Two New Nepenthes Species from the Philippines and an Emended Description of Nepenthes ramos

With 50 species of the genus Nepenthes L. currently described from the Philippines, it is without doubt that the country, along with the islands of Sumatra (Indonesia) and Borneo (Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei), should be considered the center of diversity of the genus. In this work, we describe two new species. One species, N. aenigma sp. nov., is from Ilocos Norte province on Luzon Island and has the—for Nepenthes—unusual ecological preference to grow in dense vegetation in deep shade. The other new species is from Mount Hamiguitan in Davao Oriental province on Mindanao Island. With this new entry, Mount Hamiguitan is now home to four endemic species (N. peltata, N. micramphora, N. hamiguitanensis, N. justinae sp. nov.). Furthermore, we provide an emended description of N. ramos based on field data. Nepenthes kurata is synonymized here with N. ramos.


Introduction
The past few years have seen the description of several new Nepenthes species from the Philippines, thanks largely to expeditions undertaken in the last decade ( [1,2] and references therein). Most of the species described were from the islands of Palawan and Mindanao, which perhaps reflected how little was known about the Nepenthes flora of the Philippine archipelago. The other large island, Luzon, has mainly been passed over, first and foremost due to the long-standing belief that only two species exist there viz. N. alata and N. ventricosa, despite the presence of many habitats and substrate types suitable for Nepenthes. However, recent years have witnessed a number of new species descriptions, most of them exclusively based on herbarium material collected over a span of several decades [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Importantly, the taxonomic concept of N. alata was revised. Based on this concept, N. alata is a pubescent species with one-flowered partial peduncles, which is restricted to Luzon. The resurrected N. graciliflora is the glabrous counterpart with a wider distribution [3].
In 2013, Martin Cheek and Matthew Jebb described N. alzapan from material collected by Maximo Ramos and Gregorio Edaño on Mt. Alzapan, Tayabas (now Quirino) in June 1925 [4], and N. ultra from specimens collected by Ridsdale in Zambales in 1986 [5]. Furthermore, they resurrected N. blancoi as N. abalata [6]. While the herbarium material of N. alzapan and the recently described N. barcelonae [7] Plants 2016, 5, 23 2 of 15 display clear characteristics enabling them to be recognized as distinct species, several new taxa from the Visayas and particularly Mindanao were diagnosed based on minor morphological characteristics (pitcher shape, lid shape and size, shape of the indumentum, etc.) that make identification in the field rather difficult. The description of N. ramos [8] is one of the most comprehensive of the new species on Mindanao, as the sheets contain both pitchers and flowers. Nepenthes ramos differs from N. alata and N. graciliflora in having two-flowered partial peduncles. Some other descriptions of species from Mindanao like those of N. kurata, N. extincta or N. cid are based on incomplete herbarium specimens lacking flowers or even characteristical pitchers that allow the identification of the respective species in the field. Intermediate pitchers that are only formed for a brief period of time (N. extincta) or (presumably) juvenile pitchers (N. cid) were considered instead [9,10]. The ecology of the respective localities was not assessed based on field data.
We provide in the herein presented work an emended description of N. ramos. Based on data recorded in the field, we show that N. ramos is a very variable species and synonymize N. kurata under it as the characteristics that were used to describe this species fell in the natural variability of N. ramos.
Furthermore, we describe two new species based on field research, namely N. aenigma, a new species from Luzon, and N. justinae from the world heritage site Mount Hamiguitan (Mindanao). Differs from Nepenthes ventricosa Blanco in having cylindrical, winged and dimorphic pitchers, linear to elliptic lamina and 2-flowered partial peduncles (N. ventricosa: pitchers waisted at the middle, wings reduced to ridges, long and narrow lamina, inflorescense with 1-flowered partial peduncles).

A New Pitcher Plant Species from Luzon
Nepenthes aenigma was previously documented as an incompletely diagnosed taxon under the name N. sp. "Luzon" [11].

Description:
A terrestrial, climbing vine. Stems up to 5 m long, glabrous, terete to triangular in transection, 5 to 6 mm in diameter; internodes are up to 5 cm in length. There are dormant buds situated 3 to 5 mm above each leaf base. The vining stems produce short stems formed above the ground, which produce traps nested or buried in leaf litter. Aged stems eventually die off at the tips but the growing point is taken up by aerial shoots which sprout from the aforementioned dormant buds and which grow rapidly and produce traps. One of the photographs originally taken from these plants, taken at the time of the discovery of the species, clearly shows this behavior [11].
Leaves are sessile, linear to ensiform with rounded to acute apices. They are up to 19 cm long by 5.4 cm wide and with 3 to 4 nerves on either side of the midrib; bases are strongly decurrent to the stems where they form narrow wings.
Lower pitchers are unknown. Intermediate pitchers originate abruptly from the tendril, which is at the side or the rear of the pitcher. Tendrils are 35 cm long, uncoiled and approx. 2 mm in diameter. The intermediate pitchers are barrel-shaped though the profile is slightly more elongated on those that are not buried in leaf litter. They are entirely cylindrical in transection and without a hip. They are 11.7-15.9 cm high by 4.1-6 cm in diameter. Wings are 4.5 mm wide with fringes often branched and measuring up to 4.85 mm long. The pitcher opening is circular and oblique to an angle of about 40 degrees when viewed from the sides. The lid is 41-48 mm long by 37-41 mm wide and has a cordate base. Lid glands are oblong, without borders and arranged in a V-like manner. The peristome is rounded in transection, up to 7 mm wide from the front of the mouth to 8.5 mm in breadth near the lid. Beneath the lid, the peristome is appressed to form a short neck. Peristome ribs are 0.5 mm high and spaced 0.8 mm apart. Inner edges of ribs end in downward pointing teeth up to 0.8 mm long from those near the lid but shorter elsewhere. Outer peristome margins are curved and slightly crenellated. The spur is 2.5 mm long and bifid at the tips.
Upper pitchers originate rather abruptly from the tendrils but less so than those in intermediate pitchers; they are cylindrical and slightly curved forward with the bases widely infundibular; 7.1 to 11 cm high by about 3 cm wide near the pitcher mouth. The peristome is somewhat flattened, 4.7 mm wide and broadening to 6.2 mm near the lid. Peristome ribs are 0.5 mm high and spaced 0.7 mm apart. Inner margins bear barely discernible teeth; outer margins are only moderately curled and only sparsely crenellated. The pitcher opening is circular and oblique to 30 degrees from the horizontal. The lid is oblong with cordate base, hardly keeled beneath, lacks an appendage and is 29 mm long and 25 mm wide. Lid glands are more numerous near the lid base, crateriform but very tiny. Wings are 2.4 mm wide with filaments up to 2.9 mm long, end abruptly at 2 {3 to 7 {8 of the pitcher length and as such do not reach the pitcher mouth. Higher up, the wings are reduced to narrow ridges. Sometimes, these wings are not symmetrical, one wing being markedly longer than the other one on the same pitcher. The spur is simple and 1.8 mm long. Tendrils are twice coiled.
The inflorescence develops from the axils, sub-terminal on stem. The male inflorescences measure 15-30 cm with mostly two-flowered partial peduncles. It is pubescent with flowers 6-9 mm in diameter; the pedicel is 6-8 mm long. Four tepals are present with elliptic apex and acute bases to 5 mm long; staminal column 4-5 mm long. Female flowers have an elliptic corolla, with bases and apices acute. Four pistils are present with fused apices, being white in color. The infructescence is unknown.
Indumentum is not significantly present; the plant is mostly glabrous, but short (0.35 mm), brown hairs are found on undeveloped traps and their subtending tendrils. In opened pitchers, indumentum is confined to the spur.
The color of the stems is bright green to dark reddish; the leaves are green with green midribs adaxially, green to red abaxially. Intermediate pitchers are pale green with elongated vertical dark red spots that often coalesce into larger blotches and which are densest underneath the lid. Lids are pale green with numerous tiny red spots that are mostly distributed on the margins. The peristome is cream to reddish, less commonly dark red, on those traps that form on the ground but is green with dark red suffusion on aerial pitchers. Upper pitchers are entirely green. Tendrils of intermediate pitchers are colored red, and green on the upper traps.
The morphological characteristics of N. aenigma and its related species are summarized in Table 1. Figure 1 shows a botanical illustration of N. aenigma. Photos of the species at the type locality are shown in Figure 2.

Etymology:
The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word aenigma, which means "puzzling", a reference to the very unusual ecological preferences of this new taxon. (see Sections 2.1.2 and 3).

. Distribution and Ecology
Nepenthes aenigma is so far only known from three sites on two mountains in Ilocos Norte Province, island of Luzon. Site 1 and 2 are only some 100 m apart on the same mountain, with unfragmented surrounding vegetation. Site 3 is located on another mountain 10 km apart.
Nepenthes aenigma grows terrestrially in leaf litter at altitudes ca. 1200 m a.s.l. in deep shade in windswept ravines. The vegetation where the observed populations occur consists mostly of dense stands of bamboo, interspersed with various species of rattan and Pandanus. The vining plants have been seen to scramble and climb over these often spiny plants ( Figure 2D), but were not seen to direct their growing tips and reach for brighter light. A mossy forest formation is absent despite the elevation in which this new Nepenthes occurs. This new taxon grows sympatrically with N. ventricosa, at least on Site 1, but separated by a narrow band of altitude, the latter often growing at slightly higher elevations. The plants from Site 2 have not been observed to grow sympatrically with other Nepenthes species. The single plant from Site 3 may be a representative of a larger population still awaiting discovery, and its flowering period is so far unknown. The mountain range in which these two species occur is quite extensive; the Northwesterniana Expeditions led by MC in the past years have tried to fill our gap in the knowledge of our plants in the area, but a sizable portion of the range remains little explored. Prey contents of the pitchers consisted mostly of ants, although unidentified spiders and roaches in advanced stages of decomposition were also noted. The traps also hosted unidentified mosquito larvae.

Conservation Notes
Only five plants were observed on Site 1 in 2013, all of which were in their vining stages. The plants are extremely difficult to locate due to their preference for dense vegetation, and the two mountains on which they have been found are seldom climbed, even by locals or mountaineers. Even so, we are reluctant to reveal the name of the peaks as an added precaution against poaching.
All plants from Site 1 observed in 2015 were males, and no seedling plants were observed, even in 2013. This fact, coupled with the very low population density perhaps points to a natural extinction of this species on this site. Site 2 consisted of two very small populations, and Site 3 yielded a single plant.
Based from the very low number of plants found, it is easy to assess N. aenigma as "Critically Endangered" (CR) under IUCN [13], but it should be noted that all plants from the three known sites are not in any way threatened by poaching or habitat disturbances. Pending further population studies of this species, we recommend that N. aenigma be deemed "Data Deficient" (DD) with regards to its conservation status.  Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word aenigma, which means "puzzling", a reference to the very unusual ecological preferences of this new taxon. (see Sections 2.1.2 and 3).

Distribution and Ecology
Nepenthes aenigma is so far only known from three sites on two mountains in Ilocos Norte Province, island of Luzon. Site 1 and 2 are only some 100 m apart on the same mountain, with unfragmented surrounding vegetation. Site 3 is located on another mountain 10 km apart.
Nepenthes aenigma grows terrestrially in leaf litter at altitudes ca. 1200 m a.s.l. in deep shade in windswept ravines. The vegetation where the observed populations occur consists mostly of dense   The stem is up to 4 m long, cylindrical in transection, 5-8 mm in diameter. The average internode length is 6 cm (might be longer in climbing stems).
Leaves of the climbing stem are elliptic to ovate, 18 cm long and 11 cm wide, with 3 equally distributed longitudinal veins on each side of the midrib and numerous pinnate veins running obliquely towards the leaf margins. The apex of the lamina is acute, the base attenuate and forming a sessile, narrowly winged petiole of 6 cm in length. Pitchers are on tendrils being up to 21 cm long. The tendrils are curled and are covered with short, brown hairs, about 1 mm long.
Lower pitchers are bulbous in the lower 2 {3 and slightly infundibulate in the upper 1 { 3 . They are 9 cm long and 2.5 cm wide in the upper half and 3.5 cm wide in the lower half. The pitcher narrows slightly towards the opening. Wings run down the front of the trap, fringed with filaments up to 3 mm long and 2 mm apart. The pitcher opening is distinctively oblique, up to 2 cm wide and acuminates towards the lid. The peristome is slightly flattened, up to 0.5 cm wide, not crenelated and densely lined with ribs having very small conspicuous teeth at the margin. The peristome is elongated into a neck towards the lid, which is cordate and 1.5ˆ2 cm wide. Nectar glands are monomorphic and large with the largest glands located in a cluster distally to the midline, smaller glands cover approx. 60% of the lid surface. A keel, 3 mm wide, is present on the underside of the lid. The spur is 3 mm long and bifid at the tip but not completely branched.
The exterior of the lower pitchers is creamy-yellow, with narrow purple blotches. The interior of the pitcher is uniformly greenish-white and sometimes lined with angular blotches of purple. The peristome is dark red and unevenly yellow striped. The whole surface of the lower pitchers is covered with dense, very short brown hairs.
Upper pitchers are 17 cm long and 3.5 cm wide in the upper 2 {3 and 4 cm wide in the lower 1 { 3 . The lower 1 { 3 is separated by a distinct rim from the upper 2 {3 of the pitcher. The pitcher narrows slightly towards the middle section before it widens towards the oblique pitcher opening; the latter being 2.5 cm wide. Wings run down the front of the trap, fringed with filaments up to 3 mm long and 4 mm apart. The wings are sometimes reduced to ribs. The peristome is slightly flattened, up to 1 cm wide, elongated into a short collar and densely lined with ribs having no visible teeth at the margin. The lid is cordate and 3ˆ4 cm wide. A rounded appendage of 3 mm on a keel is present; the spur is 4 mm long, unbranched but is occasionally bifid at the tip. The nectar gland distribution, coloration and indumentum are consistent with the lower pitchers.
The female inflorescence is a panicle composed of a 40 cm-long scape and an additional 25 cm rachis. The partial peduncles are 2-flowered and 12 mm long. The pedicels are 10 mm long bearing flowers with 4 mm wide tepals. The male inflorescence is unknown.
Note: The given dimensions are based on the holotype specimen and of the specimens at ULM. The dimensions of the pitchers may be larger in all respects. At the type locality upper pitchers up to 25 cm large have been recorded. Dimensions of the female inflorescence were recorded from the specimen at ULM as the holotype does not contain inflorescences.
Nepenthes justinae is illustrated in Figures 3 and 4. The morphological features that separate N. justinae from N. mindanaoensis are summarized in Table 2.
branched (vs. branched in N. talaandig). Furthermore, N. talaandig is currently known only from the Pantaron range which is located about 200 kilometres north of Mt. Hamiguitan.

Distribution and Ecology
The species is only known from Mt. Hamiguitan. Nepenthes justinae grows both terrestrially in ultramafic soils and as an epiphyte. The stem usually climbs and scrambles through surrounding vegetation and into the canopy of trees and shrubs. On the Mt. Hamiguitan range, the species grows predominantly in montane forest that covers the summit area of Mt. Hamiguitan (1200 m-1620 m). Scattered specimens have also been recorded growing in ultramafic soils in the pygmy forest at about 1000 m (TG, AW, pers. observation).
Nepenthes justinae grows sympatrically with N. peltata and N. micramphora in the pygmy forest and with N. hamiguitanensis in upper montane forest. Hybrids with possible N. justinae parentage have been recorded (TG, AW, pers. observation).

Conservation Notes
The Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wild Life Sanctuary was declared a national park in 2003 and a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2014. The national park is a protected area and strong measures have been implemented to prevent unauthorized entrance in the park or poaching. Thus, all Nepenthes species of Mt. Hamiguitan are safe from habitat destruction due to surface mining or

Similarities to other species:
Nepenthes justinae belongs morphologically to the N. alata group of species. It differs from all of the species of the N. alata group in having distinct bulbous lower pitchers. The only other species from the Philippines with bulbous lower pitchers is N. talaandig [2]. Nepenthes justinae can be distinguished from N. talaandig in having lower pitchers lacking a crenellated peristome and in having upper pitchers with a distinct rim that separates the lower 1 { 3 from the upper 2 {3 of the pitcher. The lower pitchers of N. talaandig have a crenellated peristome and the upper pitchers lack the distinct rim and are overall more slender than the ones of N. justinae. The spur of N. justinae is not branched (vs. branched in N. talaandig). Furthermore, N. talaandig is currently known only from the Pantaron range which is located about 200 kilometres north of Mt. Hamiguitan.

Distribution and Ecology
The species is only known from Mt. Hamiguitan. Nepenthes justinae grows both terrestrially in ultramafic soils and as an epiphyte. The stem usually climbs and scrambles through surrounding vegetation and into the canopy of trees and shrubs. On the Mt. Hamiguitan range, the species grows predominantly in montane forest that covers the summit area of Mt. Hamiguitan (1200 m-1620 m). Scattered specimens have also been recorded growing in ultramafic soils in the pygmy forest at about 1000 m (TG, AW, pers. observation).
Nepenthes justinae grows sympatrically with N. peltata and N. micramphora in the pygmy forest and with N. hamiguitanensis in upper montane forest. Hybrids with possible N. justinae parentage have been recorded (TG, AW, pers. observation).

Conservation Notes
The Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wild Life Sanctuary was declared a national park in 2003 and a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2014. The national park is a protected area and strong measures have been implemented to prevent unauthorized entrance in the park or poaching. Thus, all Nepenthes species of Mt. Hamiguitan are safe from habitat destruction due to surface mining or agriculture for as long as the national park persists and the protective measures are enforced. However, the exact population size of N. justinae cannot be estimated since many plants grow epiphytically in tall montane forest trees. As N. justinae is endemic to Mt. Hamiguitan, it is assessed here as vulnerable (VU) applying the IUCN Redlist criteria [13]. Upper pitchers are in average 16 cm long and 3-3.5 cm wide at the base and the apex. They are constricted midway to 2.5 cm and sometimes slightly dilated towards the apex. The pitcher opening is up to 3.5 cm wide. Wings run down the front of the trap, fringed with filaments up to 3 mm long. The fringed wings are usually only developed in the upper 2 {3 to 1 {4 of the trap; otherwise wings are reduced to ribs. Wings may also be reduced to ribs throughout. The peristome is 3 mm wide, cylindrical and slightly flattened near the lid. Teeth are barely visible. The lid is ovate to orbicular (broadest at middle), sometimes slightly domed and in average 4 cm wide. In exceptional cases the lid is unusually large and extends the pitcher opening. An appendage of 2 mm on a keel is sometimes present but is mostly reduced to the keel, which is 7-10 mm long and 1-2 mm high. The spur is 9 mm long and unbranched.

An Emended Description of Nepenthes ramos Based on Field Data
The flowers have predominantly 2-flowered partial peduncles but on one inflorescence also 1-flowered peduncles can occasionally be found. Fruits are about 2.5 cm long.
The pitcher coloration is very variable; ranging from uniformly pale green over speckled (reddish-brown blotches on green ground) to entirely red.
In all other respects, the observed plants were consistent with the description given by Jebb and Cheek [8].
Note. Nepenthes ramos is a very variable species. The dimensions given above are only an average and were taken on representative plants on the volcano Mt. Hibok-Hibok (Camiguin island) that were subsequently cut for the herbarium specimens. Fully functional upper pitchers being only 5 cm long were observed (TG, pers. observation); the largest pitchers measured more than 20 cm. Lower pitchers were not recorded.
The population on Mt. Hibok-Hibok is extensive and comprises dozends if not hundreds of individuals. The habitat is undisturbed since the last eruption of the volcano that took place 65 years ago.
Morphological characteristics to distinguish N. kurata as distinct species from N. ramos are the lid size and shape, the shape and presence of fringed wings and the pitcher constriction. However, these elements are highly variable in N. ramos and thus it is impossible to distinguish N. kurata from this species in the field.
Consequently, the two species are synonymized here. The respective relevant diagnostic characters are summarized in Table 3. Figure 5 illustrates the diversity of N. ramos. Further photos of N. ramos from Mt. Malindang and Mt. Timpoong (Camiguin island) are available online [15].

Ecology and Distribution
Nepenthes ramos occupies a wide range of habitats. It can be found in open habitats on volcanic soils as well as in dense forests. The vining stem mostly climbs and scrambles through the surrounding vegetation. Usually the plants grow in dense surrounding vegetation and start to climb at a very early stage. All observed plants grew terrestrially but it is likely that the species is also capable of growing on tree branches. The taxon is widespread on Mindanao and the neighboring islands.

Discussion
Nepenthes aenigma morphologically falls within a Philippine group revolving around N. ventricosa, which in turn is included into Danser's rather loosely defined Insignes group, but is unusual in having only three to four longitudinal leaf nerves, and consistently branched fringe elements. Another remarkable trait is the predilection of the intermediate pitchers to be buried in leaf litter, an adaptation commonly interpreted in the genus as a means to more easily trap roving invertebrate prey. This Nepenthes is one of the very few species within the genus that is not known to produce lower pitchers.
The accidental discovery of this new species reveals a hitherto unknown adaptation in Nepenthes, that is, a propensity to grow in dense shade. Nepenthes rhombicaulis, N. hirsuta and especially N. ampullaria have been noted to grow in shaded localities [12] but the new taxon is unusual in favoring deeply shaded spots overgrown with vegetation. In contrast to all known species within the genus, etiolation due to shade has not been noted, and healthy and large traps are still produced even on situations where light does not appear to penetrate, irrespective of the time of day. The behavior can be interpreted as an adaptation to the very windy and rainy habitat where it grows, but its ecological preferences appear to be the most extreme known so far in any Nepenthes.

Conservation Notes
The distribution of N. ramos is widespread on Mindanao and some adjacent islands. While some habitats are periled by surface mining and agriculture (Diuata Mountains in Surigao del Norte province), others lie in protected areas or national parks (Mt. Hibok-Hibok, Mt. Malindang). It is unlikely that this species will become extinct in the near future but loss of diversity due to habitat destruction is of serious concern. Nepenthes ramos is here assessed as "Near Threatened" (NT) under IUCN Redlist criteria [13].

Discussion
Nepenthes aenigma morphologically falls within a Philippine group revolving around N. ventricosa, which in turn is included into Danser's rather loosely defined Insignes group, but is unusual in having only three to four longitudinal leaf nerves, and consistently branched fringe elements. Another remarkable trait is the predilection of the intermediate pitchers to be buried in leaf litter, an adaptation commonly interpreted in the genus as a means to more easily trap roving invertebrate prey. This Nepenthes is one of the very few species within the genus that is not known to produce lower pitchers.
The accidental discovery of this new species reveals a hitherto unknown adaptation in Nepenthes, that is, a propensity to grow in dense shade. Nepenthes rhombicaulis, N. hirsuta and especially N. ampullaria have been noted to grow in shaded localities [12] but the new taxon is unusual in favoring deeply shaded spots overgrown with vegetation. In contrast to all known species within the genus, etiolation due to shade has not been noted, and healthy and large traps are still produced even on situations where light does not appear to penetrate, irrespective of the time of day. The behavior can be interpreted as an adaptation to the very windy and rainy habitat where it grows, but its ecological preferences appear to be the most extreme known so far in any Nepenthes. This raises the odds that other Nepenthes with similar ecological predilection may still be found elsewhere.
Nepenthes aenigma is the third Nepenthes to have been described from the province of Ilocos Norte, after N. alata and N. ventricosa were described by Spanish friar Manuel Blanco in 1837 from plants found in Vintar.
Similar to N. aenigma, the herein newly described N. justinae has a very narrow distribution. However, N. justinae morphologically belongs to the large N. alata group of species. Nepenthes justinae is the fourth endemic Nepenthes of Mt. Hamiguitan beside N. peltata, N. micramphora and N. hamiguitanensis. This finding decorates Mt. Hamiguitan with the highest number of single-mountain endemic pitcher plants.
Both N. aenigma and N. justinae are described in this work based on field data that should allow for a reliable identification of these species in the field.
Many other species described recently were differentiated from each other only by minor characteristics and often only based on few if not only one (dried) specimen [3][4][5][6][8][9][10]. However, a certain degree of variability can always been recorded when observing pitcher plants in their natural habitat and hybridization is always a concern. Nepenthes extincta (Surigao del Norte province, Mindanao Island) may serve as an example for this concern: The species was described based on a single incomplete herbarium specimen that was found on ultramafic soils near the municipality of Claver [10]. The holotype contains only intermediate pitchers and no flowers. According to the species description, N. extincta differs from N. mindanaoensis in "the pitchers lacking fringed wings, the lid base truncate, the indumentum of the midrib of dense minute grey-white stellate hairs" [10]. Nepenthes mindanaoensis grows sympatrically with N. merrilliana (the latter having upper pitchers lacking fringed wings) on ultramafic soils on the adjacent Dinagat Island. The two species hybridize freely (TG, AW, pers. observation). As the latter two species are known to grow also in the vicinity of the N. extincta locus classicus (Stewart McPherson, pers. communication) in NE Mindanao, one cannot exclude that the single known N. extincta specimen represents a N. merrilliana x mindanaoensis hybrid.
Nepenthes ramos was described based on herbarium specimens of adult plants including flowers [8]. However, this material is only composed of a few individual adult plants. Our emended description underscores that the observation of only few individuals may not be sufficient to cover the full diversity of a taxon. Instead, the growth habit and ecology of each species provide useful characters that should also be considered. For example, on Mount Hibok-Hibok (Camiguin island), a nice diversification pattern of N. ramos can be observed that contradicts some of the known "stable" characters that were used in the past to separate Nepenthes taxa from each other.
Mount Hibok-Hibok is an active volcano; the last major eruption dates back to 1951. In this pelean eruption, the whole crater was completely destroyed and the slopes of the mountain were devastated by lava-and pyroclastic flows and landslides. Vegetation settled again in the years after, suggesting that the whole population of N. ramos in the Mt. Hibok-Hibok crater originates from a few seeds that were transported to the mountain.
If several individual dried specimens from Mt. Hibok-Hibok would have been considered for species description, one could easily separate each of these into a distinct species on its own. Only careful study of the plants in situ and considering the ecological history of the mountain revealed that only one single species exhibiting a great variability is present on Mt. Hibok-Hibok. The characteristics that separate N. kurata from N. ramos are minor and fall in the variability of the latter species. Maybe other closely related species from the Visayas that have not yet been studied in the field (like N. leyte or N. negros) likewise represent N. ramos. However, as the authors did not conduct field research on the Visayas, N. leyte and N. negros are retained here as distinct species. Cropped plant material was processed using standard methods at the herbarium of the Central Mindanao University in Valencia, the herbarium of North-Western University in Laoag and the herbarium of the Botanical Garden Ulm.

Material and Methods
Photographs were made from suitable, representative plant specimens in situ or from cultivated plants grown from seed. Measurements were taken using a graded ruler or a digital caliper.

Conclusions
Two new taxa of carnivorous pitcher plants, N. aenigma and N. justinae are presented and formally described here. Furthermore, an emended description of N. ramos based on field data is provided which includes the synonymization of N. kurata.
In the discussion, the authors point out the urgent need of solid data recorded in the field for the description of new taxa, especially when only minor characters are used for the separation of species.