catalpol. A range of five concentrations was used in triplicate to obtain a regression equation and to assess the response linearity (R 2 ), limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). Linearity was evaluated by determining the R 2 value from the equation obtained by the measurement of peak areas at five serially diluted concentrations. The LOD and LOQ were also sufficiently low (Table 3). By analyzing the MeOH extracts of the three seedling types of R. glutinosa, the levels of catalpol in the seedlings were determined to have the following order: SR (16.88 µg/mL) > CR (13.21 µg/mL) > CS (8.83 µg/mL). The quantity of catalpol in SR was relatively higher than that in CR. To determine the catalpol concentrations reliably for the three seedling types, a calibration curve was plotted for catalpol. A range of five concentrations was used in triplicate to obtain a regression equation and to assess the response linearity (R 2 ), limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). Linearity was evaluated by determining the R 2 value from the equation obtained by the measurement of peak areas at five serially diluted concentrations. The LOD and LOQ were also sufficiently low (Table 3). By analyzing the MeOH extracts of the three seedling types of R. glutinosa, the levels of catalpol in the seedlings were determined to have the following order: SR (16.88 µg/mL) > CR (13.21 µg/mL) > CS (8.83 µg/mL). The quantity of catalpol in SR was relatively higher than that in CR. x, concentration of the standard (µg/mL); a R 2 , correlation coefficient for 5 data points in the calibration curves (n = 3); b LOD, limit of detection (S/N = 3); c LOQ, limit of quantification (S/N = 10); d Mean ± SD (n = 3).

Discussion
Our research team has previously published a research paper on the establishment of optimized organizational culture conditions for R. glutinosa seedlings [21]. Using the CS and CR seedlings developed under optimized hormone conditions determined in this previous study, in the current paper, we carried out comparative experiments on biomass amplification of the medicinal parts and plant growth characteristics of SR currently being grown in the field. The technology for mass production through tissue incubation of R. glutinosa involves regeneration plants using the adventitious root. The cultivation of R. glutinosa seedlings using a bio-reactor has already been carried out in previous studies [22,23].
Comparing the growth characteristics of the aerial parts of three R. glutinosa seedling types, SR, CR, and CS, a greater number of leaves was observed for SR compared to those for CS and CR. However, we were able to clearly observe with the naked eye that the surface areas of the leaves of CS and CR were significantly larger than those of the leaves of SR. The area and number of the leaves of a plant are closely related to its photosynthesis efficiency. An increased photosynthesis efficiency has a significant effect on plant root development [24,25]. Photosynthesis is a very important process, especially for medicinal crops like R. glutinosa, since the subterranean part of these plants, and not the aerial part, is used as the medicinal material. Plant growth hormones play an important role in the development of plants. Auxin and cytokinin, which are two of the major plant growth hormones (PGR), are known to be involved in cell division, expansion, and differentiation. For CR and CS, plants obtained through an in vitro culture of seedlings at the optimal hormone concentrations [26][27][28] established by our research team, the areas of the leaves were larger than those of leaves produced by plants obtained through an in vitro culture of SR currently used in the field (Figure 2). Auxin is known to induce plant vascular differentiation [29]. It is believed that leaves with increased levels of auxin develop more fascicular tissue, which increases physiological activity, such as active photosynthesis, which affects the development of the leaf area. As a result, it is believed that the development of subterranean roots may also have been affected by an increase in auxin in the seedling culture medium. According to early studies on the flowering of plants in the presence of light, the factor that induces flowering moves from the leaves to the top of the plant. This factor is a hormone known as florigen. However, despite decades of research, it is yet to be fully characterized. It is a common belief that flowering is caused by the interactions among various hormones. The most prominent morphological feature of SR, CR, and CS was that, for the R. glutinosa seedlings of the CR and CS types cultivated at optimized hormone concentrations, we found that the corresponding field plants did not flower ( Figure 1 and Table 1). This phenomenon is closely related to auxin, which is a plant hormone. However, auxin is known to not be involved in the promotion of flowering. Rather, treatment with auxin inhibits the formation of flowers [30,31]. However, the suppression of blooms is thought to be a secondary effect, involving the induction of ethylene production by auxin in some cases. For example, in pineapples, it has been reported that flowering time can be adjusted by treating plants with auxin and ethylene [32]. Therefore, when CR and CS are grown in the field, auxin suppresses blooming. Flowering anthesis is a very important part of harvesting R. glutinosa for medicinal use. The stalks of flowers that form during the blooming season make the harvesting of R. glutinosa more difficult since they need to be removed after harvesting. Therefore, the CR and CS developed by our research team provide the advantage of suppressed flowering, which will reduce the amount of labor and expenses involved in the harvesting of the medicinal materials of this plant.
The production of the subterranean part of R. glutinosa is very important since the root represents the medicinal part of this plant. Studies using plant hormones to increase biomass production or enlarge plant roots have also been performed for Polygoum multiflora, which is a herbal plant whose roots are also used in traditional medicine [33]. In addition, studies have been carried out on the thickening of roots by hormone processing and biomass enhancement based on sugar content [34]. Our results regarding the reproduction of R. glutinosa roots for three types of seedlings (SR, CR, and CS) are as follows. The fresh weight and dry weight of the whole subterranean part of R. glutinosa showed a two-fold increase in biomass for CR and CS compared to those for SR (Table 2). When comparing the root tubers, which is the part of the plant used as a medicinal ingredient between the seedlings, we found that the length of tubers did not differ significantly between the three seedling types. However, the fresh weight and dry weight of the root tubers for CR and CS were greater than those of the root tubers of SR. For CR, we found that the fresh and dry weights were over two-fold higher than those for SR ( Figure 4). These differences result from treatment with plant hormones. The adventitious root originates from mature cells that have re-acquired cell division activity within various tissues [33,34]. These meristematic cells develop into calyptrogen in a way that is similar to the development of cells in the lateral root. The stimulating effect of auxin, which forms adventitious roots in plants, is known to be very useful in nourishing plants. In the case of CR and CS developed under optimized in vitro culture conditions, the biomass increased due to a greater active reproduction than that of SR, which results from the effect of auxin.
The FT-NIR results showed that the R. glutinosa developed using the three types of seedlings had similar structures used as raw materials, which indicates that the roots of the R. glutinosa developed by our research team are viable for medicinal use. For the LC/MS results, the SR seedlings had the highest catalpol content due to the fact that, in most plants, secondary metabolites are highly secreted under biotic or abiotic stress conditions [35,36]. As such, the levels of catalpol in the two types of R. glutinosa seedlings (CR and CS) grown under optimal culture conditions were low. However, the difference in catalpol content was negligible. Since the bioactive components of R. glutinosa comprise not only catalpol but also verbascoside, our results will need to be verified in future studies [1,3,37]. Furthermore, high levels of catalpol could induce side effects when using the root of R. glutinosa for medicinal purposes. Thus, this needs to be taken in consideration when cultivating R. glutinosa for use in oriental medicine.
Although the results of the FT-NIR and LC/MS analyses showed a close similarity between the commercialized R. glutinosa standard rootstock seedlings (SR) and the culture rootstock seedlings (CR), our results will need to be interpreted in combination with those of previous research and possible hypotheses. Their implications and these findings are discussed in the widest context possible, such that future study directions may also be strong.
In conclusion, we found, in this case, that, when R. glutinosa CR and R. glutinosa CS, were grown in the field under in vitro culture conditions (phytohormone control, etc.), the mass production of the medicinal parts of R. glutinosa was optimized. The mass production of the subterranean parts of the CR and CS seedlings, which are used for medicinal purposes, was twice as high as that of the subterranean part of SR in circulation. The content of the indicator for the verification of bioequivalence, catalpol, was found to be lower in CR than in SR. However, the difference was not significant. In addition, the production ratios of the subterranean part were higher CR and CS than that for SR. As such, CR and CS provide an advantage in terms of reducing the amount of labor needed for obtaining R. glutinosa medicinal parts since they did not undergo stalk development. Further research involving additional field tests in different geographical regions will need to be performed. However, the results presented in this scenario provide strategical insights for the field of efficient mass-production research for the medicinal crop R. glutinosa.

Raw Materials: Plant Materials and Transplanting Conditions
The aim of this experiment was to validate the productivity of R. glutinosa (a herbal medicine resource plant) in the field. The experiments were conducted at the National Forest Medicinal Resources Research Institute located in Punggi-eup, Yeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea. Three types of seedlings, which include SR (standard rootstock seedling), CR (culture rootstock seedling), and CS (culture seedling), were grown under conditions suitable for their transplantation into the field and then into soil for 40 weeks each. The transplanted soil area was divided into three 6 m × 6 m areas. The three types of seedlings were randomly transplanted with intervals of 15 cm × 15 cm between them. The total number of transplanted plants was 40 for each type. On the first day after transplantation, the seedlings were watered to allow them to adapt to the soil. Afterward, no watering or fertilizer and pesticide treatments were given.
The intervals between plants were 15 cm, from the left to the right. The plants were harvested in November of the same year. After harvesting, the levels of production and growth conditions were determined for the SR, CR, and CS seedlings ( Figure 6). 15 cm between them. The total number of transplanted plants was 40 for each type. On the first day after transplantation, the seedlings were watered to allow them to adapt to the soil. Afterward, no watering or fertilizer and pesticide treatments were given.
The intervals between plants were 15 cm, from the left to the right. The plants were harvested in November of the same year. After harvesting, the levels of production and growth conditions were determined for the SR, CR, and CS seedlings ( Figure 6).

Characterization of R. Glutinosa Plant Growth
The growth characteristics of the aerial parts of the SR, CR, and CS R. glutinosa seedlings were investigated in July. A survey of the plant survival rates and the characteristics of flowers was conducted in September ( Figure 1). To determine the growth characteristics of the three types of R. glutinosa seedlings planted, each seedling type was divided into two parts: aerial part and subterranean part. The study of the aerial part was conducted in July two months after transplantation. In the case of the subterranean part, the study was conducted in November during the harvest season.

Assessment of the Aerial Part of R. glutinosa
For the aerial part, we examined the number of leaves, the width and length of the leaves, the number of base shoots, and the number of rhizome shoots. To determine the survival rate, the number

Characterization of R. Glutinosa Plant Growth
The growth characteristics of the aerial parts of the SR, CR, and CS R. glutinosa seedlings were investigated in July. A survey of the plant survival rates and the characteristics of flowers was conducted in September (Figure 1). To determine the growth characteristics of the three types of R. glutinosa seedlings planted, each seedling type was divided into two parts: aerial part and subterranean part. The study of the aerial part was conducted in July two months after transplantation. In the case of the subterranean part, the study was conducted in November during the harvest season.

Assessment of the Aerial Part of R. glutinosa
For the aerial part, we examined the number of leaves, the width and length of the leaves, the number of base shoots, and the number of rhizome shoots. To determine the survival rate, the number of plants that were harvested and the number of plants that were killed were investigated. The numbers of inflorescences and lengths of peduncles were also determined.

Assessment of the Subterranean Part R. glutinosa
In the subterranean part of the R. glutinosa seedlings, the length of the tuber and the fresh weight of tuberous root after harvesting were measured using a scale. The dry weights of the tuberous roots were measured after drying the harvested roots completely for three days using a dry oven at 150 • C to ensure there was no moisture in the roots. To measure the exact surface area of the root used for medicinal purposes, the root area was measured by dividing it into three parts known as SA, PA, and Vol, using WinRHIZO. The roots were spread out on a root-positioning tray and scanned using a flatbed scanner (GT-20000, EPSON, Nagano, Japan). The images obtained were analyzed using WinRHIZO Pro software, v.2005a (Regent Instruments, Quebec, QC, Canada). Lastly, the overall fresh and dry weights of the aerial and subterranean parts were measured and compared.

FT-NIR and Quality Inspection
FT-NIR spectra were recorded on a TANGO FT-NIR spectrometer (BRUKER Corporation, USA) equipped with an NIR (Near-infrared) fiber-optic probe (Type 847-072200), an interferometer, an InGaAs detector, a wide band light source (50 W), and a quartz halogen to provide interactance measurements. The R. glutinosa samples were placed on a holder, which ensures the stem-calyx axis was horizontal. For each sample, the interactance spectrum was measured for three opposite, equatorial positions, and the averaged spectrum per sample was used for analysis. At the head of the bifurcated cable, the source and detector fibers were placed randomly. Light was guided to the sample using source fibers and, from the sample, using detector fibers to a Tango FT-NIR spectrometer with a spectral range of 800-2500 nm. The mirror velocity was 0.9494 cm s −1 and the resolution was 16 cm −1 in this experiment. To avoid surface reflectance and guarantee subsurface penetration of the light into the R. glutinosa samples, the bifurcated optical probe was placed at a 75 • angle to the level.

Extraction
The extracts obtained from the R. glutinosa standard rootstock (SR) (5.0 g), R. glutinosa culture seedlings (CS) (5.0 g), and R. glutinosa culture rootstock seedlings (CR) (5.0 g) were used for the LC/MS analysis. Each of the samples was ground and extracted using 70% MeOH, refluxed for 90 min, and filtered. The resultant solution was then filtered using Whatman filter no. 1 and concentrated under a vacuum with reduced pressure at 40 • C and 55 rpm using EYELA N-1200B (Tokyo Rikakikai Co. Ltd., Japan) in an efficient rotary evaporator to obtain the MeOH extract. This extract was subsequently used for LC/MS analysis.

LC/MS Analysis for Drug Equivalence Validation
LC/MS analysis was performed on an Agilent 1200 Series analytical system equipped with a photodiode array detector integrated with a 6130 Series electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometer. Each crude extract of the samples (1.0 mg) was first dissolved in 50% aqueous methanol solution (1.0 mL) before adding additional methanol to make the total volume up to 100 µg/mL. The solution was then filtered using a 0.45-mm hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter. The resultant filtrate was analyzed using an LC/MS with a Kinetex C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 5 µm, Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA) at 25 • C. Formic acid in water [0.1% (v/v)] (A) and methanol (B) were used as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min based on a programmed gradient elution of 10-90% (B) for a duration of 30 min, which was followed by 100% (B) for 1 min, 100% (B) isocratic for 10 min, and 10% (B) isocratic for 10 min for post-run column reconditioning.

Quantitative Analysis of Catalpol
The detection of catalpol was analyzed using an LC/MS, Agilent 1200 Series analytical system equipped with a photodiode array detector, and a 6130 Series ESI mass spectrometer. The calibration curve and linear regression equation were generated using an external standard of catalpol. A standard stock solution of catalpol was prepared in MeOH at 1.0 mg/mL. The working solutions were composed of a mixture of the stock solution after serial dilutions with methanol, which results in five solutions with varying concentrations. The working solutions were then filtered through a 0.45-mm hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene filter prior to LC/MS injection. Linearity was plotted through linear regression analysis using the integrated peak areas (Y) against the concentration of each standard (X, µg/mL) at five serial dilution concentrations. The crude MeOH extract (1.0 mg) of the R. glutinosa seedlings was dissolved in MeOH (1.0 mL), which generates the sample stock solution, and was further diluted with MeOH to provide a solution of 100 µg/mL. The solution was filtered through a 0.45-mm hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene filter and, lastly, LC/MS analyzes the solution using a Kinetex C18 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 5 µm, Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA) at 25 • C. The mobile phase consisted of formic acid in water [0.1% (v/v)] (A) and methanol (B), which was delivered at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min using the following programmed gradient elution: 10-90% (B) for 30 min, 100% (B) for 1 min, 100% (B) isocratic for 10 min, and 10% (B) isocratic for 10 min for the post-run reconditioning of the column. The injection volume was 10 µL. The quantification of catalpol was based on the peak area obtained through mass spectrometry (MS) detection in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode and catalpol levels were calculated as equivalents of the standard. Content was expressed as micrograms per 1 mg of extract weight. Sensitivity was assessed by determining the LOD and LOQ. LOD and LOQ were determined using the signal-to-noise (S/N) method, where 3 and 10 were used as S/N ratios for LOD and LOQ.

Data Recording and Statistical Analysis
Data were subjected to analysis of variance and mean separation at a significance level of p = 0.05 with ANOVA and Bonferroni's post-hoc test using GraphPad Prism (GraphPad software, Ver. 5. 03) and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) statistics (IBM Corporation, V. 20.0 Armonk, NY, USA).

Conclusions
In conclusion, we found here, that when R. glutinosa CR and R. glutinosa CS were grown in the field under in vitro culture conditions (phytohormone control, etc.), the mass production of the medicinal parts of R. glutinosa was optimized. The mass production of the subterranean parts of the CR and CS seedlings, which are used for medicinal purposes, was twice as high as that of the subterranean part of SR in circulation. The content of the indicator for the verification of bioequivalence, catalpol, was found to be lower in CR than in SR. However, the difference was not significant. In addition, the production ratios of the subterranean part were higher CR and CS than that for SR. As such, CR and CS provide an advantage in terms of reducing the amount of labor needed for obtaining R. glutinosa medicinal parts since they did not undergo stalk development. Further research involving additional field tests in different geographical regions will need to be performed. However, the results presented in this case provide strategical insights for the field of efficient mass-production research for the medicinal crop R. glutinosa.