Enhancing Micropropagation of Adenophora liliifolia: Insights from PGRs, Natural Extracts, and pH Optimization

The endangered plant species Adenophora liliifolia faces threats to its survival in the wild, necessitating the development of effective micropropagation techniques for potential reintroduction efforts. This study demonstrates that Adenophora liliifolia effectively reproduces on MS synthetic medium with diverse plant growth regulators (PGR) and natural extracts, facilitating swift micropropagation for potential future reintroduction endeavors. It highlights the substantial impact of PGR composition and natural extracts on the growth and development of A. liliifolia. The ideal growth medium for A. liliifolia was determined to be ½ MS with specific treatments. Additionally, incorporating silver nitrate (AgNO3) at 5 mg L−1 into the medium led to enhanced root formation and shoot length, albeit excessive concentrations adversely affected root development. Varying concentrations of NAA significantly affected different plant growth parameters, with the 0.1 mg L−1 treatment yielding comparable plant height to the control. Moreover, 50 mL L−1 of coconut water bolstered root formation, while 200 mL L−1 increased shoot formation during in vitro propagation. However, elevated doses of coconut water (CW) impeded root development but stimulated shoot growth. Experiments measuring chlorophyll a + b and carotenoid content indicated higher concentrations in the control group than differing levels of applied coconut water. Optimizing pH levels from 6.8–7 to 7.8–8.0 notably enhanced plant height and root formation, with significant carotenoid accumulation observed at pH 6.8–7. Soil samples from A. liliifolia’s natural habitat exhibited a pH of 6.65. Ultimately, the refined in vitro propagation protocol effectively propagated A. liliifolia, representing a pioneering effort and setting the stage for future restoration initiatives and conservation endeavors.


Introduction
The flora of Central Europe is currently influenced by a myriad of factors, including geography, geology, topography, climate, and vegetation history, and has had a significant impact from the glacial cycles of the Quaternary era.While certain plant species that are no longer present in Central Europe can still be found in regions like Eastern Asia, such as "Platycladus orientalis" (L.) Franco [1], Transcaucasia "Pterocarya pterocarpa (Michx.)"Kunth ex Iljinsk [2], and the Balkan Peninsula "Picea omorika (Pančić)" Purk [3], remnants from glacial or postglacial periods such as Ligularia sibirica and Pedicularis sudetica [4,5] coexist with newly emerged local endemic species like Galium sudeticum, G. cracoviense, Cochlearia polonica, and Sorbus sudetica.The distribution and composition of European species have been significantly impacted by climate change during the Quaternary Period [6] and human activities since the Neolithic Period [7].
impact on root development (Figure 1C).
Moreover, notable morphological variations were observed.In the control medium, plants exhibited thin, vitrified leaves.In contrast, plants in the 20 mg L −1 medium displayed reduced size, reflective leaves, and significant vitrification.On the other hand, the 5 mg L −1 and 10 mg L −1 'treatments resulted in well-developed shoots with minimal vitrification.Statistical analysis indicated that the control treatment was comparable to the 5 mg L −1 and 10 mg L −1 'treatments in terms of shoot length (Figure 1A,B).These multifaceted findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the nuanced effects of AgNO3 concentrations on the morphological features of A. liliifolia within an in vitro context.

1-Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NAA)
The administration of 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at different concentrations (control, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg L −1 ) on the growing medium was ½ MS and induced notable alterations in the studied plant parameters with significant effects (p < 0.001) (Figure 2A,B).With increasing NAA concentration, a clear decline was observed in the quantities of roots, Moreover, notable morphological variations were observed.In the control medium, plants exhibited thin, vitrified leaves.In contrast, plants in the 20 mg L −1 medium displayed reduced size, reflective leaves, and significant vitrification.On the other hand, the 5 mg L −1 and 10 mg L −1 treatments resulted in well-developed shoots with minimal vitrification.Statistical analysis indicated that the control treatment was comparable to the 5 mg L −1 and 10 mg L −1 treatments in terms of shoot length (Figure 1A,B).These multifaceted findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the nuanced effects of AgNO 3 concentrations on the morphological features of A. liliifolia within an in vitro context.

1-Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NAA)
The administration of 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at different concentrations (control, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg L −1 ) on the growing medium was ½ MS and induced notable alterations in the studied plant parameters with significant effects (p < 0.001) (Figure 2A,B).With increasing NAA concentration, a clear decline was observed in the quantities of roots, shoots, plant height, leaf length and width, and root length.The control group demonstrated superior values across all metrics, highlighting the significant influence of NAA treatments on plant growth and development.Conversely, the group treated with 1 mg/L of NAA displayed significant reductions in the number of roots and shoots by approximately 62.6% and 58.1%, respectively.Plant height, leaf length and width, and root length also experienced significant decreases of approximately 33.3%, 39.1%, 55.7%, and 45.7%, respectively.These findings underscore a dose-responsive relationship, indicating consistent decrements in growth parameters with increasing NAA concentration (Figure 3).s 2024, 13, 1735 4 of shoots, plant height, leaf length and width, and root length.The control group demonstrat superior values across all metrics, highlighting the significant influence of NAA treatmen on plant growth and development.Conversely, the group treated with 1 mg/L of NAA d played significant reductions in the number of roots and shoots by approximately 62.6 and 58.1%, respectively.Plant height, leaf length and width, and root length also expe enced significant decreases of approximately 33.3%, 39.1%, 55.7%, and 45.7%, respective These findings underscore a dose-responsive relationship, indicating consistent decremen in growth parameters with increasing NAA concentration (Figure 3).The investigation into the effects of coconut water concentrations (control, 25, 200 mL L −1 ) on the growth parameters of A. liliifolia has yielded noteworthy outco demonstrated by the nuanced responses observed in the number of roots, number of plant height, and root length (Figure 4A,B) and (Figure 5).The control group exh baseline performance, with 10.2 roots per plant, 4.1 shoots per plant, a plant heigh mm, and a root length of 18.9 mm.Intriguingly, the application of coconut water at 2 resulted in an increase in the number of roots (15.4% higher than the control) whil taining a comparable number of shoots and plant height.The 50 mL/L concentratio ited a substantial rise in both the number of roots (42.8% higher than the control) an height (10% higher than the control).However, a divergence was observed at 10 where the number of shoots increased, while plant height and root length saw inc of 16.9% and 11.8%, respectively.The highest concentration of 200 mL/L, surpr demonstrated a contrasting pattern, with a decrease in the number of roots (20.8% than the control) but a notable increase in the number of shoots (20.7% higher than trol).These findings suggest a concentration-dependent influence of coconut wate liliifolia, emphasizing the need for meticulous optimization to harness its potential in promoting root and shoot development (Figure 5).

Coconut Water (CW) Coconut Water's Impact on the Development of Plant Growth
The investigation into the effects of coconut water concentrations (control, 25, 50, 100, 200 mL L −1 ) on the growth parameters of A. liliifolia has yielded noteworthy outcomes, as demonstrated by the nuanced responses observed in the number of roots, number of shoots, plant height, and root length (Figure 4A,B) and (Figure 5).The control group exhibited a baseline performance, with 10.2 roots per plant, 4.1 shoots per plant, a plant height of 27.8 mm, and a root length of 18.9 mm.Intriguingly, the application of coconut water at 25 mL/L resulted in an increase in the number of roots (15.4% higher than the control) while maintaining a comparable number of shoots and plant height.The 50 mL/L concentration exhibited a substantial rise in both the number of roots (42.8% higher than the control) and plant height (10% higher than the control).However, a divergence was observed at 100 mL/L, where the number of shoots increased, while plant height and root length saw increments of 16.9% and 11.8%, respectively.The highest concentration of 200 mL/L, surprisingly, demonstrated a contrasting pattern, with a decrease in the number of roots (20.8% lower than the control) but a notable increase in the number of shoots (20.7% higher than the control).These findings suggest a concentration-dependent influence of coconut water on A. liliifolia, emphasizing the need for meticulous optimization to harness its potential benefits in promoting root and shoot development (Figure 5).

Effect of Coconut Water on the Content of Chlorophyll and Carotenoids
The provided data in Figure 6 represent chlorophyll a + b and carotenoid content in Adenophora liliifolia following four different concentrations of coconut water.The coconut water treatments were set at 0 mL L −1 (control), 50 mL L −1 , 100 mL L −1 , and 200 mL L −1 .The data show that both chlorophyll a + b and carotenoid levels exhibited variability among the different coconut water treatments.Specifically, the control treatment (without coconut water application) demonstrated the highest mean chlorophyll a + b content at 1.224 µg/mg.Conversely, as coconut water concentration increased, there was a notable decrease in both chlorophyll a + b and carotenoid levels.The lowest mean chlorophyll a + b content was recorded in the 200 mL L −1 treatment, registering at 0.215 µg/mg.Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in chlorophyll a + b content across the treatments.Similarly, the mean carotenoid content was highest in the control treatment, measuring 0.234 µg/mg, and lowest in the 200 mL L −1 treatment, at 0.070 µg/mg.Significant differences in carotenoid content among the treatments were also observed.These outcomes highlight the influence of coconut water concentrations on the photosynthetic pigment content of Adenophora liliifolia, suggesting a potential regulatory role of coconut water in plant physiological processes.

Effect of Coconut Water on the Content of Chlorophyll and Carotenoids
The provided data in Figure 6 represent chlorophyll a + b and carotenoid content in Adenophora liliifolia following four different concentrations of coconut water.The coconut water treatments were set at 0 mL L −1 (control), 50 mL L −1 , 100 mL L −1 , and 200 mL L −1 .The data show that both chlorophyll a + b and carotenoid levels exhibited variability among the different coconut water treatments.Specifically, the control treatment (without coconut water application) demonstrated the highest mean chlorophyll a + b content at 1.224 µg/mg.Conversely, as coconut water concentration increased, there was a notable decrease in both chlorophyll a + b and carotenoid levels.The lowest mean chlorophyll a + b content was recorded in the 200 mL L −1 treatment, registering at 0.215 µg/mg.Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in chlorophyll a + b content across the treatments.Similarly, the mean carotenoid content was highest in the control treatment, measuring 0.234 µg/mg, and lowest in the 200 mL L −1 treatment, at 0.070 µg/mg.Significant differences in carotenoid content among the treatments were also observed.These outcomes highlight the influence of coconut water concentrations on the photosynthetic pigment content of Adenophora liliifolia, suggesting a potential regulatory role of coconut water in plant physiological processes.

Developmental Impact of Varying pH Levels on Plants
The provided data in Figure 7A,B represent the mean and standard deviation of several plant characteristics for Adenophora liliifolia following three different pH treatments.The pH treatments were set at 5.6-5.8,6.8-7.0, and 7.8-8.0; the provided data show that the pH level significantly affects the growth and development of Adenophora liliifolia, with different pH treatments leading to varying plant characteristics.The highest mean values for plant height, leaf length, and width and the highest number of roots were observed in the pH 6.8-7.0 and 7.8-8.0treatments, while the pH 5.6-5.8treatment exhibited the lowest mean values.The variances in plant height and the quantity of roots among the treatments were found to be statistically significant.In contrast, leaf length and width, along with the counts of shoots and leaves, showed differences across the pH treatments, although these variances were not statistically significant.

Optimizing pH Levels 2.2.1. Developmental Impact of Varying pH Levels on Plants
The provided data in Figure 7A,B represent the mean and standard deviation of several plant characteristics for Adenophora liliifolia following three different pH treatments.The pH treatments were set at 5.6-5.8,6.8-7.0, and 7.8-8.0; the provided data show that the pH level significantly affects the growth and development of Adenophora liliifolia, with different pH treatments leading to varying plant characteristics.The highest mean values for plant height, leaf length, and width and the highest number of roots were observed in the pH 6.8-7.0 and 7.8-8.0treatments, while the pH 5.6-5.8treatment exhibited the lowest mean values.The variances in plant height and the quantity of roots among the treatments were found to be statistically significant.In contrast, leaf length and width, along with the counts of shoots and leaves, showed differences across the pH treatments, although these variances were not statistically significant.

Pigment Content of A. liliifolia in Response to Variations in pH
This study investigated the impact of varying pH levels on chlorophyll a + b and carotenoid content in Adenophora liliifolia (Figure 8D).The results revealed a noteworthy rise in carotenoid content at pH 6.8-7.0 compared to pH 7.8-8.0(* p < 0.05), while chlorophyll a + b content increased consistently across all pH levels, though without significant differences.These findings underscore the plant's sensitivity to pH fluctuations, offering insights into its physiological responses and ecological implications (Figure 8A-C).

Pigment Content of A. liliifolia in Response to Variations in pH
This study investigated the impact of varying pH levels on chlorophyll a + b and carotenoid content in Adenophora liliifolia (Figure 8D).The results revealed a noteworthy rise in carotenoid content at pH 6.8-7.0 compared to pH 7.8-8.0(* p < 0.05), while chlorophyll a + b content increased consistently across all pH levels, though without significant differences.These findings underscore the plant's sensitivity to pH fluctuations, offering insights into its physiological responses and ecological implications (Figure 8A-C).

Discussion
The effects of AgNO3 on growth parameters have been thoroughly investigated in the context of in vitro plant culture.Ethylene, a phytohormone, is essential for regulating various aspects of plant growth and development.Several studies have shown that the buildup of ethylene in culture media can lead to reduced growth and morphological changes in plants [22][23][24].To counteract these effects, compounds such as AgNO3, a silver salt, have been utilized as anti-ethylene agents in vitro cultures [25][26][27].Silver ions in AgNO3 can interfere with ethylene signaling by blocking ethylene receptors, thus inhibiting the plant's response to ethylene [28][29][30][31].Furthermore, silver nitrate can reduce ethylene production by inhibiting aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid [32], a key component of the ethylene biosynthesis pathway, while promoting cell division and growth through the stimulation of polyamines [32][33][34].Different concentrations of AgNO3 have varying effects on plant growth parameters.Our investigation into the optimal concentrations of AgNO3 revealed that a dose of up to 5 mg L −1 effectively prevents vitrification without compromising the number of roots and shoot length of plantlets.Contrarily, higher concentrations, such as 20 mg L −1 , demonstrated varied effects on plant growth.Some studies reported increased longitudinal growth of hypocotyls with AgNO3 [29,35], while others found 20 mg/L effective

Discussion
The effects of AgNO 3 on growth parameters have been thoroughly investigated in the context of in vitro plant culture.Ethylene, a phytohormone, is essential for regulating various aspects of plant growth and development.Several studies have shown that the build-up of ethylene in culture media can lead to reduced growth and morphological changes in plants [22][23][24].To counteract these effects, compounds such as AgNO 3 , a silver salt, have been utilized as anti-ethylene agents in vitro cultures [25][26][27].Silver ions in AgNO 3 can interfere with ethylene signaling by blocking ethylene receptors, thus inhibiting the plant's response to ethylene [28][29][30][31].Furthermore, silver nitrate can reduce ethylene production by inhibiting aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid [32], a key component of the ethylene biosynthesis pathway, while promoting cell division and growth through the stimulation of polyamines [32][33][34].Different concentrations of AgNO 3 have varying effects on plant growth parameters.Our investigation into the optimal concentrations of AgNO 3 revealed that a dose of up to 5 mg L −1 effectively prevents vitrification without compromising the number of roots and shoot length of plantlets.Contrarily, higher concentrations, such as 20 mg L −1 , demonstrated varied effects on plant growth.Some studies reported increased longitudinal growth of hypocotyls with AgNO 3 [29,35], while others found 20 mg/L effective in a nodal culture of Vanilla planifolia and Vitex negundo L. [36,37].In our study, Plants 2024, 13, 1735 10 of 15 20 mg/L maintained a number of shoots similar to the control but led to decreased shoot length and a reduced number of roots, consistent with findings by Tahoori et al. [35].The variability in plant responses to AgNO 3 appears to be species-specific and dependent on the concentration employed, suggesting the potential use of higher AgNO 3 concentrations in culture media to preserve plantlets in vitro, thereby reducing the associated expenses.
"Naphthalene Acetic Acid" (NAA), a synthetic auxin, is a pivotal component influencing plant growth and development [38].Research by Pant and Thapa [39] has shown that the effectiveness of shoot emergence in Dendrobium primulinum Lindl is dependent on the concentration and type of auxin present.Contrary to expectations, our findings regarding the impact of NAA addition to 1/2 MS medium did not exhibit a significant impact on the parameters studied.Notably, lower doses of NAA at 0.1 and 0.5 mg/L demonstrated greater efficacy in promoting shoot number, plant height, width, and leaf length compared to higher NAA concentrations, such as 1 mg/L, which seemed to impede the development of these characteristics, a trend similarly observed by Hartati et al. [40] in Coelogyne pandurata Lindley.Moreover, concerning root characteristics, supplementing NAA to 1/2 MS medium did not significantly influence root number or length compared to the control group.Interestingly, the minimal concentration of NAA at 0.1 mg/L yielded superior results in root development, aligning with a study by Ebrahimzadegan and Maroufi [41] on Lallemantia iberica, where the highest root growth was reported in a medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L NAA.These results indicate that NAA application at specific concentrations can enhance root growth and differentiation, echoing the findings of previous studies [39,40,[42][43][44].
Coconut water is widely utilized as a growth-enhancing constituent in tissue culture mediums [45].Its incorporation into the media has been shown to facilitate organogenesis development, primarily attributed to the presence of gibberellins (GAs) within coconut water.Furthermore, coconut water exhibits growth-regulating properties akin to cytokinins [46], owing to its composition rich in amino acids, minerals, nucleic acids, purines, sugars, alcohols, vitamins, and phytohormones.Studies by Ichihashi and Islam [47] have demonstrated that the liquid endosperm of coconuts induces cell division and promotes morphogenesis in Dendrobium ovatum (L.) [48].Based on our findings, media supplemented with higher concentrations of coconut water are recommended for enhancing shoot length and the proliferation of shoots, with the optimal levels being 100 mL for shoot length and 200 mL for accelerating the number of shoots (Figure 4).Additionally, auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins, alongside other growth-promoting compounds present in coconut water, collaboratively influence various aspects of plant growth and development [49].This comprehensive effect enhances several factors in tissue culture performance, including root length and biomass [50].Notably, coconut water has been reported to exert significant effects on root initiation and development, with auxins, particularly indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), playing a crucial role in promoting root growth and increasing the quantity of root hairs [51].Conversely, cytokinins act as negative regulators of root growth in plants by inhibiting root cell division [52], which may explain our results demonstrating that root biomass achieved optimal values at 50 mL of coconut water, while root length was most enhanced at 100 mL (Figure 4).
Additionally, the impact of coconut water (CW) application on 'chlorophyll' a + b and 'carotenoid' levels is illustrated in Figure (6).Our data demonstrate a significant influence of coconut water concentration on the 'chlorophyll' a + b and 'carotenoid' content in Adenophora liliifolia.The highest mean values for chlorophyll a + b and carotenoids were observed in the control treatment (without the application of CW), whereas the lowest mean values were recorded in the 200 mL L −1 treatment.Statistically significant differences in chlorophyll a + b and carotenoid content were evident among the treatments.This phenomenon may be attributed to the fresh extract nature of CW, which requires sufficient time for fermentation before its effects on increasing chlorophyll in plants can be realized.Furthermore, our findings suggest that cytokinins and gibberellins present in coconut water may not directly support chlorophyll formation, consistent with the findings of Mawarn et al. [53] regarding the effect of CW on binahong "Anredera cordifolia L." pigments.It is plausible that cytokinins and gibberellins, prominent in CW, primarily play roles in cell elongation and enlargement, particularly in stems [54].
The 'pH' of the growth medium in plant tissue cultures plays a pivotal role in various facets of explant development and growth.Sensitivity or tolerance to fluctuations in medium pH differs across species, reflecting their specific requirements [55].Moreover, medium pH modulates nutrient availability, either facilitating or inhibiting it [56].Pasternak and Steinmacher [57] emphasized the multifaceted influence of medium pH in tissue culture systems, highlighting its impact on in vitro shoot multiplication, floral and secondary metabolite development, organogenesis, adventitious root production, and cell division.Our study indicates that pH variations within the prescribed range (6.8-7 to 7.8-8) can exert discernible effects on plant height and root development in Adenophora liliifolia, while parameters such as leaf dimensions and shoot count remain relatively unaffected.Typically, medium pH in plant tissue culture is adjusted to 5.8 to 6.0, albeit specific adjustments are made in accordance with the particular plant species and intended objectives [58].In light of complementary soil sample data from the natural habitats of Adenophora liliifolia in Dabas and Ócsa, where pH levels range from 6.6 to 6.7, with corresponding electrical conductivity (CE) values, optimizing the medium to a pH of 6.8-7 appears to be the most suitable approach.Del Campo [59] and Khalil [60] observed that pH levels above 6 stimulate carotenogenesis in Muriellopsis species, and Dunaliella bardawil and Chlorella ellipsoidea, respectively, a phenomenon mirrored in our results.Specifically, the pigmentation of A. liliifolia, including carotenoids, increased with rising pH values, peaking at pH 6.8-7, while chlorophyll a + b levels displayed a gradual increase across different pH levels without significant variation.Carotenoids play crucial roles as photoprotectants and antioxidants, stabilizing chlorophyll levels [61].Didyk et al. [62] proposed that the influence of medium pH on pigmentation may be indirect and mediated through growth and physiological changes rather than directly affecting carotenoid biosynthesis.Further investigation is warranted to elucidate the physiological mechanisms underlying these responses.

Materials and Methods
Principally, the investigation was conducted at the Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences in Budapest's Laboratory of Micropropagation, which is affiliated with the "Department of Floriculture and Dendrology".
The investigation focused on Adenophora liliifolia seeds obtained from two distinct sources: -Seed samples were collected from a small, randomly chosen natural population in Ócsa, encompassing multiple species.The population consisted of approximately 10 individuals dispersed throughout the region, inhabiting a riparian mixed-gallery forest habitat.-Jelitto ® Seeds: Additionally, the seeds of Adenophora liliifolia, specifically designated as Item No. AA112, was acquired from Jelitto ® (Schwarzenbach an der Saale, Germany).The seeds were utilized as explants to initiate the culture, and subsequently, the sterilized plantlets were employed for further experimentation.Notably, the plantlets cultivated in a controlled environment were selected as the primary specimens, resulting in a total of sixty individuals derived from seeds produced under controlled conditions.The pH gradient was produced by utilizing a growing medium composed of ½ MS.
The pH was modified by the addition of 1 N KOH and/or 1 N HCl.The experiment employed the following pH intervals: 5.6-5.8,6.8-7.0, and 7.8-8.0.

Plantlet Manipulations and Environmental Conditions in the Growth Room
The experiment was carried out inside a laminar airflow box (BA-900, manufactured by "Debreceni Finommechanikai Vállalat", Debrecen, Hungary).Plantlets are nurtured on illumination provided from above growth racks.The environmental factors affecting growth are as follows: The temperature is 22 • C with a margin of error of 2 degrees.The photoperiod consists of 16 h of light followed by 8 h of darkness.The luminance level during multiplication is 3000 l×.

Vegetative Measurement
Plant Height: The measurement of the longest shoot in a single cluster, expressed in millimeters (mm); Shoot Count: The total 'number' of live 'shoots' produced by the starting plantlet (pcs); 'Leaf' Count: The total 'number' of living leaves generated by the starting plantlet (pcs); 'Root' Count: The quantity of 'roots' generated by each plant (pcs); Root Length: The measurement of the longest 'root' for each unique plant, expressed in (mm); Leaf Length: The measurement of the distance from the point where the leaf attaches to the stalk to the opposite end of the leaf, expressed in (mm); and Leaf Width: The maximum distance between two points on the edge of the leaf that are perpendicular to the length of the leaf (measured in mm).

Pigment Content Measurement
This study collected fresh-weight samples of stems and leaves for two treatments: coconut water and pH gradients.The fresh weight was measured using the method set by [63].The samples were homogenized using an acetone solution with a concentration of 80% (v/v) and quartz sand.The homogenized suspension was kept undisturbed to facilitate the separation of tissue remnants and quartz sand.

Statistical Analysis
This research employed a randomized design and utilized "Microsoft Excel" for "Microsoft 365" MSO (Version 2109), wherein the experiments were conducted.The data were analyzed utilizing either one-way or two-way MANOVA with version 27.0.1 of IBM SPSS Statistics software.To assess the normality of the residuals, the Shapiro-Wilk Test or Skewness [64] and Kurtosis were utilized [65,66].The Lambda of Box-Cox transformation was implemented in the presence of multivariate outliers [67].The method of Levene [68] examined the homogeneity of variances.At a 5% probability level, means were compared using the "Tukey HSD" or "Games-Howell" post hoc test [69], based on the acceptance or violation of the homogeneity of variances.

Conclusions
This study reveals that Adenophora liliifolia efficiently multiplies on MS synthetic medium, supplemented with various plant growth regulators (PGR) and natural extracts.This micropropagation system is intended for future reintroduction efforts.Notably, the composition of PGR and natural extracts significantly impacts A. liliifolia growth.The recommended addition to the medium is AgNO 3 at 5 mg/L.While this treatment produced an abundance of roots and extended shoot length, it also reduced vitrification.NAA treatments at different concentrations had varying effects on plant growth parameters.Additionally, coconut water doses influenced root and shoot numbers.The pH optimization from 6.8-7 to 7.8-8.0led to better plant height and root development.Soil samples from A. liliifolia's habitat indicated a pH of 6.65.Overall, this study provides a foundation for restoration programs and conservation efforts.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The effects of silver nitrate (AgNO3) application (control, 5, 10, and 20 mg L −1 ) in the in vitro medium on plant development (A,B); Shoot 'length [mm], No. of shoots, and No. of roots of A. liliifolia (C).Distinct letters represent statistically significant differences across groups (Games-Howell p < 0.05).

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The effects of silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ) application (control, 5, 10, and 20 mg L −1 ) in the in vitro medium on plant development (A,B); Shoot length [mm], No. of shoots, and No. of roots of A. liliifolia (C).Distinct letters represent statistically significant differences across groups (Games-Howell p < 0.05).

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. (A,B): Effect of coconut water concentrations (control, 25, 50, 100, 200 mL L −1 ) on shoot length [mm], root length [mm] (A), number of roots, and number of shoots of Adenophora liliifolia (B).Within a chart, values that are followed by the same letter are not statistically distinct from each other at a significance level of 5%, as determined by the Games-Howell's post hoc test.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. (A,B): Effect of coconut water concentrations (control, 25, 50, 100, 200 mL L −1 ) on shoot length [mm], root length [mm] (A), number of roots, and number of shoots of Adenophora liliifolia (B).Within a chart, values that are followed by the same letter are not statistically distinct from each other at a significance level of 5%, as determined by the Games-Howell's post hoc test.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. (A,B): Effect of coconut water concentrations (control, 25, 50, 100, 200 mL L −1 ) on shoot length [mm], root length [mm] (A), number of roots, and number of shoots of Adenophora liliifolia (B).Within a chart, values that are followed by the same letter are not statistically distinct from each other at a significance level of 5%, as determined by the Games-Howell's post hoc test.

4. 1 .
Elements of Culture Media (Utilized in the Micropropagation of Adenophora liliifolia) (a) The culture medium was composed of ½ MS, MS/2 macronutrients, MS micronutrients, and MS vitamins, with the inclusion of 100 mg m-Inositol, 25 mg Fe-EDTA, 20 g sugar, and 7 g agar, and had a pH of 5.8.The experimental setup included the following concentrations of silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ): the control concentration of 0 mg L −1 was compared to concentrations of 5 mg L −1 , 10 mg L −1 , and 20 mg L −1 .(b) The growth medium utilized was 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), which particularly consisted of ½ MS.The experiment employed several amounts of NAA: the control (0 mg L −1 ); 0.1 mg L −1 ; 0.5 mg L −1 ; and 1 mg L −1 .(c) Coconut Water (CW): The culture medium for coconut water (CW) was prepared by combining half-strength Murashige and Skoog (½ MS) medium with additional MS micro and MS vitamin supplements.In addition, it was fortified with 50 mg of Fe-EDTA, 20 g of sugar, and 6 g of agar.Different amounts of CW were utilized in the experiment.(d) The control groups were exposed to different concentrations: 0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mL L −1 .