Pre-Germinative Treatments and Morphophysiological Traits in Enterolobium cyclocarpum and Piscidia piscipula (Fabaceae) from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

Enterolobium cyclocarpum and Piscidia piscipula are two important tree Fabaceae species distributed from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Our aims were focused on the E. cyclocarpum and P. piscipula seeds for: (1) to examine the seed permeability and imbibition rate, (2) to evaluate the effect of seed pre-germinative treatments, and (3) to characterize the structures involved on the presence of physical dormancy (PY). We used fresh seeds to determine seed permeability and imbibition rate, seed viability by means of tetrazolium test, furthermore, we applied mechanical scarification and boiler shocks for 5 s, 10 s and 15 s treatments. Morphological characterization of the seed coat was by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Seed viability in E. cyclocarpum and P. piscipula were 100% and 96%, respectively. Seed permeability and imbibition rate in E. cyclocarpum were low. The highest germination in E. cyclocarpum was in the mechanical scarification (92%), while in P. piscipula, this parameter was in the 10 s boiling water treatment (76.0%). The presence of PY was confirmed in both species because they showed low seed permeability, and imbibition rate; furthermore, exhibited macrosclereids cells. The present research seeks to promote the sustainable use of E. cyclocarpum and P. piscipula.


Introduction
Dormancy is the inability of the seeds to germinate, which can be a problem in the seedling production systems [1]. Seed dormancy is the state or condition where seeds cannot germinate even when they are under favorable environmental conditions for it to occur., including temperature, water, light, gas interchange, seed coats, and other mechanical restrictions [1]. One of the most common types of dormancies in plant species is physical dormancy (PY), in which seeds or fruit coats are water-impermeable and unable to imbibe water, limiting the germination process to be carried out [1]. To break PY, the Therefore, following hypotheses were tested in this study: (1) the seeds of E. cyclocarpum and P. piscipula will display PY, and they will increase the seed germination by applying pre-germinative treatments, and (2) the presence of PY in both species is because they show water-impermeability and low imbibition rate due to specialized cells such as macrosclereids, and structures such as water gap or cushion-like structure are involved in the process of seed imbibition in these species. Thus, we evaluated the efficiency of some seed pregerminative treatments in E. cyclocarpum and P. piscipula; in addition, we examined the seed permeability and imbibition rate in both species, and we characterized the external and internal morphology of the testa in the E. cyclocarpum and P. piscipula seeds to describe the structures involved on the presence of PY in these species.

Seed Viability
There were no significant differences (F (1, 98) = 2.04, p = 0.16) in the seed viability of the species studied. This variable showed high values and was similar for both species, 100% for E. cyclocarpum and 96% ± 0.24% for P. piscipula.
The highest germination (92% ± 4%) was achieved in the mechanical scarification treatment from the 27th day of the experiment. In P. piscipula, the highest and faster germination percentages was documented in the boiling water treatments for 10 s and 15 s (41% ± 5%, 42% ± 6%, respectively) from the first four days until the end of the experiment (Figure 2b). The highest germination percentage (76.0% ± 7.92%) was reached in the boiling water treatment for 10 s from the 17th day of the experiment. < 0.0001). For E. cyclocarpum, the highest and faster germination was documented in the treatments of boiling water for 5 s, 10 s, and 15 s, as well as mechanical scarification (35% ± 3%, 35% ± 3%, 36% ± 3%, and 37% ± 4% respectively) from the first eight days until the end of the experiment (Figure 2a).   < 0.0001). For E. cyclocarpum, the highest and faster germination was documented treatments of boiling water for 5 s, 10 s, and 15 s, as well as mechanical scarificatio ± 3%, 35% ± 3%, 36% ± 3%, and 37% ± 4% respectively) from the first eight days u end of the experiment (Figure 2a).     Figure 3A shows the external section of the P. piscipula seed where the hilar region and raphe are observed. We found the following structures within the hilar region (internal section): (1) the micropyle, which was observed as a depression located above the hilum, and (2) the hilum, which was found in the apical portion showing a circular shape and covered by remnants of funicular parenchyma with a closed central canal ( Figure 3B). The seed coat of P. piscipula is composed of the epidermis, hypodermis, and inner parenchyma. The epidermis is composed of a layer of palisade macrosclereids or Malpighian cells. The hypodermis is composed of osteosclereids, or clock cells separated by intercellular spaces (we did not observe these cells in the hilar region). The Inner parenchyma is composed of several layers of collapsed parenchyma, possibly remnants of the endosperm ( Figure 3C). In the P. piscipula hilar region, we also found the presence of a cushion-like structure, a tracheid bar composed of tracheids, as well as a counter-palisade layer ( Figure 3D-F). treatment from the 27th day of the experiment. In P. piscipula, the highest and faster germination percentages was documented in the boiling water treatments for 10 s and 15 s (41% ± 5%, 42% ± 6%, respectively) from the first four days until the end of the experiment (Figure 2b). The highest germination percentage (76.0% ± 7.92%) was reached in the boiling water treatment for 10 s from the 17th day of the experiment. Figure 3A shows the external section of the P. piscipula seed where the hilar region and raphe are observed. We found the following structures within the hilar region (internal section): (1) the micropyle, which was observed as a depression located above the hilum, and (2) the hilum, which was found in the apical portion showing a circular shape and covered by remnants of funicular parenchyma with a closed central canal ( Figure 3B). The seed coat of P. piscipula is composed of the epidermis, hypodermis, and inner parenchyma. The epidermis is composed of a layer of palisade macrosclereids or Malpighian cells. The hypodermis is composed of osteosclereids, or clock cells separated by intercellular spaces (we did not observe these cells in the hilar region). The Inner parenchyma is composed of several layers of collapsed parenchyma, possibly remnants of the endosperm ( Figure 3C). In the P. piscipula hilar region, we also found the presence of a cushion-like structure, a tracheid bar composed of tracheids, as well as a counter-palisade layer ( Figure  3D-F).

Enterolobium cyclocarpum
In the external section of the E. cyclocarpum seed, the hilar region and lens are observed ( Figure 4A). We found the following structures within the hilar region: (1) the micropyle: which was observed as a depression located to one side of the hilum showing parenchyma around, and (2) the hilum: found in the apical portion with asymmetrical shape covered with remnants of funicular parenchyma ( Figure 4B). Inside the hilar region, it was observed to be composed mainly of spongy parenchyma under the hilum followed by palisade parenchyma ( Figure 4C), The seed coat of E. cyclocarpum is composed of cuticles followed by macrosclereids, spongy parenchyma and palisade parenchyma ( Figure 4D).

Enterolobium cyclocarpum
In the external section of the E. cyclocarpum seed, the hilar region and lens are observed ( Figure 4A). We found the following structures within the hilar region: (1) the micropyle: which was observed as a depression located to one side of the hilum showing parenchyma around, and (2) the hilum: found in the apical portion with asymmetrical shape covered with remnants of funicular parenchyma ( Figure 4B). Inside the hilar region, it was observed to be composed mainly of spongy parenchyma under the hilum followed by palisade parenchyma (Figure 4C), The seed coat of E. cyclocarpum is composed of cuticles followed by macrosclereids, spongy parenchyma and palisade parenchyma ( Figure  4D).

Discussion
We hypothesize that (1) the seeds of E. cyclocarpum and P. piscipula will display PY and they will increase the seed germination by applying pre-germinative treatments, and (2) the presence of PY in both species is because they show water-impermeability and low imbibition rate due to the presence of specialized cells known as macrosclereids, and structures such as water gap or cushion-like structure are involved in the process of seed imbibition. in this study, E. cyclocarpum and P. piscipula seeds showed high water impermeability and low seed inhibition and they showed almost all the morphological structures described above; however, the presence of PY was corroborated in both target species. In addition, we found high seed viability values in these species and consequently,

Discussion
We hypothesize that (1) the seeds of E. cyclocarpum and P. piscipula will display PY and they will increase the seed germination by applying pre-germinative treatments, and (2) the presence of PY in both species is because they show water-impermeability and low imbibition rate due to the presence of specialized cells known as macrosclereids, and structures such as water gap or cushion-like structure are involved in the process of seed imbibition. in this study, E. cyclocarpum and P. piscipula seeds showed high water impermeability and low seed inhibition and they showed almost all the morphological structures described above; however, the presence of PY was corroborated in both target species. In addition, we found high seed viability values in these species and consequently, the E. cyclocarpum and P. piscipula seeds became permeable and showed a high seed germination after the application of pre-germination treatments.
Water-impermeability in E. cyclocarpum and P. piscipula, showed low values (1.49% ± 1.15% and 3.36% ± 1.55%, respectively). and the percentage of imbibed seeds was also low (≤4%). In species of the genus Vachellia belonging to Fabaceae, Burrows [21] reported differential responses in the percentage of imbibed seeds for 48 Australian species. In terms of imbibition rate (fresh weight gain through time), Galíndez [22] documented similar low imbibition in two populations of Amburana cearensis (4.6% ± 3.13% and 6.6% ± 2.81% respectively), but high imbibition values in Myroxylon peruiferum (81.4% ± 4.01% and 95.2% ± 3% respectively). It has been suggested that the impermeability and low imbibition of seeds are indicators of the presence of PY in plant species such as Fabaceae [4,11]. Our findings about of the impermeability and low imbibition of seeds in study species support this premise.
In several species of Fabaceae have been documented the existence of PY, see [3]. Thus, the germinative responses to the application of several kinds of pre-germinative treatments e.g., [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] have been widely evaluated in these species. In this context, Robles-Díaz [2] documented a high germination percentage in Lupinus rotundiflorus (69.8% ± 2.7%) using thermal shocks with boiling water for 10 s. We found similar results because P. piscipula had the highest germination (76.0% ± 7.95%) in thermal shocks with boiling water for 10 s. In addition, Galíndez [22] reported that mechanical scarification in A. cearensis is an efficient method to increase germination percentage and germination time. These findings also agree with our results because E. cyclocarpum showed the highest germination percentage (92% ± 4%) in the mechanical scarification treatment.
In both E. cyclocarpum and P. piscipula, research in terms of seed germination is still scarce. However, Viveros-Viveros [19] indicated that E. cyclocarpum showed a germination of 83% by prior immersion the seeds in 98% sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) for 30 min. Similarly, Ezenwa [31] and Hernández [32] documented a high germination (93% and 92%, respectively) in H 2 SO 4 -treated (30 min and 35 min of immersion) seeds. As described above, the highest germination of the E. cyclocarpum seeds documented here was in the mechanical scarification treatment (92% ± 4%), which was similar to these studies.
Enterolobium cyclocarpum is a species widely used as shade and feed for cattle [33], and reforestation programs [34]. Furthermore, chemical entities such as terpene, waxes, resinic acids, stilbenoids, fatty acids, pectins, phenolic complexes, proteins, lignan saponins, essential oils, flavonoids, glycosides, gums (fatty acids, alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, terpenes) obtained from leaves, fruits, and logs of this species are used in the textile, pharmacological, cosmetic, and culinary industries [35][36][37]. Therefore, practical, and effective methods are needed to increase germination percentage and seedling production in E. cyclocarpum. In this sense, the application of H 2 SO 4 promotes high germination percentage [19,31,32]; however, the large-scale application of this methodology may be limited, especially in the rural zones, because substantial amounts of acid are required, it could contaminate the environment, and it is expensive. Our work proposes the use of mechanical scarification as an effective method that meets the requirements described above for reaching a adequate germination.
Similarly, P. piscipula is a species widely used and it has diverse biotechnological approaches. Ethnomedical data showed that leaves of P. piscipula are used for cough, gastrointestinal, respiratory disorders [38], and aquaculture [39]. Pharmacological studies showed that P. piscipula induces antimycotic effects [40]. Non-polar and polar extracts from leaves exert antimicrobial activities against Giardia duodenalis and Helicobacter pylori [38]. In germinability of P. piscipula, González-Valdivia [20] obtained a germination of 55% through an immersion treatment in water at 100 • C for 3 min. Our results were similar because P. piscipula seeds had higher germination (76% ± 5% and 68% ± 5%) in thermal shocks with boiling water for 10 s and 15 s, respectively. These findings confirmed that heat shock treatments promote high germination percentage in P. piscipula.
It has been suggested that the P. piscipula [12] and E. cyclocarpum [19] seeds show PY; nevertheless, morphological studies that support this assumption in both species are limited. In E. cyclocarpum, Hernández-Epigmenio [41] corroborated the presence of PY in this species because it showed inside seeds macrosclereids and osteosclereids cells, as well as spongy parenchyma and palisade parenchyma. Robles-Díaz [2] also found these structures in Mexican Lupinus species. In our study, both P. piscipula and E. cyclocarpum showed similar morphological structures; however, the presence of a cushion-like structure and tracheid bar were only corroborated in P. piscipula. Cushion-like structure has been suggested to be found at Faboideae, a subfamily within Fabaceae, which groups P. piscipula [42]. E. cyclocarpum is found into Mimosoideae subfamily. It is possible that this is the explanation why cushionlike structure was not found in this species.
In this context, Robles-Díaz [2,6] and Perissé and Planchuelo [5] documented the presence of cushion-like structure and tracheid bars as direct evidence of the existence of PY in Mexican and Argentine Lupinus species respectively. Although we found almost all these morphological structures described above, our results about morphological characterization also confirm the assumption of the existence of PY in E. cyclocarpum and P. piscipula [12,19]. In Fabaceae species, differential water gap regions can be distinguished [3]. In this study, an external and internal characterization was carried out; nevertheless, the water gap in both target species is not clear.
It has been documented that the seed coat functions as regulator in imbibition phase [43] and a high and fast germination are inversely correlated with high seed coat hardness [44]. Therefore, when the seed coat is scarified, it can potentially decrease mechanical resistance to germination [45]. Thus, the thermal shocks with boiling water for 10 s (P. piscipula) and mechanic scarification (E. cyclocarpum) treatments influenced the breaking of PY, increasing the water uptake, and consequently high germination in both species.
The effect of temperature on the natural decomposition of impermeable seed coats may be through the heating effect of solar radiation on the surface layers of the dry and/or moist soils, together with night cooling, resulting in a combination of exposure to temperature fluctuations, thus favoring germination to take place [2]. In the case of P. piscipula, the higher germinative efficiency promoted for heat shocks by 10 s possibly favored the formation of cracks on the seeds allowing a more effective separation of the macrosclereids cells as well as of parenchymal tissue. It is possible that mechanical scarification had high efficiency in terms of germination in E. cyclocarpum because seeds of this species displayed a high proportion of spongy parenchyma and palisade parenchyma than P. piscipula, and this treatment facilitated their removal to overcome this barrier.
Our research provides new evidence about morphophysiological features of the P. piscipula and E. cyclocarpum seeds and suggests the use of effective and practical methods to potentiate the propagation of these species. In future works, it is important to characterize the initial site of water entry in the P. piscipula and E. cyclocarpum seeds; in addition, the possible external changes of seed coat after application of pre-germinative treatments and the effect of some microorganisms such as fungi species, which also could help to break the PY in these species. An aspect that has been almost neglected is the dynamics of the soil seed bank in both species, see [46,47]. Thus, studies of soil seed bank dynamics in E. cyclocarpum and P. piscipula are also crucial in future research.

Study Species
Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb (1860), in Yucatan Peninsula is commonly known as Pich, is a tree that reaches 20 to 30 m tall, with a straight trunk and sometimes with small aerial roots at its base. Hemispherical cup, sometimes wider than tall; smooth to grainy bark. Leaves are composed of small leaflets, green flowers. Its fruits are flattened and coiled, woody pods with a shiny dark brown color, sweet smell and taste, and numerous seeds [48]. Its seeds are oval, flattened, large (1.5 to 2 cm long and 1 cm wide), brown, and with a very hard testa [19]. E. cyclocarpum is found in deciduous forests from southwestern Mexico to northern South America (Venezuela and Brazil) [19]. On the Gulf of Mexico, E. cyclocarpum is found from southern Tamaulipas to the Yucatan Peninsula and in the Pacific Ocean from Sinaloa to Chiapas. This species is generally found in disturbed areas in high-evergreen and medium sub-evergreen forests [48]. It is a representative floristic component of the semi-deciduous forest [49]. E. cyclocarpum is used as food or as shade for cattle [34], and it is used in reforestation programs in the Yucatan Peninsula [34]. Its flowering season goes from February to June, followed by a fruiting season between April and July [50].
Piscidia piscipula (L.) Sarg. (1891), in Mexico is commonly known as Jabín [33], is a tree tall (≥20 m), has a dense crown, fissured bark, ovate compound imparipinnate leaves, flowers in slightly scented panicles with pink petals, pod-shaped fruits with brown wings and yellowish-brown seeds (5 mm long, and 3 mm width) [51]. P. piscipula is found from Tamaulipas to the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, the United States (South Florida), and Honduras [52]. In the Yucatan Peninsula, P. piscipula is especially abundant in the secondary vegetation of medium sub-evergreen forests and medium sub-deciduous forests [48]. Beekeepers value this tree species because it remains in bloom for four months. The region's inhabitants use their leaves to make medicines and as a flavoring herb for a famous dish from the Yucatan Peninsula known as "Cochinita pibil". Its wood is of excellent quality for construction and combustion [53]. In some parts of the Yucatan Peninsula is known as the mother of the candle. Its flowering season goes from January to April, followed by a fruiting season between February and June [52].
Within the Yucatan Peninsula, the Campeche state is considered a tropical zone [49], with forest, savannah, coast, and sea, with the forest predominating, which covers 80% of the territory [54]. The tropical forest vegetation is high-evergreen and semi-evergreen forests, medium deciduous and semi-evergreen forests, and low deciduous and semievergreen forests [54]. According to Flores and Espejel [49], in San Francisco de Campeche, the capital city of the Campeche state, the dominant vegetation is the semi-deciduous forest, especially in the north, center, and a little to the south. The Fabaceae and Rubiaceae species are representative of the floristic composition in this city [55]. This plant community in areas surrounding of the San Francisco de Campeche is dominated, in addition to other species such as P. piscipula and E. cyclocarpum trees [49]. The annual average temperature is 26 • C, with maximum levels before the summer solstice at an average of 28 • C, reaching a historical maximum temperature of 52 • C. The rainy season is between June to October (mean precipitation of 1634.5 mm [56] and the dry season (absence of rain) is from January to mid-May [57]. The highest relative humidity is during September (78.6%), and the lowest is in April (55.6%) [58].

Seed Collection
We collected seeds of at least ten mother plants of both E. cyclocarpum and P. piscipula from the surroundings of the city of San Francisco de Campeche (Altitude: 1 m., Latitude: 19 • 51 00 N, Longitude: 90 • 31 59 W), municipality of Campeche, Mexico, from April to June of 2021. The harvested seeds of both species were stored under standard conditions in plastic and airtight bags (one bag per each mother plant of each species) and kept at room temperature (25 • C ± 2 • C and 60-80% relative humidity) in normal day/night conditions [59,60] until experimentation in September 2021.

Seed Disinfection
Before the start of the experiment, all harvested seeds of E. cyclocarpum and P. piscipula were placed in a 20% commercial chlorine solution and shaken on a hot plate with a stirrer by two minutes. They were then placed in 70% ethyl alcohol and stirred on a hot plate with a stirrer. Finally, they were given three washes with distilled water [2].

Viability Test
We used the tetrazolium (2,3,5-tryphenil tetrazolium chloride, TTC) test to evaluate seed viability. TTC-test is a rapid method, commonly used to assess the seed viability [61]. TTC-test is normally determined by a topographical method (visual observation) in order to characterize the pattern and intensity of staining and coloration in individual seed embryos [62,63]. Thus, TTC-test has been suggested as reliable as germination tests in several plant species, see [63], and a positive correlation between viability and germination of seeds is expected [64].
We placed 50 seeds of each species in five groups of ten. To facilitate the entry of the solution into the seed, we made an incision with a scalpel parallel to the micropyle axis.
We placed seeds from each group in a beaker and soaked them with 20 mL of distilled water for 24 h before being placed in the tetrazolium solution. Subsequently, we removed distilled water from each baker and added 20 mL tetrazolium solutions at 1%. Each baker was covered and wrapped with aluminum foil to maintain the seeds in darkness at 25 • C for 48 h. Subsequently, we observed under a stereomicroscope. We considered viable seeds when showing their cotyledons and embryos red-stained without apparent damage [65]. Viability was estimated for each species and presented as a percentage (%) [59,60].

Imbibition Rate
To evaluate the water permeability into seeds of E. cyclocarpum and P. piscipula, we assessed the seed imbibition in terms of fresh weight gain through time in both species [11]. We used 50 random seeds of each species (without scarification) and grouped them into five replicates of ten seeds. We placed them in plastic containers (one seed per container) with distilled water. Because the size of the seeds from the two studied species is different, we used different kinds of containers for each species. For E. cyclocarpum, we use hermetic plastic bottles (20 mL), and for P. piscipula, we use Eppendorf tubes (2 mL). We recorded the initial fresh weight value of each seed for each species before being placed in containers. We kept the E. cyclocarpum and P. piscipula seeds at 25 • C and registered the fresh weight values every 24 h for each replicate and species during three uninterrupted days (72 h). We considered imbibed seeds when they showed an increase in fresh weight by at least 100% [60]. With these data, we obtained the number of imbibed seeds (%), as well as the imbibition rate (%) for each species.

Effect of Pre-Germinative Treatments in Fresh Seeds
We evaluated the effect of different pre-germination treatments in fresh seeds of E. cyclocarpum and P. piscipula to break PY. We applied a mechanical scarification treatment. For this, we cut with a scalpel in the region opposite the micropyle of the seeds [22]. We also applied thermal scarifications by dipping seeds in boiling water for 5 s, 10 s, and 15 s. Here, seeds were placed inside a stainless-steel tea infuser of 50 mm of diameter and posteriorly dipping into a beaker containing 150 mL of distilled water [2]. We also used intact seeds (not scarification) as a control treatment. We used a completely random design, with ten replicates of 10 seeds for each treatment and species. We placed seeds in Petri dishes with 17.5 mL of distilled water using a sterile cotton layer as a substrate and sealed them with parafilm (Parafilm M, Pechiney Plastic Packaging, Chicago, IL, USA). We kept the Petri dishes in a temperature room at 25 • C and 60-80% relative humidity, with a photoperiod of 12 h [59]. We recorded the number of germinated seeds daily for 30 days, and with these data, we determined the daily germination and final germination percentages in each treatment and species.

Morphological Characterization of the Seed Coat
For both E. cyclocarpum and P. piscipula, a sample of six seeds were used. We used three complete seeds of both species to characterize the external section. Additionality, other three seeds were longitudinal sectioned with a scalpel to characterize the internal section. Both complete and sectioned seeds were mounted on carbon double-sided adhesive tape on metal pins. We analyzed the external and internal structures of the seed coat [2] with a scanning electron observed (Scanning Electron Microscope FlexSEM 1000 Hitachi) at 20 kilovolts (kV), and an angle of inclination of 0 • . There was no need for gold coating for any of the samples before the SEM analysis.

Statistical Analysis
Seed viability values were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA considering the species as a predictive factor. Percentage of imbibed seeds (fresh weight) were also analyzed using a one-way ANOVA considering time as a predictive factor. In this analysis, we do not consider the species as a predictive factor due to the intrinsic morphological differences in fresh weight between P. piscipula and E. cyclocarpum described above. To analyze imbibition rate in both species we applied a repeated measures of ANOVA considering species and time as predictor factors. In the case of daily germination in P. piscipula and E. cyclocarpum, we also applied a repeated measure of ANOVA, taking into account species, treatments, and time as predictor factors. We also analyzed the values of the final germination considering as predictive factors the species and the pre-germination treatments using a factorial ANOVA. We analyzed the data on the structure of seed coats descriptively [2]. The normality of all the quantitative data and the homoscedasticity of the residuals in all the quantitative variables were corroborated. We analyzed all quantitative analyses with IBM SAS Statistics (version 9.4, for windows).

Conclusions
The E. cyclocarpum and P. piscipula seeds show a high water-impermeability and both a low proportion of imbibed seeds and imbibition rate, limiting the germination process from naturally occurring. The results of the morphological characterization of the seed coat in both species corroborated the presence of PY because they showed morphological structures such as macrosclereids cells, spongy parenchyma, and palisade parenchyma, which are considered direct evidence of the existence of PY in Fabaceae species. Finally, the seeds from both species became permeable and displayed high germination by application of pre-germinative treatments. E. cyclocarpum had the highest germination percentage in the mechanical scarification, while P. piscipula showed the highest germination percentage in thermal shocks with boiling water for 10 s. The present research seeks to promote the sustainable use of E. cyclocarpum and P. piscipula and contribute to the creation of effective conservation strategies and enhance their biotechnological applications.