Macroscopical, Microscopical and Histochemical Analysis of Eryngium karatavicum Iljin Growing on the Territory of South Kazakhstan

Carrying out macroscopical and microscopical analyses of plants allows determining the species and identifying diagnostic signs of the plant that distinguish the studied object from other related species. Endemic plant species are a specific component of the flora, whose representatives grow in a relatively limited area, represented by a small geographical area. Their diagnostic morphological and anatomical data are insufficiently studied. Such endemic unexplored plant species include Eryngium karatavicum Iljin, which grows in the territory of South Kazakhstan. This article presents the results of macroscopical, microscopical and histochemical analyses of leaves, flowers and stems of Eryngium karatavicum. The results of morphological analysis of Eryngium karatavicum showed that the plant has distinctive features of macroscopical, microscopical and histochemical signs on the upper and lower sides of the leaf, stem, inflorescence, leaves of the wrapper and flower. These results can be used to confirm the authenticity, identification, and standardization of aerial parts of the endemic plant Eryngium karatavicum Iljin.


Introduction
Eryngium L.
It is also known that many promising plant species for medicine have been little studied from the standpoint of botanical resource studies and pharmacognostic analysis. Such plants also include species of the genus Eryngium L. [24]. In our country, there are Foreign and domestic scientists have shown interest in studying the morphology and anatomy of some species of the genus Eryngium L. Pharmacognostic signs of plant raw materials of Eryngium karatavicum have not been studied and, therefore, there is no regulatory documentation. For the use of new types of plant raw materials in pharmacy, including our facility, their standardization is necessary. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses are necessary to identify medicinal plants [22,[27][28][29][30][31]. To date, there are many research methods that allow us to assess the belonging of medicinal plants to a particular group. Such methods include histochemical analysis [32][33][34], which allows us to identify the presence of biologically active substances and their localization in tissues and organs. Medicinal plants contain many secondary metabolites, such as phenolic substances, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, etc. These secondary metabolites are in great demand in the pharmaceutical industry and have a different range of pharmacological activity.
In this regard, the study of macroscopical, microscopical, and histochemical signs is necessary for the identification of raw materials and for further research in the field of pharmacy and medicine.
The purpose of our work is to determine the macroscopical, microscopical and histochemical characteristics of the raw materials of Eryngium karatavicum plants growing on the territory of the Karatau mountain range in South Kazakhstan for their further identification. It is also known that many promising plant species for medicine have been little studied from the standpoint of botanical resource studies and pharmacognostic analysis. Such plants also include species of the genus Eryngium L. [24]. In our country, there are some species of genus Eryngium, such as Eryngium caucasicum Trautv., Eryngium macrocalyx Schrenk, and Eryngium planum L. [25]. At the same time, it should be noted that Southeastern Kazakhstan is the leader in the distribution of endemic plant species, 270 out of 776 endemes. The second place is occupied by South Kazakhstan [26]. The distribution of Eryngium L. is presented below (Figure 1). Foreign and domestic scientists have shown interest in studying the morphology and anatomy of some species of the genus Eryngium L. Pharmacognostic signs of plant raw materials of Eryngium karatavicum have not been studied and, therefore, there is no regulatory documentation. For the use of new types of plant raw materials in pharmacy, including our facility, their standardization is necessary. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses are necessary to identify medicinal plants [22,[27][28][29][30][31]. To date, there are many research methods that allow us to assess the belonging of medicinal plants to a particular group. Such methods include histochemical analysis [32][33][34], which allows us to identify the presence of biologically active substances and their localization in tissues and organs. Medicinal plants contain many secondary metabolites, such as phenolic substances, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, etc. These secondary metabolites are in great demand in the pharmaceutical industry and have a different range of pharmacological activity.
In this regard, the study of macroscopical, microscopical, and histochemical signs is necessary for the identification of raw materials and for further research in the field of pharmacy and medicine.
The purpose of our work is to determine the macroscopical, microscopical and histochemical characteristics of the raw materials of Eryngium karatavicum plants growing on the territory of the Karatau mountain range in South Kazakhstan for their further identification.
Foreign and domestic scientists have shown interest in studying the morphology and anatomy of some species of the genus Eryngium L. Pharmacognostic signs of plant raw materials of Eryngium karatavicum have not been studied and, therefore, there is no regulatory documentation. For the use of new types of plant raw materials in pharmacy, including our facility, their standardization is necessary. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses are necessary to identify medicinal plants [22,[27][28][29][30][31]. To date, there are many research methods that allow us to assess the belonging of medicinal plants to a particular group. Such methods include histochemical analysis [32][33][34], which allows us to identify the presence of biologically active substances and their localization in tissues and organs. Medicinal plants contain many secondary metabolites, such as phenolic substances, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, etc. These secondary metabolites are in great demand in the pharmaceutical industry and have a different range of pharmacological activity.
In this regard, the study of macroscopical, microscopical, and histochemical signs is necessary for the identification of raw materials and for further research in the field of pharmacy and medicine.
The purpose of our work is to determine the macroscopical, microscopical and histochemical characteristics of the raw materials of Eryngium karatavicum plants growing on the territory of the Karatau mountain range in South Kazakhstan for their further identification.

Results and Discussion
The objects of this study were the aerial parts of Eryngium karatavicum Iljin, collected in the territory of the Syrdarya-Turkestan State Regional Natural Park (South Kazakhstan) during the flowering period in June 2020 ( Figure 2).

EER REVIEW
3 of 14

Results and Discussion
The objects of this study were the aerial parts of Eryngium karatavicum Iljin, collected in the territory of the Syrdarya-Turkestan State Regional Natural Park (South Kazakhstan) during the flowering period in June 2020 ( Figure 2). The results of the macroscopical analysis of raw materials of Eryngium karatavicum Iljin are presented.
Description of the appearance: Eryngium karatavicum Iljin ( Figure 2) is a perennial herbaceous plant up to 30 cm high. The root is cylindrical, the root neck is lignified, branched into particles, and covered with fibrous remnants of last year's leaves. The stems are few, rounded, furrowed, and slightly branched in the upper part (Table 1). The leaves are leathery, smooth on top, with convex reticulated venation on the bottom. The lower leaves are collected in a dense basal rosette, sitting on short petioles. The plate is oblonglanceolate, narrowed to the base into a petiole; the plate itself is pinnately incised into triangular and lanceolate prickly lobes. The stem leaves are bent downward, pinnately divided almost to the middle of the vein into lanceolate prickly lobes, and at the base expanded into prickly sheaths. The flowers are collected in head-shaped inflorescences, 1.2-2 cm long, wrapping leaves 6-7 (11), they are almost flat, smooth, and straight, linearawl-shaped, and prickly.
The results of the morphological analysis of Eryngium karatavicum Iljin, presented in Table 1, show that the plants have distinctive macroscopic characteristics of the structure.   The results of the macroscopical analysis of raw materials of Eryngium karatavicum Iljin are presented.
Description of the appearance: Eryngium karatavicum Iljin ( Figure 2) is a perennial herbaceous plant up to 30 cm high. The root is cylindrical, the root neck is lignified, branched into particles, and covered with fibrous remnants of last year's leaves. The stems are few, rounded, furrowed, and slightly branched in the upper part (Table 1). The leaves are leathery, smooth on top, with convex reticulated venation on the bottom. The lower leaves are collected in a dense basal rosette, sitting on short petioles. The plate is oblong-lanceolate, narrowed to the base into a petiole; the plate itself is pinnately incised into triangular and lanceolate prickly lobes. The stem leaves are bent downward, pinnately divided almost to the middle of the vein into lanceolate prickly lobes, and at the base expanded into prickly sheaths. The flowers are collected in head-shaped inflorescences, 1.2-2 cm long, wrapping leaves 6-7 (11), they are almost flat, smooth, and straight, linear-awl-shaped, and prickly.

Plant Organ Description
The upper side of the leaf ts 2023, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 14

Results and Discussion
The objects of this study were the aerial parts of Eryngium karatavicum Iljin, collected in the territory of the Syrdarya-Turkestan State Regional Natural Park (South Kazakhstan) during the flowering period in June 2020 ( Figure 2). The results of the macroscopical analysis of raw materials of Eryngium karatavicum Iljin are presented.
Description of the appearance: Eryngium karatavicum Iljin ( Figure 2) is a perennial herbaceous plant up to 30 cm high. The root is cylindrical, the root neck is lignified, branched into particles, and covered with fibrous remnants of last year's leaves. The stems are few, rounded, furrowed, and slightly branched in the upper part (Table 1). The leaves are leathery, smooth on top, with convex reticulated venation on the bottom. The lower leaves are collected in a dense basal rosette, sitting on short petioles. The plate is oblonglanceolate, narrowed to the base into a petiole; the plate itself is pinnately incised into triangular and lanceolate prickly lobes. The stem leaves are bent downward, pinnately divided almost to the middle of the vein into lanceolate prickly lobes, and at the base expanded into prickly sheaths. The flowers are collected in head-shaped inflorescences, 1.2-2 cm long, wrapping leaves 6-7 (11), they are almost flat, smooth, and straight, linearawl-shaped, and prickly.
The results of the morphological analysis of Eryngium karatavicum Iljin, presented in Table 1, show that the plants have distinctive macroscopic characteristics of the structure.

Plant Organ Description
The upper side of the leaf The leaf on the upper side is rough and hard, with pronounced veins; the surface is without pubescence. The edges are thickened, and the tips of the lobes are pointed. The color is green, in the area of the veins it is white-yellowish, and the dots are yellow-reddish.
The leaf on the upper side is rough and hard, with pronounced veins; the surface is without pubescence. The edges are thickened, and the tips of the lobes are pointed. The color is green, in the area of the veins it is white-yellowish, and the dots are yellow-reddish.

Plant Organ Description
The underside of the leaf ts 2023, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 14 The underside of the leaf On the underside, the surface is hard and rough; the veins protrude above the surface. The color is green, in the area of the veins it is white-yellowish, and the dots are yellow-reddish.

Stem
The stems are rounded or oval in cross-section, the surface of the thin stems is smooth, and the thicker ones are ribbed. The veins are rounded and protruding above the surface. The surface is smooth. The color is light green, broken, with red or orange stripes corresponding to the edges.

Inflorescence
Inflorescence-glabrous, with 6-11 leaflets (wrapped leaf). The underside of the leaf On the underside, the surface is hard and rough; the veins protrude above the surface. The color is green, in the area of the veins it is white-yellowish, and the dots are yellow-reddish.

Stem
The stems are rounded or oval in cross-section, the surface of the thin stems is smooth, and the thicker ones are ribbed. The veins are rounded and protruding above the surface. The surface is smooth. The color is light green, broken, with red or orange stripes corresponding to the edges.

Inflorescence
Inflorescence-glabrous, with 6-11 leaflets (wrapped leaf). The underside of the leaf On the underside, the surface is hard and rough; the veins protrude above the surface. The color is green, in the area of the veins it is white-yellowish, and the dots are yellow-reddish.

Stem
The stems are rounded or oval in cross-section, the surface of the thin stems is smooth, and the thicker ones are ribbed. The veins are rounded and protruding above the surface. The surface is smooth. The color is light green, broken, with red or orange stripes corresponding to the edges.
On the underside, the surface is hard and rough; the veins protrude above the surface. The color is green, in the area of the veins it is white-yellowish, and the dots are yellow-reddish.
Stem ts 2023, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 14 The underside of the leaf On the underside, the surface is hard and rough; the veins protrude above the surface. The color is green, in the area of the veins it is white-yellowish, and the dots are yellow-reddish.

Stem
The stems are rounded or oval in cross-section, the surface of the thin stems is smooth, and the thicker ones are ribbed. The veins are rounded and protruding above the surface. The surface is smooth. The color is light green, broken, with red or orange stripes corresponding to the edges.

Inflorescence
Inflorescence-glabrous, with 6-11 leaflets (wrapped leaf). The underside of the leaf On the underside, the surface is hard and rough; the veins protrude above the surface. The color is green, in the area of the veins it is white-yellowish, and the dots are yellow-reddish.

Stem
The stems are rounded or oval in cross-section, the surface of the thin stems is smooth, and the thicker ones are ribbed. The veins are rounded and protruding above the surface. The surface is smooth. The color is light green, broken, with red or orange stripes corresponding to the edges.

Inflorescence
Inflorescence-glabrous, with 6-11 leaflets (wrapped leaf). The underside of the leaf On the underside, the surface is hard and rough; the veins protrude above the surface. The color is green, in the area of the veins it is white-yellowish, and the dots are yellow-reddish.

Stem
The stems are rounded or oval in cross-section, the surface of the thin stems is smooth, and the thicker ones are ribbed. The veins are rounded and protruding above the surface. The surface is smooth. The color is light green, broken, with red or orange stripes corresponding to the edges.
The stems are rounded or oval in cross-section, the surface of the thin stems is smooth, and the thicker ones are ribbed. The veins are rounded and protruding above the surface. The surface is smooth. The color is light green, broken, with red or orange stripes corresponding to the edges.

Plant Organ Description
Inflorescence Stem and protruding above the surface. The surface is smooth. The color is light green, broken, with red or orange stripes corresponding to the edges.
lants 2023, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 14 Wrapper leaf The leaflets are awl-shaped, triangular, with a well-defined middle vein. Veins protrude above the surface. The surface is smooth, without pubescence. The end is pointed. The surface is light green, with a reddish tinge at the tip of the wrapping leaflet.

Flower
The flower is conical in shape, with 5 fused leaves at the base, the tips of which are collected in a short peak. On the surface, there is a median vein protruding from the surface. The color is light green, almost white in the area of the middle vein.
Eryngium L. species grow in many countries around the world. Table 2 shows the comparative characteristics of three species of this plant (E. planum L., E. babadaghense G. E. Genç, Akaln & Wörz, E. karatavicum Iljin). Wrapper leaf The leaflets are awl-shaped, triangular, with a well-defined middle vein. Veins protrude above the surface. The surface is smooth, without pubescence. The end is pointed. The surface is light green, with a reddish tinge at the tip of the wrapping leaflet.

Flower
The flower is conical in shape, with 5 fused leaves at the base, the tips of which are collected in a short peak. On the surface, there is a median vein protruding from the surface. The color is light green, almost white in the area of the middle vein.
Eryngium L. species grow in many countries around the world. Table 2 shows the comparative characteristics of three species of this plant (E. planum L., E. babadaghense G. E. Genç, Akaln & Wörz, E. karatavicum Iljin). Wrapper leaf The leaflets are awl-shaped, triangular, with a well-defined middle vein. Veins protrude above the surface. The surface is smooth, without pubescence. The end is pointed. The surface is light green, with a reddish tinge at the tip of the wrapping leaflet.

Flower
The flower is conical in shape, with 5 fused leaves at the base, the tips of which are collected in a short peak. On the surface, there is a median vein protruding from the surface. The color is light green, almost white in the area of the middle vein.
Eryngium L. species grow in many countries around the world. Table 2 shows the comparative characteristics of three species of this plant (E. planum L., E. babadaghense G. E. Genç, Akaln & Wörz, E. karatavicum Iljin). Wrapper leaf The leaflets are awl-shaped, triangular, with a well-defined middle vein. Veins protrude above the surface. The surface is smooth, without pubescence. The end is pointed. The surface is light green, with a reddish tinge at the tip of the wrapping leaflet.

Flower
The flower is conical in shape, with 5 fused leaves at the base, the tips of which are collected in a short peak. On the surface, there is a median vein protruding from the surface. The color is light green, almost white in the area of the middle vein.
Eryngium L. species grow in many countries around the world. Wrapper leaf The leaflets are awl-shaped, triangular, with a well-defined middle vein. Veins protrude above the surface. The surface is smooth, without pubescence. The end is pointed. The surface is light green, with a reddish tinge at the tip of the wrapping leaflet.

Flower
The flower is conical in shape, with 5 fused leaves at the base, the tips of which are collected in a short peak. On the surface, there is a median vein protruding from the surface. The color is light green, almost white in the area of the middle vein.
Eryngium L. species grow in many countries around the world. Table 2 shows the comparative characteristics of three species of this plant (E. planum L., E. babadaghense G. E. Genç, Akaln & Wörz, E. karatavicum Iljin).
The flower is conical in shape, with 5 fused leaves at the base, the tips of which are collected in a short peak. On the surface, there is a median vein protruding from the surface.
The color is light green, almost white in the area of the middle vein. The results of the morphological analysis of Eryngium karatavicum Iljin, presented in Table 1, show that the plants have distinctive macroscopic characteristics of the structure.
Eryngium L. species grow in many countries around the world. Table 2 shows the comparative characteristics of three species of this plant (E. planum L., E. babadaghense G. E. Genç, Akaln & Wörz, E. karatavicum Iljin). Rounded or oval in cross section, the surface of the thin stems is smooth, the thicker ones are ribbed, the veins are round-protrude above the surface, the surface is smooth.

The size of the stem and individual branches
Generative shoots, length 10-100 cm, vegetative shoots up to 30 cm, diameter 0.2-12 mm.
Generative shoots up to 100 cm, vegetative shoots up to 20-25 cm, diameter up to 7-8 mm.
The nature of the surface, the color of the stem and branches The stems are glabrous, rounded, smooth, or slightly striated. In the lower part, the stems are grayish-green, and in the upper part they are purplish-bluish.
The underside is bluish, numerous, and the plates are obovate.
The stems are rounded or oval in cross-section, the surface of the thin stems is smooth, and the thicker ones are ribbed. The veins are rounded and protruding above the surface. The surface is smooth. The color is light green, broken, with red or orange stripes corresponding to the edges.

Macroscopic signs of leaves
The basal leaves are simple whole, oblong, oval, elliptical, or oblong-ovate, obovate, with a leaf blade length of up to 15 cm, width 2-7 cm.
Three to four palmately dissected linear segments, 2-3 mm wide, terminal segments longer than the lateral ones.
The leaf on the upper side is rough and hard, with pronounced veins; the surface is without pubescence. The edges are thickened, and the tips of the lobes are pointed. Color-green, in the vein area-white-yellow, dots-yellow-reddish.
Type of inflorescence and flowers, their morphological structure and signs Corymbose, thyrsus, private-the head is ovoid about 15 mm long. Bracts 5-6 mm long, thinly pointed, oblong-triangular. The flowers are small, actinomorphic, have a five-membered calyx, the teeth of the calyx are oblong-pointed elongated into a long (about 2 mm) spike, leaf-shaped, green, protruding.
Inflorescence-glabrous, with 6-11 leaflets (wrapped leaf). The flower is conical in shape, with 5 fused leaves at the base, the tips of which are collected in a short peak. On the surface there is a median vein protruding from the surface.
The color is light green, almost white in the area of the middle vein.
Results of the microscopical analysis of raw materials of Eryngium karatavicum Iljin

Leaf Surface
The sheet of Eryngium karatavicum Iljin is flat, surrounded on both sides by a singlelayer epidermis. Its cells are round or oval in shape, with slightly sinuous walls, thickened on the outside; covered with a layer of cuticle, with folds forming around the stomata (Figure 3). Above the leaf veins, the epidermis consists of rectangular cells tightly adjacent to each other. Stomata are numerous, located on both sides of the leaf (amphistomatic leaf type), diacytic type (one stomata is surrounded by two cells of the main epidermis), there are 8 to 16 stomata per 1 mm 2 . The stomatal index (lower surface) by [41] is 15.0-18.0 per 1 mm 2 . The stomata themselves are broadly oval in shape and consist of bean-shaped periosteal cells. The pubescence on the leaf surface was not detected, and calcium oxalate druses were observed (Figure 3).

Transverse/Cross Section
On the transverse section, the leaf of Eryngium karatavicum Iljin is flattened, of the isolateral type (Figure 4), with protruding areas of the leaf veins on the lower side.
The cells of the upper and lower epidermis in the cross-section are rounded-rectangular and dense. The areas of living mechanical tissue of the collenchyma were marked around the leaf veins and at the ends. The main and lateral veins consist of a xylem thread oriented to the underside and a phloem thread. The handles are reinforced with collenchyma on both sides. The vascular bundle is a collateral, closed type. The mesophyll differentiates into columnar and spongy tissues. The mesophyll of the stockade is located between of 2 layers, both from the lower and upper sides. The central part between the layers of palisade parenchyma is filled with spongy parenchyma. In the pulp of the leaf, single calcium oxalate druses were observed, as well as red vascular bundles (Figure 4). Above the leaf veins, the epidermis consists of rectangular cells tightly adjacent to each other. Stomata are numerous, located on both sides of the leaf (amphistomatic leaf type), diacytic type (one stomata is surrounded by two cells of the main epidermis), there are 8 to 16 stomata per 1 mm 2 . The stomatal index (lower surface) by [41] is 15.0-18.0 per 1 mm 2 . The stomata themselves are broadly oval in shape and consist of bean-shaped periosteal cells. The pubescence on the leaf surface was not detected, and calcium oxalate druses were observed (Figure 3).

Transverse/Cross Section
On the transverse section, the leaf of Eryngium karatavicum Iljin is flattened, of the isolateral type (Figure 4), with protruding areas of the leaf veins on the lower side.
The cells of the upper and lower epidermis in the cross-section are rounded-rectangular and dense. The areas of living mechanical tissue of the collenchyma were marked around the leaf veins and at the ends. The main and lateral veins consist of a xylem thread oriented to the underside and a phloem thread. The handles are reinforced with collenchyma on both sides. The vascular bundle is a collateral, closed type. The mesophyll differentiates into columnar and spongy tissues. The mesophyll of the stockade is located between of 2 layers, both from the lower and upper sides. The central part between the layers of palisade parenchyma is filled with spongy parenchyma. In the pulp of the leaf, single calcium oxalate druses were observed, as well as red vascular bundles (Figure 4).  The stem of Eryngium karatavicum Iljin is rounded-lobed in a cross section ( Figure 5). A single layer epidermis consisting of rounded cells (almost in the form of beads) is located along the perimeter. At the corners of the stem, corresponding to the lobes, there are significant areas of angular collenchyma, dark-colored oval or elongated zones of chlorenchyma are located between them. The next zone is represented by a multilayer cortical parenchyma, vascular bundles (phloem + xylem) forming a ring (typically dicotyledonous). The conducting zone is separated from the primary cork by a single layer endoderm. Its cells are thin-walled, oval, and more elongated in shape. The conducting zone of the beam type. The vascular bundles are collateral, closed, oval to triangular cone-shaped. The sizes of the vascular bundles differ from each other. The bundles consist of phloem (closer to the periphery) and xylem, reinforced with small sections of the sclerenchyma. The central part is filled with loose cells of the core parenchyma. In the conducting zone, there are numerous secretory ducts with essential oil (schizogenic type), painted red-brown, rounded or oval shape.

Histochemical Signs
As a result of the study, a characteristic staining of cells of different types was revealed, which is characterized by the result of the interaction of reagents with detectable The stem of Eryngium karatavicum Iljin is rounded-lobed in a cross section ( Figure 5). A single layer epidermis consisting of rounded cells (almost in the form of beads) is located along the perimeter. At the corners of the stem, corresponding to the lobes, there are significant areas of angular collenchyma, dark-colored oval or elongated zones of chlorenchyma are located between them. The next zone is represented by a multilayer cortical parenchyma, vascular bundles (phloem + xylem) forming a ring (typically dicotyledonous).  The stem of Eryngium karatavicum Iljin is rounded-lobed in a cross section ( Figure 5). A single layer epidermis consisting of rounded cells (almost in the form of beads) is located along the perimeter. At the corners of the stem, corresponding to the lobes, there are significant areas of angular collenchyma, dark-colored oval or elongated zones of chlorenchyma are located between them. The next zone is represented by a multilayer cortical parenchyma, vascular bundles (phloem + xylem) forming a ring (typically dicotyledonous). The conducting zone is separated from the primary cork by a single layer endoderm. Its cells are thin-walled, oval, and more elongated in shape. The conducting zone of the beam type. The vascular bundles are collateral, closed, oval to triangular cone-shaped. The sizes of the vascular bundles differ from each other. The bundles consist of phloem (closer to the periphery) and xylem, reinforced with small sections of the sclerenchyma. The central part is filled with loose cells of the core parenchyma. In the conducting zone, there are numerous secretory ducts with essential oil (schizogenic type), painted red-brown, rounded or oval shape.

Histochemical Signs
As a result of the study, a characteristic staining of cells of different types was revealed, which is characterized by the result of the interaction of reagents with detectable The conducting zone is separated from the primary cork by a single layer endoderm. Its cells are thin-walled, oval, and more elongated in shape. The conducting zone of the beam type. The vascular bundles are collateral, closed, oval to triangular cone-shaped. The sizes of the vascular bundles differ from each other. The bundles consist of phloem (closer to the periphery) and xylem, reinforced with small sections of the sclerenchyma. The central part is filled with loose cells of the core parenchyma. In the conducting zone, there are numerous secretory ducts with essential oil (schizogenic type), painted red-brown, rounded or oval shape.

Histochemical Signs
As a result of the study, a characteristic staining of cells of different types was revealed, which is characterized by the result of the interaction of reagents with detectable metabolites [32][33][34]. The results of histochemical analysis to identify certain groups of metabolites in the aboveground organs of the studied plant are presented in Table 3. The results of the histochemical examination of the stem ( Figure 6) showed that staining is observed of individual tissue groups, indicating the presence of essential oil, phenolic compounds (tannins, flavonoids), and polysaccharides. The results of the histochemical examination of the stem ( Figure 6) showed that staining is observed of individual tissue groups, indicating the presence of essential oil, phenolic compounds (tannins, flavonoids), and polysaccharides.
The presence of essential oil in the epidermis of the stem (Figure 6), chlorenchyma, in the receptacles and individual drops in secretory cells was observed.
Phenolic compounds have been identified at the following sites: stem chlorenchyma, vascular bundles, sclerenchyma, separate sections of the cortex parenchyma ( Figure 6).
The presence of flavonoids was observed in all stem cells ( Figure 6), but the greatest accumulation was observed in the sclerenchyma, a smaller content-in cells of the angular collenchyma, chlorenchyma and cortex parenchyma.
Polysaccharides are marked locally in the cells of the endoderm and cortex parenchyma in stem ( Figure 6). The presence of essential oil in the epidermis of the stem (Figure 6), chlorenchyma, in the receptacles and individual drops in secretory cells was observed.
Phenolic compounds have been identified at the following sites: stem chlorenchyma, vascular bundles, sclerenchyma, separate sections of the cortex parenchyma ( Figure 6).
The presence of flavonoids was observed in all stem cells (Figure 6), but the greatest accumulation was observed in the sclerenchyma, a smaller content-in cells of the angular collenchyma, chlorenchyma and cortex parenchyma.
Polysaccharides are marked locally in the cells of the endoderm and cortex parenchyma in stem ( Figure 6).
Typical staining for alkaloids and starch has not been recorded in the stem ( Figure 6). Similar studies were conducted for the leaf (Figure 7) of blue-headed E. karatavicum. Also, as for the stem, the accumulation of phenolic compounds (tannins, flavonoids), essential oil, and polysaccharides was observed, and starch and alkaloids were not detected. Typical staining for alkaloids and starch has not been recorded in the stem (Fi 6).
Similar studies were conducted for the leaf (Figure 7) of blue-headed E. karatavi Also, as for the stem, the accumulation of phenolic compounds (tannins, flavonoids) sential oil, and polysaccharides was observed, and starch and alkaloids were not detec Essential oil (Figure 7) is localized in cells of the secretory ducts, to a lesser exten individual secretory cells of the mesophyll. Phenolic compounds (Figure 7)

Materials
The objects of this study were the aerial parts of Eryngium karatavicum Iljin, colle on the territory of the Syrdarya-Turkestan State Regional Natural Park (South Kaz stan) during the flowering period in June 2020 ( Figure 2). The species was identifie the Director of the Institute of Botany and Phytointroduction, Sitpayeva Gulnara, o

Materials
The objects of this study were the aerial parts of Eryngium karatavicum Iljin, collected on the territory of the Syrdarya-Turkestan State Regional Natural Park (South Kazakhstan) during the flowering period in June 2020 ( Figure 2). The species was identified by the Director of the Institute of Botany and Phytointroduction, Sitpayeva Gulnara, on 25 July 2019, and a certificate of identification confirmation was issued (01-08/200). Herbarium samples were deposited at the Institute of Botany and Phytointroduction (Kazakh National Medical University, Kazakhstan).
Histochemical analysis was performed for cross-sections of the stem and leaf. During histochemical analysis, we used the following reagents [32][33][34]: A change in the color of certain tissues served as a sign of the localization of certain groups of metabolites in the tissues of Eryngium karatavicum Iljin. The photos were edited in the Paint 10.1 and Krita 5.0.6 programs (the price of dividing a microline is 10 microns).

Conclusions
For the first time, diagnostic signs of the aerial parts of the Eryngium karatavicum Iljin plant were determined at the macroscopic and microscopic levels.
For the first time, the following diagnostic signs were identified at the macroscopic level: -The upper side of the leaf surface is rough, hard, with pronounced veins; the surface is without pubescence, the edges are thickened, the tips of the lobes are pointed, the color is green, and in the area of the veins they are white-yellowish, while the dots are yellow-reddish; - The lower side of the leaf surface is hard and rough; the veins protrude above the surface, the color is green, in the area of the veins it is white and yellowish, pricklyyellow-reddish; - The stem is rounded or oval in cross-section, the surface of thin stems is smooth, thicker ones are ribbed, round veins protrude above the surface, the surface is smooth, the color is light green, at the break with red or orange stripes corresponding to the ribs; - The inflorescence is glabrous, with 6-11 leaflets; -Leaflet (wrapped sheet) is awl-shaped, triangular, with a well-defined middle vein, the veins protrude above the surface; the surface is smooth, without pubescence, the tip is pointed, the surface is light green, and at the tip of the wrapped leaflet it has a reddish tint; -A flower of conical shape, with five leaves fused at the base, the tips are reduced to a short, pointed point; a median vein protruding to the surface is marked on the surface; the flower color is light green, almost white in the area of the middle vein.
For the first time, the following diagnostic signs were detected at the microscopic level: -The shape of the cells of the main epidermis of the leaf, and the presence of stomata of the diacytic type; -An isolated type of leaf with a multilayered epidermis on the upper and lower sides of the leaf; - The presence of calcium oxalate druse, translucent from the surface of the leaf; - The presence of small secretory ducts with essential oil on the cross-section of the leaf and stem.
We identified in E. karatavicum by histochemical analysis (in stem and leaves) phenolic compounds (tannins, flavonoids), essential oil, and polysaccharides, but starch and alkaloids were not detected.
The macroscopic, microscopic and histochemical analysis of the E. karatavicum Iljin aerial part is useful in standardization for sample identification.