Genetic Diversity, Pathogenicity and Pseudorecombination of Cucurbit-Infecting Begomoviruses in Malaysia

Cucurbits are important crops in the world. However, leaf curl disease constrains their production. Here, begomovirus diversity and pathogenicity associated with the disease in Malaysia were studied based on 49 begomovirus-detected out of 69 symptomatic plants from seven cucurbit crops in 15 locations during 2016 and 2017. The presence of Squash leaf curl China virus (SLCCNV) and Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) were confirmed by virus detection by polymerase chain reaction, viral DNA sequence analysis and specific detection of the viral components. ToLCNDV Malaysian isolates were further distinguished into strains A, B, C and D. Virus co-infection was detected in bitter gourd, bottle gourd and squash. Among them, eight bitter gourd samples were detected without SLCCNV DNA-A. However, one bottle gourd and five squash samples were without ToLCNDV DNA-B. Pseudorecombination of ToLCNDV DNA-A and SLCCNV DNA-B was detected in two bitter gourd samples. The pathogenic viruses and pseudorecombinants were confirmed by agroinoculation. The viral DNA-B influencing on symptomology and host range was also confirmed. The results strengthen the epidemic of cucurbit-infecting begomovirus in Malaysia as well as Southeast Asia. Especially, the natural pseudorecombinant of begomovirus that extends host range and causes severe symptom implies a threat to crops.


Introduction
Cucurbits are important economic crops, and their growing acreage has reached 7.89 million hectares (ha) with production of more than 238.6 million tons worldwide, with Asian countries being the major contributors [1]. However, leaf curl disease caused by whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses constrains cucurbit production [2][3][4]. Symptoms of cucurbit leaf curl disease include the leaf yellowing, mosaic and curling, and diseased plant may also reveal symptoms of vein swelling, yellow chlorotic spot and plant stunting [5][6][7]. Based on the demarcation criteria of nucleotide sequence identity 91% for the begomovirus species, more than 15 cucurbit-infecting begomovirus species were identified [8]. Three begomoviruses, Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), Squash leaf curl China virus (SLCCNV) and Squash leaf curl Philippines virus (SLCuPV) were frequently associated with cucurbit leaf curl disease in Asia [9][10][11]. All contain bipartite genome (DNA-A and -B). So far, ToLCNDV was identified on more than 15 cucurbit crops distributed in nine countries [10]. SLCCNV was identified on more than six cucurbit crops in eight countries [12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. The SLCuPV was first identified in the Philippines and most closely related to the SLCCNV (88% nucleotide identity of DNA-A) [5]. Consequentially, the virus was found in the Taiwan [19]. SLCuPV has a restricted host range within the Cucurbitaceae [20].
The genomic components of begomovirus could be evolved rapidly through mutation, recombination and pseudorecombination [21]. Pseudorecombination only occurs in viruses having segmented genomes [22]. A pseudorecombination can be defined as an In 2016, eight out of 11 cucurbit samples collected in East Malaysia were identified with the presence of Begomovirus (Table 1). In 2017, begomovirus was detected in 15 out of 16 samples collected from Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia and in 26 out of 42 samples collected from Kulai, Johor, Malaysia (Table 1). In total, the begomovirus was detected in nine bitter gourd, one bottle gourd, 13 cucumber, one oriental melon, eight squash, 14 ridge gourd, and three wax gourd samples. Viral DNA-B was also detected in all begomovirus positive samples (Table 1). Viruses associated satellite DNAs were not detected in all begomovirus positive samples (data not shown).

Virus DNA Sequence Analysis
In total, 26 full-length viral DNA-A and 27 full-length DNA-B sequences were determined ( Figure 1, Table S3). All sequences contain the begomovirus conserved nonanucleotide sequence-TAATATT/AC in the stem-loop structure located in the intergenic region (IR). All DNA-A sequences were determined to contain two open reading frames (ORFs) (AV1 and AV2) in virion sense and four (AC1 to AC4) in complementary sense (Table S3). One each ORF in virion (BV1) and complementary sense (BC1) were also determined in all DNA-B sequences (Table S3).
Most of the viral DNA-As were identified with relative DNA-Bs ( Figure 1). However, both ToLCNDV strain C isolates (Cu146 and Cu150) revealed viral components of DNA-As in Cluster 3a and of DNA-Bs in Cluster 1b. The viral DNA-As of two isolates (OM1 and Cu140) were grouped in ToLCNDV strain A and their component DNA-Bs were in Cluster 2b. Interestingly, based on the viral DNA-A analysis, the isolate BG120 was in ToLCNDV strain A and the isolate BG85 was in strain D. However, the viral DNA-Bs of both isolates were in Cluster 3b, the SLCCNV DNA-Bs ( Figure 1).  Table S2). Phylogenetic analysis was performed by Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis software X (MEGA X) using the Muscle alignment and the neighbor-joining method options. The tree is rooted on the sequence of Squash leaf curl virus (SLCuV). The numbers at branch indicate the percentage of 1000 bootstrap replications.
Following demarcation criteria of nucleotide sequence identity 91% for the begomovirus species, the identified isolates in Clusters 1a, 2a, 3a and 4a were considered as ToLCNDV isolates (Table 2). Their full-length DNA-A sequences have >83.5% sequence identity with ToLCNDV isolates. All new identified isolates in Cluster 6a were considered as SLCCNV isolates, they revealed >89.0% sequence identity with other SLCCNV isolates. The virus isolates in each Cluster formed a distinct strain of the virus based on the demarcation criteria 94% sequence identity for begomovirus strain. The virus isolates in Cluster 1a composed of a distinct ToLCNDV strain A, they revealed 92. 5 ToLCNDV strain C sharing 99.0% sequence identity and revealed 78.9-90.1% with other ToLCNDV isolates. Both isolates in Cluster 4a built up ToLCNDV strain D based on 94.5% sequence identity to each other and 80.8-88.0% with other ToLCNDV isolates. All virus isolates in Cluster 5a have 92.9-96.1% sequence identity to each other and grouped as SLCCNV strain A. The virus isolates in Cluster 6a composed of SLCCNV strain B showing 91.6-100.0% sequence identity to each other and 89.6-94.4% with SLCCNV-A isolates. The DNA-B sequences including newly identified full-length viral DNA-Bs and those retrieved from GenBank could be grouped into 6 Clusters ( Figure 1). Viral DNA-B sequences in Cluster 1b and 2b were ToLCNDV DNA-Bs and revealed sequence identity 84.9-91.4% of DNA-Bs between two Clusters (Table 2). However, they shared >92.0% sequence identity within the Cluster 1b or 2b. Those in Cluster 3b, 4b, 5b and 6b were SLCCNV DNA-Bs sharing 70.9-85.1% sequence identity among the Clusters ( Table 2). Those SLCCNV DNA-Bs within a Cluster shared >83.9% sequence identity to each other. Most of the viral DNA-As were identified with relative DNA-Bs ( Figure 1). However, both ToLCNDV strain C isolates (Cu146 and Cu150) revealed viral components of DNA-As in Cluster 3a and of DNA-Bs in Cluster 1b. The viral DNA-As of two isolates (OM1 and Cu140) were grouped in ToLCNDV strain A and their component DNA-Bs were in Cluster 2b. Interestingly, based on the viral DNA-A analysis, the isolate BG120 was in ToLCNDV strain A and the isolate BG85 was in strain D. However, the viral DNA-Bs of both isolates were in Cluster 3b, the SLCCNV DNA-Bs ( Figure 1).

Specific Detection of Cucurbit Begomovirus in Malaysia
All the samples detected successfully for the presence of specific virus component by PCR with the primer pairs: SLCCNV-SPAF/PAR1c715H for SLCCNV DNA-A, ToLCNDV-SPAF/PAR1c715H for ToLCNDV DNA-A, SLCCNV-SPBF/DNA-BC for SLCCNV DNA-B, and ToLCNDV-SPBF/DNA-BC for ToLCNDV DNA-B ( Figure S1 and Table 2). The ToLCNDV DNA-A was detected in all begomovirus positive samples ( Table 1). The ToLCNDV DNA-B was also presence in all, except two bitter gourd, one bottle gourd and five squash samples. However, the SLCCNV DNA-A was limited in one bottle gourd and seven squash samples. In addition, the SLCCNV DNA-B was present in eight bitter gourd, one bottle gourd and seven squash samples. Thirty-three, composing of one each bitter gourd and squash, and 13 cucumber, one oriental melon, 14 ridge gourd and three wax  (Table 1).

Pathogenicity of Cucurbit-Infecting Begomovirus Malaysian Isolates
Totally, three infectious SLCCNV DNA-As and their associated infectious DNA-Bs were constructed (Table 3). Infectious ToLCNDV DNAs were also constructed of one isolate each of strain A, B and D. The infectious clones of natural pseudorecombinant ToLCNDV-A [MY-BG120-17] DNA-As were also constructed. The infectious DNA-A and DNA-B was mixed in a ratio of 1:1 of each combination and agroinoculated into the plants ( Table 3). All infectious isolates of SLCCNV, ToLCNDV and the natural pseudorecombinant successfully infected bottle gourd, oriental melon, pumpkin and wax gourd with typical symptoms (Table 3, Figure (Table 3). Squash was infected by all SLCCNV isolates and revealed typical symptoms, but not by any of ToLCNDV isolate and the natural pseudorecombinant ( Figure 2 and Table 3). The cucumber and tobacco can be infected by all ToLCNDV isolates and the natural pseudorecombinant, and revealed typical symptoms ( Figure 2). However, the cucumber and tobacco plants were not successfully infected by SLCCNV isolates, while the virus can be detected only after agroinoculation ( Table 3) (Figure 2). The virus of artificial pseudorecombinant was also detected in three out of thirteen squash plants, which were symptomless after agroinoculation. Interestingly, the tomato plant was only infected successfully by both natural and artificial pseudorecombinants (Table 3). Even the tomato was also infected by the ToLCNDV-A[MY-OM1-16] and ToLCNDV-B[MY-Wax12-16], but they revealed symptomless and low ratio of virus detection (Table 3). All virus infection was completed through virus detection by PCR in those agroinoculated plants (Table 3).

Discussion
Cucurbit leaf curl disease caused by whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses is one of the important cucurbit diseases. SLCCNV, SLCuPV and ToLCNDV are the major disease viruses in Southeast Asia. ToLCNDV have been recorded in India [29], Southeast Asia [3], Spain [30], the Mediterranean [31] and Taiwan [32]. SLCCNV is currently distributed in China [33], India [14][15][16][17] and Southeast Asia [12,13,34]. The SLCuPV was identified in the Philippines and Taiwan [5,19]. Here, two begomoviruses, ToLCNDV and SLCCNV, and their natural pseudorecombinants were identified in the Malaysian cucurbits based on the limited samples collected in 2016 and 2017. In total, 49 out of 69 symptomatic plants were detected with the presence of begomovirus. It may due to other cucurbit-infecting viruses, such as cucumber mosaic virus, potyviruses and tobamoviruses that can induce symptoms of mosaic, mottle, yellowing and plant stunting which are similar to the symptoms induced by begomoviruses on cucurbits [35]. Especially, cucurbit-infecting potyvirus has been found in Malaysia [36]. So far, ToLCNDV associated satellites were only observed in the virus causing tomato leaf curl disease [37], and no SLCCNV-associated satellite has been reported. This may explain why the virus-associated satellites were not detected in this study.
Furthermore, the virus DNA-As of ToLCNDV isolates are diverse and grouped into four strains (A, B, C and D), whereas SLCCNV Malaysian isolates are in strain B. However, viral DNA-Bs of SLCCNV isolates were more diverse than ToLCNDV isolates. ToLCNDV strain A contains virus isolates from India, Indonesia and Thailand, impli-

Discussion
Cucurbit leaf curl disease caused by whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses is one of the important cucurbit diseases. SLCCNV, SLCuPV and ToLCNDV are the major disease viruses in Southeast Asia. ToLCNDV have been recorded in India [29], Southeast Asia [3], Spain [30], the Mediterranean [31] and Taiwan [32]. SLCCNV is currently distributed in China [33], India [14][15][16][17] and Southeast Asia [12,13,34]. The SLCuPV was identified in the Philippines and Taiwan [5,19]. Here, two begomoviruses, ToLCNDV and SLCCNV, and their natural pseudorecombinants were identified in the Malaysian cucurbits based on the limited samples collected in 2016 and 2017. In total, 49 out of 69 symptomatic plants were detected with the presence of begomovirus. It may due to other cucurbit-infecting viruses, such as cucumber mosaic virus, potyviruses and tobamoviruses that can induce symptoms of mosaic, mottle, yellowing and plant stunting which are similar to the symptoms induced by begomoviruses on cucurbits [35]. Especially, cucurbit-infecting potyvirus has been found in Malaysia [36]. So far, ToLCNDV associated satellites were only observed in the virus causing tomato leaf curl disease [37], and no SLCCNV-associated satellite has been reported. This may explain why the virus-associated satellites were not detected in this study. Furthermore, the virus DNA-As of ToLCNDV isolates are diverse and grouped into four strains (A, B, C and D), whereas SLCCNV Malaysian isolates are in strain B. However, viral DNA-Bs of SLCCNV isolates were more diverse than ToLCNDV isolates. ToLCNDV strain A contains virus isolates from India, Indonesia and Thailand, implicating the strain A isolates distributed widely in South and Southeast Asia, even in the East Malaysia area. This may be due to the fact that the virus isolates of ToLCNDV strain A have been identified from cucurbits in Thailand since the 1990s [10], adapted to cucurbit hosts and distributed in the regions. The ToLCNDV Malaysian isolate of strain D was from bitter gourd and grouped with a bitter gourd isolate previous detected in Pakistan (ToLCDNV-[PK-Mn-05], AM747291). However, the ToLCNDV was detected more frequently in Malaysia as compared to SLCCNV in this study ( Figure 1, Table 1).
ToLCNDV has broader cucurbit hosts than SLCCNV [37]. In this study, ToLCNDV was detected in more cucurbits than SLCCNV. In the limited numbers of Malaysian samples, the nature host of ToLCNDV includes bitter gourd, bottle gourd, cucumber, oriental melon, squash, ridge gourd and wax gourd, whereas SLCCNV was limited to bottle gourd and squash. However, by the specific detection of the virus components, those SLCCNVdetected bottle gourd and squash samples were also co-infected with ToLCNDV. Eight bitter gourd samples were detected with SLCCNV DNA-B, but not with SLCCNV DNA-A. However, ToLCNDV was found in those samples. Interestingly, two bitter gourd and six squash samples contain ToLCNDV DNA-A without ToLCNDV DNA-B, but associated with SLCCNV DNA-B. These are strong implication of the natural pseudorecombination between begomovirus species. Especially, the two bitter gourd samples that revealed the detection of ToLCNDV DNA-A and SLCCNV DNA-B (Table 1). The pseudorecombination may also occur between ToLCNDV strains such as the two isolates of strain A (OM1 and Cu140) are composed of DNA-As of strain A and DNA-Bs of strain B. So far, most begomovirus pseudorecombinants were confirmed by the experimental manner [24][25][26][27]. The natural pseudorecombinant has been possibly detected in ToLCNDV DNA-A with Tomato leaf curl Palampur virus (ToLCPalV) DNA-B in Pakistan. However, it was only confirmed by artificial pseudorecombination [27]. The natural pseudorecombinations occurred in cross species (ToLCNDV DNA-A with SLCCNV DNA-B) and within species (ToLCNDV DNA-A of strain A and DNA-B of strain B) were further confirmed by successful agroinoculation in this study.
The pathogenicity of selected Malaysian isolates of SLCCNV and ToLCNDV were confirmed through agroinocluation and then the causal virus was detected by PCR. All Malaysian isolates of ToLCNDV and SLCCNV can successfully infect bottle gourd, oriental melon, pumpkin and wax gourd. The squash plants were efficiently infected by SLCCNV, not by ToLCNDV. However, cucumber and tobacco plants were effectively infected by ToLCNDV, not by SLCCNV. The SLCCNV caused symptoms of leaf curling and blistering on wax gourd, symptoms of leaf curling and blistering on oriental melon, leaf curling, blistering and yellow spots on pumpkin and squash. Those symptoms are similar to what was previously described [13,14,16,18]. The SLCCNV-infected bottle gourd exhibited symptoms of leaf curling and yellowing, which are similar to those described previously as of chlorotic mottling, mild curling and serious stunting [15]. The ToLCDNV can cause symptoms of leaf yellow spots on cucumber, and symptoms of leaf curling and yellow spots on pumpkin, leaf curling and yellowing on bottle gourd, and leaf curling and blistering on wax gourd. Those symptoms are similar to what was previously described [30,[38][39][40][41]. ToLCNDV-infected oriental melon and tobacco plants developed symptoms of leaf curling and blistering, which are also similar to those previously described [42,43]; however, both plants infected by pseudorecombinant ToLCNDV-A[MY-BG120-17] exhibited severe symptoms of leaf curling, blistering, necrosis and yellow spots. Interestingly, only the natural pseudorecombinant ToLCNDV-A[MY-BG120-17] can successfully infect tomato plants and induced symptoms of leaf curling, blistering and yellow spots whereas neither other ToLCNDV nor SLCCNV natural isolates can. The symptom was similar to those described previously [7]. Nevertheless, the low rate of virus latent infection was confirmed in tomato plants which were agroinoculated with the ToLCNDV-A[MY-OM1-16] and ToLCNDV-A[MY-Wax12-16]. SLCCNV isolates can potentially infect cucumber and tobacco in a latent manner (Table 3). These hosts of virus latent infection could serve as a virus reservoir in the field and threaten the susceptible crops such as bottle gourd, oriental melon, pumpkin and squash.
Pseudorecombination of begomovirus could reportedly alter the host range [24,25]. Based on the survey and limited cucurbit samples collected from Malaysia, SLCCNV, ToLCNDV and their pseudorecombinants were identified as the pathogens causing the leaf curl disease on major cucurbit crops in the country. Both SLCCNV and ToLCNDV were found in Eastern and Western Malaysia, even though SLCCNV was not detected in the samples collected from the Kuching area. ToLCNDV was found in all cucurbit crops and was classified into four strains due to its diversity. However, the SLCCNV was found majorly in bottle gourd and squash, and is more diversely associated with DNA-Bs. Based on the frequent detection of virus mixed-infection, this may compel the pseudorecombination of both begomoviruses [44]. In this study, the pseudorecombinant of ToLCNDV DNA-A with SLCCNV DNA-B was detected in field samples and confirmed by the pathogenicity study, which strongly exemplify the natural pseudorecombination of begomovirus. Due to the fact that the results were based on limited number of samples from Malaysia, therefore a comprehensive survey should be conducted in the future. The confirmed occurrence of both natural and artificial pseudorecombinants in the field increases the likelihood of host range expansion and more severe symptom incidence. Results presented in this study implicate that the increasing diversity of begomovirus is a threat to crop production in the Malaysia as well as in the Southeast Asia.

Sample Collection and Viral DNA Extraction
The diseased samples were collected from cucurbit plants exhibiting symptoms of mosaic, leaf curl and enation in 2016 and 2017 in Malaysia (Table 1). They were composed of 11 samples collected on six cucurbit species in two locations in East Malaysia in 2016, and 58 samples collected on six cucurbit species in 14 locations in Malaysia in 2017. One leaf sample was collected from each symptomatic cucurbit plant. All samples were dried by silica gel in Malaysia and imported into Taiwan following quarantine control. Viral DNA was extracted from approximately 50 mg of dried samples as previously described [45].

Begomoviral DNA Detection, Cloning and Sequence Analysis
The presence of begomovirus was confirmed by PCR using begomovirus DNA-A primers PAL1v1978RYNN and PAR1c715H [45]. The primer PAL1v1978RYNN was modified from PAL1v1978B (Table S1) [45]. The viral DNA-Bs of ToLCNDV and SLCCNV were detected by primer pair-DNA-BV/DNA-BC with annealing temperature of 52 • C. The virus associated satellite DNA was also detected as previously described [46]. Based on the location of samples collected, cucurbit hosts and homology analysis of partial viral DNA sequences, the full-length viral DNAs were amplified from selected samples (Figure 1). The full-length viral DNAs were amplified by PCR using designed abutting primer pair (Table S1) and the Q5 ® High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase (New England BioLabs, USA). The PCR amplification was conducted as described previously [45]. The amplified viral DNAs were cloned by pGEM ® -T Easy System (Promega, USA) and sequenced by auto-sequencing (Genomics, Taiwan). Obtained sequences were blasted with the available sequences in the GenBank using the program BLASTn. The nucleotide sequence identity of virus full-length sequences was generated by Cluster V method (DNASTAR, USA). Phylogenetic analysis was performed by Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis software X (MEGA X) using the Muscle alignment and the neighbor-joining method options with 1,000 bootstrap replications [47]. The sequences of begomoviral DNAs were also retrieved from GenBank, NCBI for sequence analysis (Table S2).

Virus Specific Detection
Based on the analysis of begomovirus sequences from Malaysia samples and those retrieved from GenBank, NCBI (Table S2), the primers for specific detection of SLCCNV and ToLCNDV were designed (Table S1). The primer pair-SLCCNV-SPAF/PAR1c715H was used for specific detection of SLCCNV DNA-As, whereas primer pair-ToLCNDV-SPAF/PAR1c715H was specific for ToLCNDV DNA-A. The amplicons of both primer pairs were about 1.5 kb in size ( Figure S1). For specific detection of viral DNA-Bs, primer pairs-SLCCNV-SPBF /DNA-BC and ToLCNDV-SPBF/DNA-BC were used for specific detection of SLCCNV DNA-B and ToLCNDV DNA-B, respectively. The amplicons of both primer pairs are about 1.2 kb in size ( Figure S1).

Agroinfection of Infectious ToLCNDV and SLCCNV DNAs
Following the Bam HI and Bgl II digested DNA-A fragments (0.36 mer) of SLCCNV-A[MY-Sq3-5-16] was inserted into the binary vector pCAMBIA0380 (AF234290) [48], the infectious DNA-As were generated by the head-tail ligation of the full-length DNA-A which released from the recombinant plasmid by Bgl II digestion. Based on the Eco RI and Pst I digested DNA-B fragment (0.79 mer) was inserted into pCAMBIA0380, the infectious DNA-B of SLCCNV-A[MY-Sq3-5-16] was generated by the head-tail ligation of full-length DNA-B released by Pst I digestion. The Bam HI and Bgl II digested DNA-As fragments (0.59 mer) of SLCCNV-A[MY-Sq115-17] and SLCCNV-A[MY-Sq157-17] were inserted into the binary vector pCAMBIA0380, respectively. Consequently, the infectious DNA-A was generated by the head-tail ligation of the full-length DNA-A released by Bam HI. The Eco RI and Nco I fragments both of Sq115 (0.51 mer) and Sq157 (0.58 mer) DNA-Bs were also inserted into pCAMBIA0380, respectively. Consequently, the infectious DNA-B vector was generated following the head-tail ligation of full-length DNA-B released by Nco I. Pst I and Nco I digested fragment (0.44 mer) into pCAMBIA0380 following the head-tail ligation of the Nco I-released full-length DNA-B. All infectious DNAs were transferred respectively into Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 as previous description [45], and then cultured in YEP broth containing streptomycin (50 µg/ml) and kanamycin (50 µg/ml). Following incubation for 48 hours at 28 • C with 200 rpm shaking, the concentration of the bacterial culture was adjusted to OD 600nm = 1.0. Cucurbit plants including bottle gourd HV-026 (Lagenaria siceraria cv. Ever Happiness), squash HV-158 (Cucurbita moschata), cucumber HV-026 (Cucumis sativus cv. Merry Swallow), oriental melon HV-196 (Cucumis melo cv. Honey world), pumpkin HV-369 (Cucurbita maxima) and wax gourd HV-058 (Benincasa hispida cv. Benefit) (Know-You Seed CO., LTD., Taiwan) at three to five leaf stage were agroinoculated with infectious DNA combinations [45]. Tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) plants at four to six leaf stage and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. ANT22) plants at five to eight leaf stage were also agroinoculated. Inoculated plants were grown in an insect-free greenhouse at 25 • C. Following the observation of symptom development for four weeks, the presence of viral DNA-A was confirmed by PCR using the primer pair PAL1v1978RYNN/PAR1c715H (Table S1).

Supplementary Materials:
The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/ 10.3390/plants10112396/s1, Figure S1: 1.2% agarose gel electrophoresis of specific detection of cucurbit-infecting begomoviruses in Malaysia, Table S1: Sequences of primers used in this study, Table S2: Begomovirus DNA sequences used in this study, Table S3

Data Availability Statement:
The data presented in this study are openly available in National Center for Biotechnology Information, U. S. National Library of Medicine, USA.