The Greuter Herbarium in Palermo: An Inventory of Its Type Specimens Available Online, with Some Thoughts on Type Terminology (Occasional Papers from the Herbarium Greuter, N° 5)

The separately stored type herbarium of the Herbarium Greuter in Palermo is comprised of 339 sheets, corresponding to 336 specimens pertaining to 328 different names. Material from the Mediterranean area, especially Greece, predominates, followed by that from the Caribbean (Cuba) and Australia. The list includes transcribed label data and links to the digital specimen images and to the protologue texts. A new type of terminology is introduced, with the terms “first-step holotype” and “second-step holotype” designating type categories parallel to the similar terms already in use for lectotypes, and the phrase “detailed here” is used as an equivalent to “designated here” in second-step typification.


Introduction
In December 2008, the author donated his personal herbarium and botanical library to the Università degli Studi in Palermo to become an autonomous part of the university's Herbarium Mediterraneum Panormitanum (PAL), kept separately under the official designation PAL-Gr.The herbarium was then estimated to comprise c. 95,000 specimens and included the historical French herbaria of Father Pierre Gave  and Dr. Antoine Bras (1802Bras ( -1883)).Subsequently, by exchange, purchase, and gift, c. 150,000 specimens have been added that are currently owned by the Foundation Herbarium Greuter and are destined to be transferred eventually to and gradually included in the PAL-Gr herbarium.
PAL-Gr hosts specimens from all over the globe, with a neat predominance of material from the Mediterranean countries (Greece in the first place) and including sizeable portions of Australian, South African, and Caribbean material, reflecting the donor's main areas of interest.Type specimens, in so far as they were identified as such, are kept separately for their better safeguarding.This type herbarium has been digitized, and the high-resolution images are being made freely available and searchable and the high-resolution images are being made freely available and searchable via the University of Palermo Botanical Garden's Virtual Herbarium (https://herbarium.unipa.it/herbarium_vsimple_en_ma.asp,accessed on 6 March 2024).

Material and Methods
This paper lists the contents of the PAL-Gr type herbarium.The list provides the following information: (1) the name typified, with reference to its place of valid publication, and, when the protologue is available online, a link (URL) to it; protologues that could not be traced on the internet have been digitized anew and can be similarly accessed through an apposite link; (2) a limited number of synonyms, especially when the currently accepted name differs from the one being typified; (3) the kind of type (such as holotype, neotype, etc.); (4) the PAL-Gr accession number; (5) the country of origin of each specimen, followed, between quotation marks, by the collecting-site data as they appear on the label; (6) the collection date, collector name, and collecting number; and (7) the whereabouts and status of any duplicates of which the location is known.

Discussion
Type category terms.The International Code of Nomenclature, in its current edition (Turland & al. 2018 [1]; hereafter the Code), recognizes and defines the following type categories: holotype, syntype, lectotype, paratype, neotype, and epitype, plus the duplicates of each of these types, using the prefix "iso-".Paratypes having no immediate relevance for nomenclatural purposes are not taken into consideration, nor even mentioned, in the present inventory.
The system of type categories thus defined is, in a general way, consistent and has been working in a satisfactory way for many years and through several successive editions of the Code.There is, however, one major illogicality embedded in it.The types of various categories, as defined in Art. 9, all consist of one element: a single specimen (or sometimes illustration).However, as stated in Art.40.2, a type may also consist of more than one specimen, provided they all belong to the same gathering.That provision applies in the case of names published from 1958 onward, when an indication of the type became a prerequisite for the valid publication of names of new genera and infrageneric taxa.However, even before 1958, cases abound in which reference to multiple specimens of a single gathering is referred to in a protologue, and these specimen runs have then been generally (if inaccurately) accepted as constituting the holotype.
Analogous situations frequently arise with types of other categories, but these are explicitly covered in Art.9.17.The Code, in Art. 9 Ex.14, in such cases uses the phrase "first-step" lectotype for the multiple-specimen "type" initially designated and permits subsequent selection of a "second-step" type from among the elements of the "first-step" [lecto-]type.This introduces a disparity of treatment between holotypes and other type categories, in so far as with the former, when the original type consists of more than one specimen, all of these are considered to be syntypes (Art.40 Note 1).As there is no provision parallel to Art. 9.17, restricting subsequent lectotype designation to one of these syntypes, other isosyntypes, even if not seen or cited by the original author, are under Art.9.12, eligible as types on equal footing with the syntypes proper.
One of the purposes of the following list has been to establish the correct categories of the types concerned.Surprisingly, it turned out that close to one-third of the names concerned had "holotypes" consisting of more than one specimen.As a consequence, I felt it was very desirable to devise a satisfactory way to address this situation in simple and easily understood terms.I, therefore, propose to designate such non-unitary "holotypes" as "first-step holotypes" by analogy to what the Code has been using for lectotypes of a similar kind and, by the same analogy, to designate as "second-step holotypes" the lectotypes obtained by selecting one of the first-step holotype elements by analogy to what Art.9.17 (and not just 9.12) provides.Also, in this kind of situation, I shall use the phrase "specified here" as a direct equivalent of "designated here" to meet the requirements of Art.7.11.These suggestions are not covered by the provisions of the current Code, but they are compatible with them.If found to be useful and generally acceptable, they may hopefully be reflected in the text of some future Code edition (the date for submitting proposals for the next edition has unfortunately passed).Bot. Not. 132: 311. 1979 [29709].Isotype: PAL-Gr 9406-France: "Kerloc'h, près Crozon (France, Finistère), falaises maritimes au S de la plage, avec Dactyis glomerata, Armeria maritima, Hieracium Isotype: PAL-Gr 55254-Spain, "Palencia: Cevico Navero, 30TVM3602, 850 m, en matorrales sobre Margas y suelos de costra yesífera, en comunidades de Aphyllanthion," 11 Jun 1982, Fdez.Díez (holotype: SEV #93257; other isotypes: BC, G, MAF, SALA).Greuter in Boissiera 13: 55. 1967, nom. illeg hb. Brandstätt., hb. Dunkel, hb. Gottschl.).Gottschl., Raimondo, Greuter, and Di Grist. in