Spatial Pattern and Formation Mechanism of Rural Tourism Resources in China: Evidence from 1470 National Leisure Villages

: Rural tourism development has been an essential driving force behind China’s promotion of integrated urban–rural development, sustainable rural development and rural revitalization in the new era. This study included 1470 villages on the national list of beautiful leisure villages in China (BLVCs) from 2010 to 2021. We explored the distribution characteristics and inﬂuencing factors based on mathematical statistics and spatial analysis in ArcGIS to provide a theoretical reference for promoting the development of leisure village agriculture and rural tourism. The results show that the distribution of BLVC presents a clustered state, showing a distribution pattern of a dual core, seven centers and multiple scattered points. BLVCs are mainly distributed in areas with ﬂat terrain and sufﬁcient water resources, which are conducive to agricultural production and life. Having convenient transportation and rich tourism resources aids the promotion of rural tourism development. The resulting gap in regional development is balanced to some extent by government support. The research results provide a reference value for future rural spatial optimization and sustainable development. This paper summarizes the law of rural development and clariﬁes the factors inﬂuencing the development of rural tourism, and it provides the Chinese experience as a model for a rural renaissance empowered by rural tourism.


Introduction
The beautiful leisure village is a rural development model that closely combines rural leisure tourism and rural ecological construction. It is one of the fundamental ways to boost rural revitalization and development in China. Since the Industrial Revolution, with the continuous advancement of the urbanization process, the imbalance between urban and rural development has been a common problem faced by human settlement environments around the world [1,2]. It directly affects national economies and people's livelihoods, resulting in declining rural areas and agriculture, along with urban environmental problems [3,4]. For this reason, developed countries abroad such as Germany, Japan, South Korea and the United States have carried out a long-term and localized exploration of rural rejuvenation [5][6][7]. China is one of the most populous countries globally and has experienced rapid urbanization, with around 690,000 administrative villages and the rural population accounting for about 36.1% of the country's total population [8][9][10]. Approximately 6.7% of the population worldwide lives in China's rural areas, and this vast number cannot be ignored. Since the 21st century, China has successively implemented macro strategies such as coordinating urban and rural development, new rural construction, urban-rural integration and new urbanization [11,12]. In the 2013 national policy document, the goal of building beautiful villages was proposed for the first time [13]. The construction of the leisure village can be seen as a further exploration of and primary ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11, 455 2 of 25 breakthrough in leisure tourism [14]. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China carried out a nationwide identification. The brand construction of beautiful leisure villages in China (BLVCs) has great significance and an important role in promoting the integration of rural primary, secondary and tertiary industries and enabling rural economic development [15,16]. Against the background of China's development in the new era, the rural revitalization strategy proposal at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China 2017 (the highest level of meetings of the Chinese Communist Government) also brought new aid and opportunities to the construction of beautiful leisure villages [17]. Since the end of 2019, the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has changed people's inherent way of life, with more attention being paid to health and the environment [18,19]. Compared with the crowded urban environment and complex inhabitants, the relatively stable rural living population, broad spaces and self-sufficient sustainable food guarantee a healthy rural life [20]. This global epidemic has objectively promoted a population return and tourism boom in rural areas [21].
Therefore, as an important engine to promote rural revitalization, industrial prosperity and farmers' income, leisure agriculture and rural tourism have become the new research topics [22,23]. Previous studies have mainly tended to focus on the sustainable development of rural tourism, rural land use and resource evaluation, the exploration of the tourism development mode, etc. The research methods have mainly been a combination of qualitative and quantitative [24][25][26][27]. International scholars have conducted many studies on the development mode and impact effect of rural tourism, and they all agree that the development of rural tourism has a positive impact on rural economies. Scholars have also carried out early research in the field of tourism spatial structures. The research methods have ranged from the early application of location theory to theoretical basic research and then to empirical research on tourism destinations [28,29]. Research on the factors influencing rural settlements has gradually developed from natural factors to comprehensive factors such as nature, the economy and society [30]. With the development of rural areas in developed countries, increasingly more research is being focused on the social and humanistic fields and the impact of human beings. There is still a lack of quantitative research on the influencing factors. In light of the practical problems caused by unreasonable planning, excessive development and homogenization in domestic rapid rural construction, scholars have also carried out research and analysis of the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors and combined it with ArcGIS technology to provide spatial analysis, data processing and other analysis support [31][32][33]. Most research has focused on traditional villages, rural settlement spaces and key rural tourism villages in provinces, cities, counties and specific areas [34][35][36]. There are fewer macroscopic analyses at the national level. Meanwhile, most of the existing studies have taken the National Key Villages for Rural Tourism list as the research object, a list that was only proposed three years ago. The number of selected villages varies each year greatly [37,38]. Therefore, this list relatively lacks maturity of the selection criteria. A limited number of scholars has taken the whole of BLVCs as the research object. However, the research time period is earlier, there is a lack of recent list updates, the amount of data is small, and the analysis of the factors affecting the distribution of rural leisure points also needs to be more in depth.
In China, provincial and municipal organizations have published many similar rural development lists [39,40]. As the most authoritative government agency currently coordinating China's rural revitalization strategy, the list released by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China is a direct implementation of the central government document's spirit [41]. Based on this situation, this study obtained the BLVC list from 2010 to 2021 and carried out data cleaning on it. A total of 1470 villages listed within 12 years were studied and analyzed quantitatively, using ArcGIS software as the research tool. From the national perspective, this study analyzed 12 batches of beautiful leisure villages nationwide. We updated and revealed the spatial distribution characteristics of BLVCs, combining quantitative and qualitative analysis of the influencing factors. This paper summarizes the law of rural development and provides scientific methods for further integrating development elements and optimizing spatial patterns in rural areas. Furthermore, through the practical application of rural tourism development, we show the clear advantages and positive role that it has. This study provides a reference and quantitative scientific basis for the overall future development and planning of leisure villages. It is expected to inject a new impetus into rural revitalization in China and provide the Chinese experience as an example for rural revitalization in other countries.

Material Sources
The raw data used in this study were obtained from the 1470 administrative villages designated in the BLVC list from 2010 to 2021. The geospatial data were derived through the Google Maps coordinate picker and imported into the ArcGIS 10.2 platform to establish a database for analysis. Other statistical data for this study were gathered from the National and Local Government Report and Statistical Yearbook of 2021.
The list of BLVCs is released by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China (http://english.moa.gov.cn/, accessed on 20 April 2022), which primarily recommends administrative villages with a strong demonstration of and a driving role in rural leisure tourism and tourism [42]. The selection list was proposed in 2010, with 1472 sample points in the 12 batches selected in 2021 ( Figure 1). In the spatial layout of China's villages, the village committee is generally located in the center of the village, which is the most suitable point to represent the village's geographical location. Villages that did not identify a village committee selected central buildings or squares with similar characteristics and used the Google Maps coordinate picker to obtain detailed coordinate data. national perspective, this study analyzed 12 batches of beautiful leisure villages nationwide. We updated and revealed the spatial distribution characteristics of BLVCs, combining quantitative and qualitative analysis of the influencing factors. This paper summarizes the law of rural development and provides scientific methods for further integrating development elements and optimizing spatial patterns in rural areas. Furthermore, through the practical application of rural tourism development, we show the clear advantages and positive role that it has. This study provides a reference and quantitative scientific basis for the overall future development and planning of leisure villages. It is expected to inject a new impetus into rural revitalization in China and provide the Chinese experience as an example for rural revitalization in other countries.

Material Sources
The raw data used in this study were obtained from the 1470 administrative villages designated in the BLVC list from 2010 to 2021. The geospatial data were derived through the Google Maps coordinate picker and imported into the ArcGIS 10.2 platform to establish a database for analysis. Other statistical data for this study were gathered from the National and Local Government Report and Statistical Yearbook of 2021.
The list of BLVCs is released by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China (http://english.moa.gov.cn/, accessed on 20 April 2022), which primarily recommends administrative villages with a strong demonstration of and a driving role in rural leisure tourism and tourism [42]. The selection list was proposed in 2010, with 1472 sample points in the 12 batches selected in 2021 ( Figure 1). In the spatial layout of China's villages, the village committee is generally located in the center of the village, which is the most suitable point to represent the village's geographical location. Villages that did not identify a village committee selected central buildings or squares with similar characteristics and used the Google Maps coordinate picker to obtain detailed coordinate data. After the accurate positioning and sorting of the original data of the sample points (eliminating two coincident samples), the effective 1470 study samples were input into ArcGIS10.2 software (Redlands, United States), developed by the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) in the United States, to coordinate the registration and projection transformation and to establish the spatial information database. Furthermore, the point elements were visually expressed on a map of China to generate a geographical distribution map of BLVCs ( Figure 2). The map of China was derived from the Ministry of Natural Resources Map Technical Review Center's (https://www.zrzyst.cn/, accessed on 20 April 2022) standard map, and social and economic primary data were sourced from China's provincial and prefecture-level government work report and statistical yearbook in 2021. After the accurate positioning and sorting of the original data of the sample points (eliminating two coincident samples), the effective 1470 study samples were input into ArcGIS10.2 software (Redlands, United States), developed by the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) in the United States, to coordinate the registration and projection transformation and to establish the spatial information database. Furthermore, the point elements were visually expressed on a map of China to generate a geographical distribution map of BLVCs ( Figure 2). The map of China was derived from the Ministry of Natural Resources Map Technical Review Center's (https://www.zrzyst.cn/, accessed on 20 April 2022) standard map, and social and economic primary data were sourced from China's provincial and prefecture-level government work report and statistical yearbook in 2021.

Study Methods
This study was based on geospatial and mathematical-statistical analysis, using ArcGIS 10.2 to provide robust data processing tools and information analysis. We adopted the kernel density method to intuitively reflect the aggregation characteristics and distance decay effect of spatial points and combined the nearest neighbor index, imbalance index and Gini coefficient to quantify the statistical evaluation further. We studied the spatial distribution characteristics and overall pattern of BLVCs from the four dimensions of the spatial distribution pattern, distribution density, distribution discrepancies and distribution cluster. In addition, this study selected the influencing factors, such as nature and humanity, related to rural distribution characteristics for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Using the SPSS 26.0 tool, Pearson correlation analysis was performed to derive more significant influencing factors and to compensate for the lack of quantitative analysis of the influencing factors. This study achieved a comprehensive and deep spatial structure analysis and obtained the influencing factors ( Figure 3).

Study Methods
This study was based on geospatial and mathematical-statistical analysis, using ArcGIS 10.2 to provide robust data processing tools and information analysis. We adopted the kernel density method to intuitively reflect the aggregation characteristics and distance decay effect of spatial points and combined the nearest neighbor index, imbalance index and Gini coefficient to quantify the statistical evaluation further. We studied the spatial distribution characteristics and overall pattern of BLVCs from the four dimensions of the spatial distribution pattern, distribution density, distribution discrepancies and distribution cluster. In addition, this study selected the influencing factors, such as nature and humanity, related to rural distribution characteristics for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Using the SPSS 26.0 tool, Pearson correlation analysis was performed to derive more significant influencing factors and to compensate for the lack of quantitative analysis of the influencing factors. This study achieved a comprehensive and deep spatial structure analysis and obtained the influencing factors ( Figure 3).

Nearest Neighbor Analysis
In the geographical and spatial distribution of BLVCs, the mutual proximity degree of the point elements is described through the nearest proximity index to understand the aggregation degree and distribution type of BLVCs from the macro perspective [43]. The formula is as follows: In Equation (1), r E is the theoretical nearest distance, A denotes the total area of China, n represents the number of BLVCs and D stands for the point density. The nearest point index R of the BLVCs is the ratio of the average nearest distance r i and the theoretical nearest distance r E , such as in Equation (2). When R > 1, the dot elements tend to be distributed evenly. When R = 1, the dot elements are distributed randomly. When R < 1, the dot elements tend to condense the distribution.

Nearest Neighbor Analysis
In the geographical and spatial distribution of BLVCs, the mutual proximity degre of the point elements is described through the nearest proximity index to understand th aggregation degree and distribution type of BLVCs from the macro perspective [43]. Th formula is as follows: In Equation (1), ̅ is the theoretical nearest distance, denotes the total area China, represents the number of BLVCs and stands for the point density. The nea est point index of the BLVCs is the ratio of the average nearest distance ̅ and the th oretical nearest distance ̅ , such as in Equation (2). When > 1, the dot elements tend be distributed evenly. When = 1, the dot elements are distributed randomly. When < 1, the dot elements tend to condense the distribution.

Kernel Density Estimation
Kernel density estimation is a nonparametric method for estimating the probabili density function. It was used to study the morphology and change in the spatial distribu

Kernel Density Estimation
Kernel density estimation is a nonparametric method for estimating the probability density function. It was used to study the morphology and change in the spatial distribution density of point elements in the region, reflecting the dispersion and aggregation characteristics of the BLVCs in this study [44]. Its formula is as follows: where f n (x) represents the kernel density estimate of the BLVCs, n is the number of BLVCs, k x−X i h denotes the kernel function, x − X i stands for the distance between the estimated point x and the sample X i , and h represents the bandwidth. The more significant kernel density estimates indicate a denser distribution of points.

Imbalance Index
The imbalance index reflects the distribution of BLVCs in different areas. To show the difference in their spatial distribution, the Lorentz curve was applied to further analyze the equilibrium degree of the BLVCs [45,46] with the following formula: where S represents the imbalance index, n is the number of administrative areas and Y i denotes the cumulative percentage of the ith region in the total amount in descending order. Given that 0 ≤ S ≤ 1: S = 0 indicates that the BLVCs are evenly distributed in all areas, S = 1 implies that the BLVCs are concentrated in one of the regions, and 0 < S < 1 indicates an unbalanced distribution in each region.

Gini Coefficient
This study used the Gini coefficient to analyze the spatial structure layout of BLVCs in the discrete partition in order to judge the distribution balance degree in the geographical national partition [47]. Its formula is In Equation (5), G is the Gini coefficient, n represents the number of samples in the partition, P i stands for the proportion of BLVCs in the ith geographical division to the national total and N indicates the number of partitions. In Equation (6), C represents the distribution uniformity. Theoretically, the Gini coefficient is between 0 and 1, and the larger the Gini coefficient, the higher the concentration.

Pearson's Correlation Coefficient
The influencing factors influence the spatial distribution of BLVCs. To explore the influence degree of various factors, this study used the correlation analysis method to reflect the interrelationship between the spatial distribution and the influencing factors of BLVCs [48], and its formula is where x represents the number of BLVCs in various administrative regions, y is the influencing factor of the spatial distribution and r denotes the correlation coefficient. Given that -1 ≤ r ≤ 1, r > 0 implies that the spatial distribution is positively correlated with the influencing factors, and the larger the correlation coefficient, the stronger the correlation. When r < 0, this implies that the spatial distribution is negatively correlated with the influencing factors.

Overview of the Study Subjects
The list of BLVCs was released by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2010 and was initially named China's Most Charming Leisure Villages [49]. In the yearly continuation and adjustment of the standards, the BLVC selection system has become more complete, covering more diverse villages. The list is updated every year. By 2021, a total of 1470 projects had been released in 12 batches, forming a nationwide brand network of BLVCs representing the rural tourism destinations that people yearn for [50]. After sorting and conducting a statistical analysis of the list, it was found that these villages are scattered and centrally distributed in 31 administrative regions (Table 1), which account for 91.18% of the administrative regions. Zhejiang province has a total of 72 BLVCs, the most significant number (accounting for 4.90% of the national total), while the smallest number is in the Ningxia region, with a total of 22 villages accounting for 1.50% of the national total. Overall, the distribution in most provinces is relatively balanced with a large quantity gap in some parts. In the past 12 years and 12 batches, the annual number of BLVCs has gradually increased. According to the selection number and definition criteria changes, there have been three development stages: Compared with 2018, the defined number increased by 110, nearly three times the growth rate of the second stage. The definition standard tended to improve, and more attention was paid to displaying the villages' advantages and characteristics.
Since 2014, the connotation and type of BLVC have been gradually extended, and the list has been divided into four categories: characteristic residential villages, ancient villages, characteristic folk villages and modern new villages. This reflects the redefinition of BLVCs by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. Beauty and leisure can include characteristic architecture, rich culture and unique folk customs, as well as new villages and their atmosphere, covering a wide range conducive to the development of village characteristics [55].
However, this classification does not cover all batches of the list, so the continuation of the classification and list definition standards resulted in the list of BLVCs being divided into four categories. There are differences in category distributions from regional distribution due to different geographical climates, economic development and population distribution ( Figure 4). The villages featuring folk culture and local dwellings are predominant in terms of quantity. Village characteristics and lifestyles, unlike those of cities, have become the main attraction of rural leisure tourism [56]. Nevertheless, due to various reasons, such as development, natural disasters, backward economic development and lifestyle changes, the retention of ancient villages has proven to be quite difficult. Urbanization and the erosion of the village has led to most of the historically ancient villages being far from the economically developed urban centers, such as Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian and Guizhou. However, modern new villages combine the overall needs of urban and rural people, are closer to developed cities such as Chongqing, Sichuan, Shanghai and Hebei and have relatively diversified forms and facilities. The modern new villages also encourage construction in a few remote and poor areas, such as Xinjiang, to balance the gap between urban and rural communities.

Spatial Distribution Pattern
Usually, point elements are concentrated, random and uniform in the regional space, and their spatial distribution form can be quantitatively analyzed using the nearest neighbor index method. We used the ArcGIS 10.2 Average Nearest Neighbor tool to perform a nearest neighbor analysis of 1470 BLVCs. The average actual nearest distance was 28.514 km, and the theoretical nearest distance was 40.319 km (where A = 9,552,570 km 2 , excluding Hong Kong and Macao), and hence the nearest neighbor index was = 0.707211. As ̅ < ̅ , the two ratios were less than one, indicating that the spatial distribution of BLVCs is

Spatial Distribution Pattern
Usually, point elements are concentrated, random and uniform in the regional space, and their spatial distribution form can be quantitatively analyzed using the nearest neighbor index method. We used the ArcGIS 10.2 Average Nearest Neighbor tool to perform a nearest neighbor analysis of 1470 BLVCs. The average actual nearest distance was 28.514 km, and the theoretical nearest distance was 40.319 km (where A = 9,552,570 km 2 , excluding Hong Kong and Macao), and hence the nearest neighbor index was R = 0.707211. As r i < r E , the two ratios were less than one, indicating that the spatial distribution of BLVCs is concentrated.

Spatial Distribution Density
The overall distribution of BLVCs is a gathering trend. Through the kernel density estimation value, the spatial distribution density of BLVCs can be further defined in the region. It can be even more intuitively displayed on a map. The kernel density was estimated using the Density tool in ArcGIS 10.2. The calculated density values were divided into four categories using the natural breakpoint method: kernel density, high density, medium density and low density ( Table 2). Finally, the spatial kernel density distribution map of BLVCs was generated ( Figure 5). The spatial distribution density varied significantly in different regions. Compared with the northwest, the southeast has apparent aggregation. On the whole, a distribution pattern of "dual core, seven centers and multiple scattered points" appeared.  (1) "Dual core" refers to two core density areas: the Yangtze River Delta region bordering Shanghai (35), Zhejiang (72) and Jiangsu (62) as the core, radiating to Anhui (55), and Beijing (42) and Tianjin (27) as the core, which then radiates to Hebei (48). The kernel density index of the core density was between 5.36 and 17.98. (2) "Seven centers" refers to seven high-density core regions: Chongqing (54) as the center radiating to Sichuan (57), Henan (50) as the center radiating to Shanxi (48), Hunan (54) as the center radiating to Jiangxi (53) and Hubei (54), Qinghai (54) as the center (1) "Dual core" refers to two core density areas: the Yangtze River Delta region bordering Shanghai (35), Zhejiang (72) and Jiangsu (62) as the core, radiating to Anhui (55), and Beijing (42) and Tianjin (27) as the core, which then radiates to Hebei (48). The kernel density index of the core density was between 5.36 and 17.98. (2) "Seven centers" refers to seven high-density core regions: Chongqing (54) as the center radiating to Sichuan (57), Henan (50) as the center radiating to Shanxi (48), Hunan (54) as the center radiating to Jiangxi (53) and Hubei (54), Qinghai (54) as the center radiating to Gansu (53) and Fujian (63) as the center radiating to Guangdong (43), with the remaining locations of Liaoning (52) and Hainan (26) being two single-center areas. The kernel density index in the high-density region was between 1.06 and 10.09.  (42) and Tibet (28). The kernel density indexes of the medium and low densities were between 1.06 and 5.36.

Spatial Distribution Discrepancies
In 1935, Hu proposed the population-dividing line of China, namely the Tengchong-Heihe line [57]. With the Hu line as the boundary, most BLVCs are distributed to the southeast of the line, and there are noticeable distribution differences on both sides of the Hu line. According to Equation (4), through the calculation and analysis of the data in Table 1, the imbalance index S = 0.226552 and 0 < S < 1, so the distribution of each region is unbalanced. However, the imbalance index is relatively low, indicating that a certain number of BLVCs is distributed in each administrative region. The Lorentz curve ( Figure 6) was drawn according to the cumulative proportion of BLVCs in different administrative regions, and it shows an upward convex trend [46]. The sum of beautiful leisure villages in the Zhejiang, Xinjiang, Shandong, Shandong, Jiangsu, Fujian, Sichuan, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Guangxi and Guangxi provinces alone reached 51.57% of the total, which further shows that the spatial distribution of BLVCs is imbalanced. 6) was drawn according to the cumulative proportion of BLVCs in different administrative regions, and it shows an upward convex trend [46]. The sum of beautiful leisure villages in the Zhejiang, Xinjiang, Shandong, Shandong, Jiangsu, Fujian, Sichuan, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Chongqing, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Guangxi and Guangxi provinces alone reached 51.57% of the total, which further shows that the spatial distribution of BLVCs is imbalanced.

Spatial Distribution Cluster
In this study, taking physical geography as a primary, integrating cultural, economic and political consideration, the 34 administrative regions of China were generally divided into 7 geographical divisions-east, southwest, north, northeast, central, northwest and south-and the number of distributions was counted (Table 3) [58]. According to the statistical analysis, the distribution of BLVCs varies considerably among the 7 geographical divisions, with the largest distribution proportion of the eastern villages accounting for 27.41% of the total. The southern region has the smallest proportion at only 8.16%. The distribution imbalance is clear, and the distribution proportion of the eastern and southwest regions alone reaches 43.27%.

Spatial Distribution Cluster
In this study, taking physical geography as a primary, integrating cultural, economic and political consideration, the 34 administrative regions of China were generally divided into 7 geographical divisions-east, southwest, north, northeast, central, northwest and south-and the number of distributions was counted (Table 3) [58]. According to the statistical analysis, the distribution of BLVCs varies considerably among the 7 geographical divisions, with the largest distribution proportion of the eastern villages accounting for 27.41% of the total. The southern region has the smallest proportion at only 8.16%. The distribution imbalance is clear, and the distribution proportion of the eastern and southwest regions alone reaches 43.27%. Based on calculating the distribution proportion of BLVCs in seven geographical divisions, Gini coefficient analysis was conducted to measure the degree of distribution uniformity at the geographical division level. Using Equations (5) and (6), Gini coefficient G = 0.960127, and the distribution uniformity C = 0.039873. The results show that the distribution of BLVCs has a high clustering degree and very low uniformity in the seven geographical divisions.

Influence Factors
Rural areas are gradually formed in the human transformation of nature, life and reproduction, development and production [59]. Their formation and distribution need to involve comprehensive consideration of the driving forces and influence of the geographical environment, cultural society, policies and other aspects [60]. Based on the current relevant research results, representative of the indicators and availability of data, the cultural and social aspects that cover a wide range and that change with the development of productivity were further divided into six factors: social economy, agricultural level, transportation, cultural resources, tourism development and customer source market. The study selected multiple indicators, used the Pearson coefficient for correlation analysis to compare the degree of the influencing factors (Table 4) and selected the factors with a strong correlation. Finally, the four influencing factors of geographical environment, transportation, tourism development and policy deeply explored the category distributional changes and spatial distribution of BLVCs.

Geographical and Environmental Factors
China has a vast territory and a wide span of north and south latitudes, with diverse landforms and climatic conditions. The geographical environment provides the required material conditions and natural resources for rural production and life, and it affects the villages' distribution and development [61]. This study overlaid the BLVCs with the national digital elevation data, dividing them into five elevation intervals according to the natural intermittent point method (Figure 7). On the whole, the villages are mainly distributed in the low-terrain plain and hilly areas. Furthermore, this was overlapped with the main river network (rivers above level 3) (Figure 7), with buffer analysis and statistical analysis conducted on vector data of the level 5 water system in China (Table 5). It was found that 75.50% of BLVCs are distributed around rivers, and the adjacent water distribution characteristics are apparent.
According to the seven geographical divisions, further research found that the eastern region in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River has the largest number of villages. The comfortable and livable climate, fertile land and abundant rainfall mean superior irrigation conditions conducive to agricultural production [62]. Meanwhile, abundant lakes and rivers also provide a natural landscape, along with the remarkable leisure characteristics of water towns. Although the southwest region has a high altitude and is dominated by mountain plateaus, its leisure villages still account for a large proportion of the total. Most of the villages in this region are concentrated in the relatively flat Sichuan province, relying on the Yangtze River and its tributaries, the Minjiang and Jialing Rivers, with large annual runoff and rich vegetation types. Its forest stock accounts for approximately 29% of the country's total, forming the characteristic rural living environment form: the Linpan in the Chengdu Plain. However, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has a high altitude, a cold climate, inconvenient transportation and a weak agricultural foundation, which are not conducive to production and life [63]. Villages are only distributed in the Yarlung Zangbo River valley to the south of the plateau. The northwest region, which is also deeply inland and blocked by the plateau, has a typically arid continental climate with large areas of landscape desertification, which is not conducive to residential and economic development. In Xinjiang, although the region is vast, the villages are concentrated near the Tianshan Mountains. The mountains block the high-altitude moist airflow for forming glaciers, and oasis agriculture is formed at the foot of the mountain due to the nourishment from melting alpine snow. Planting industries with distinctive local characteristics have been developed, such as grapes and cantaloupes, thus promoting rural development [64].  According to the seven geographical divisions, further research found that the eastern region in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River has the largest number of villages. The comfortable and livable climate, fertile land and abundant rainfall mean superior irrigation conditions conducive to agricultural production [62]. Meanwhile, abundant lakes and rivers also provide a natural landscape, along with the remarkable leisure characteristics of water towns. Although the southwest region has a high altitude and is dominated by mountain plateaus, its leisure villages still account for a large proportion of the total. Most of the villages in this region are concentrated in the relatively flat Sichuan province, relying on the Yangtze River and its tributaries, the Minjiang and Jialing Rivers, with large annual runoff and rich vegetation types. Its forest stock accounts for approximately 29% of the country's total, forming the characteristic rural living environment form: the Linpan in the Chengdu Plain. However, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has a high altitude, a cold climate, inconvenient transportation and a weak agricultural foundation, which are not conducive to production and life [63]. Villages are only distributed in the Yarlung Zangbo River valley to the south of the plateau. The northwest region, which is also deeply inland and blocked by the plateau, has a typically arid continental climate with large areas of landscape desertification, which is not conducive to residential and economic development. In Xinjiang, although the region is vast, the villages are concentrated near the Tianshan Mountains. The mountains block the high-altitude moist airflow for forming glaciers, and oasis agriculture is formed at the foot of the mountain due  The above analysis shows that the water source, climate, topography and landform affect a village's living environment. China is a typically agricultural country, and agriculture is the foundation of rural development. Therefore, a natural environment with rich water resources and abundant vegetation is the basis of agricultural production and life, also providing superior landscape resources for leisure tourism [65,66].
Hongxing village is located in Lishui City in Zhejiang province, with mountains on one side and lakes on three sides (Figure 8) [67]. The village has beautiful scenery and a pleasant climate. The special geographical landform is a natural tourism resource, and the Xianxia Lake in the upper reaches of the third largest reservoir in Zhejiang province has created tourism development in Hongxing village. The village relies on the lake for the development of water leisure activities, such as fishing, shrimping, boating and other fishing experiences. Relying on the unique hot spring resources in the Yangtze River Delta region, combined with the construction of village homestays, Hongxing village has been built into a village featuring hot springs for recuperation and vacation. Thus, Hongxing village has realized the perfect transformation from a remote and backward village with a weak economy to a well-known rural tourism village. pleasant climate. The special geographical landform is a natural tourism resource, and th Xianxia Lake in the upper reaches of the third largest reservoir in Zhejiang province ha created tourism development in Hongxing village. The village relies on the lake for th development of water leisure activities, such as fishing, shrimping, boating and other fish ing experiences. Relying on the unique hot spring resources in the Yangtze River Delt region, combined with the construction of village homestays, Hongxing village has bee built into a village featuring hot springs for recuperation and vacation. Thus, Hongxin village has realized the perfect transformation from a remote and backward village wit a weak economy to a well-known rural tourism village.

Transportation Factors
As the primary condition of inter-regional communication, transportation affects th construction and long-term development of BLVCs. With the impact of the pandemic short trips to villages that rely on private cars are favored [68]. Rural settlement distribu tion may be more affected by road traffic [69]. Therefore, this study selected passenge volume and highway mileage indicators that reflect the traffic accessibility and transpor tation capacity for correlation analysis. Thus, the correlation coefficient = 0.541, 0.55 shows that the distribution of BLVCs is positively correlated with transportation factors This study analyzed the vertical distance between the villages and the nearest roads (in cluding national roads, provincial roads and county roads) ( Table 6). Approximatel 45.85% of the villages are within 1000 m of the nearest roads, which shows that nearly ha of the BLVCs have convenient road transportation. Approximately 72.86% of the village are within 3000 m of the nearest roads, indicating that BLV distribution along roads i obvious.

Transportation Factors
As the primary condition of inter-regional communication, transportation affects the construction and long-term development of BLVCs. With the impact of the pandemic, short trips to villages that rely on private cars are favored [68]. Rural settlement distribution may be more affected by road traffic [69]. Therefore, this study selected passenger volume and highway mileage indicators that reflect the traffic accessibility and transportation capacity for correlation analysis. Thus, the correlation coefficient r = 0.541, 0.552 shows that the distribution of BLVCs is positively correlated with transportation factors. This study analyzed the vertical distance between the villages and the nearest roads (including national roads, provincial roads and county roads) ( Table 6). Approximately 45.85% of the villages are within 1000 m of the nearest roads, which shows that nearly half of the BLVCs have convenient road transportation. Approximately 72.86% of the villages are within 3000 m of the nearest roads, indicating that BLV distribution along roads is obvious. This study overlaid BLVC data and the national highway line onto a map for intuitive visual expression (Figure 9). Further exploration found that the road network density in the central and eastern areas is high, and the corresponding rural distribution is also dense. However, in the northeast alpine areas and the northwest plateau desert areas, such as Heilongjiang, Qinghai and Tibet, the transportation facilities are affected by landforms and climate construction difficulties, and the low traffic density of the roads has largely restrained the development of rural areas and the attraction of leisure tourism. From the correlation analysis of rural types, the distribution of historical ancient villages is negatively correlated with highway mileage [70]. The protection of ancient villages does not rely on transportation or transportation development, meaning the villages have a greater chance of being undisturbed by the urban culture and lifestyle [71]. New modern villages with characteristic buildings, folk villages and attractive historical villages are more dependent on the city and perfect facilities, and the convenience of transportation provides advantages for their development [72].
forms and climate construction difficulties, and the low traffic density of the roads has largely restrained the development of rural areas and the attraction of leisure tourism From the correlation analysis of rural types, the distribution of historical ancient villages is negatively correlated with highway mileage [70]. The protection of ancient villages does not rely on transportation or transportation development, meaning the villages have a greater chance of being undisturbed by the urban culture and lifestyle [71]. New modern villages with characteristic buildings, folk villages and attractive historical villages are more dependent on the city and perfect facilities, and the convenience of transportation provides advantages for their development [72]. Therefore, the accessibility and convenience of transportation are important factors affecting the spatial distribution of BLVCs, as they improve the attraction of rural leisure tourism. Furthermore, convenient commodity trade and transportation also jointly promote the development of rural areas. Therefore, the accessibility and convenience of transportation are important factors affecting the spatial distribution of BLVCs, as they improve the attraction of rural leisure tourism. Furthermore, convenient commodity trade and transportation also jointly promote the development of rural areas.
Beishuang village is located in the middle of Chongming Island ( Figure 10) [73], an alluvial island located at the estuary of Shanghai. Beishuang village relies on the developing transportation network of the metropolis. Compared with other villages, the direct highway has facilitated its rapid tourism development. In the 1990s, people in cities mainly relied on ships to reach the island. Chongming Island is nearly 50 km away from the city center in a straight line. This inconvenient transportation meant that Chongming Island's rural life, dominated by agriculture, was incompatible with the prosperous Shanghai. Chenhai Road on Chongming Island was opened in 2003, and the Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel Bridge, which spans the three islands of Chongming, was officially opened to traffic in 2009 [74]. Today, Chongming's transportation network is fully connected, which continuously improves the urban and rural living environments. Combined with network information publicity, Beishuang village, which is characterized by agriculture, attracts tourists from all over China. Against the background of modern technological development and the health needs of urban residents, the Agricultural Industrial Park in Beishuang village, connected via an e-commerce platform and relying on convenient transportation, delivers high-quality agricultural products to thousands of households [75]. The development of Beishuang was made possible by the construction of the transportation system. ture, attracts tourists from all over China. Against the background of modern technologi cal development and the health needs of urban residents, the Agricultural Industrial Park in Beishuang village, connected via an e-commerce platform and relying on convenien transportation, delivers high-quality agricultural products to thousands of household [75]. The development of Beishuang was made possible by the construction of the trans portation system.

Tourism Development Factors
Tourism development is the comprehensive embodiment of tourism resources, facil ities and the investment level, and it is also the primary core element for tourists to con sider when choosing a tourist destination [76]. Different levels of tourist attractions ar the main brand representatives to measure China's regional tourism development. There fore, this study selected the number of domestic tourists and the number of A-level sceni spots reflecting tourism development for correlation analysis. Thus, the correlation coef ficient = 0.669, 0.769 shows that the distribution of BLVCs had a significant positive cor relation with regional tourism development.
This study overlaid the number of A-level scenic spots in each province with the dis tribution of BLVCs to generate a distribution map ( Figure 11). Further inspection found that the eastern region, such as the Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shandong provinces, ha a large number of A-level scenic spots, and its rural distribution is relatively dense. Th spatial distribution of BLVCs is largely based on the local scenic radiation for achieving complementary resources and customer sharing. From the correlation analysis results o the types of BLVCs, the distribution of characteristic residential and historical ancient vil lages is significantly and positively related to tourism development. Most historical an cient villages are high-quality tourist attractions, with rich tourism resources such as his

Tourism Development Factors
Tourism development is the comprehensive embodiment of tourism resources, facilities and the investment level, and it is also the primary core element for tourists to consider when choosing a tourist destination [76]. Different levels of tourist attractions are the main brand representatives to measure China's regional tourism development. Therefore, this study selected the number of domestic tourists and the number of A-level scenic spots reflecting tourism development for correlation analysis. Thus, the correlation coefficient r = 0.669, 0.769 shows that the distribution of BLVCs had a significant positive correlation with regional tourism development.
This study overlaid the number of A-level scenic spots in each province with the distribution of BLVCs to generate a distribution map ( Figure 11). Further inspection found that the eastern region, such as the Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shandong provinces, has a large number of A-level scenic spots, and its rural distribution is relatively dense. The spatial distribution of BLVCs is largely based on the local scenic radiation for achieving complementary resources and customer sharing. From the correlation analysis results of the types of BLVCs, the distribution of characteristic residential and historical ancient villages is significantly and positively related to tourism development. Most historical ancient villages are high-quality tourist attractions, with rich tourism resources such as historical culture attractions and traditional architecture. However, in the characteristic residential villages, the investment in and construction of rural homestays with residential features satisfies the sense of experience for many leisure tourists and promotes rural development. According to statistics from a 2021 report on China's tourism scenic spot development, the integration of scenic spots and homestays in rural tourism is becoming increasingly prominent, driving rural leisure tourism development. Therefore, regional tourism development is one of the critical factors affecting whether rural leisure tourism can achieve high-quality and sustainable development. Rich tourism resources, perfect tourism facilities, construction and tourism service system development around scenic spots provide customer source markets for developing beautiful local leisure rural tourism [77,78].
Baishuidong village is located in Shaoyang City in Hunan province ( Figure 12) [79]. It is close to the Baishuidong national 4A-level tourist scenic spot. The development of Baishuidong village stands out in Hunan province due to the scenic spot's landscape resources, supporting facilities, tourist market and other tourism resources. Relying on the advantages of scenic resources, the village has invested in a large number of rural tourism projects, such as leisure agriculture, homestays and restaurants, which are operated by tourism management companies. Baishuidong village has also introduced a study tourism project and invested in building a Comprehensive Practical Education Base, providing students with multi-functional experiences such as learning, practice, sightseeing, catering, entertainment and accommodation. In general, Baishuidong village relies on the tourism resources and tourist source guarantee of the scenic spot, carrying out industrial complementarity and driving the employment of more than 1000 people in the village and in rural economic development. In 2020, the village received 2.26 million tourists. The annual disposable income of the village's collective economy reached CNY 5 million, and the annual per capita disposable income of farmers was CNY 15,000, of which leisure agriculture accounted for more than half [80]. torical culture attractions and traditional architecture. However, in the characteristic residential villages, the investment in and construction of rural homestays with residential features satisfies the sense of experience for many leisure tourists and promotes rural development. According to statistics from a 2021 report on China's tourism scenic spot development, the integration of scenic spots and homestays in rural tourism is becoming increasingly prominent, driving rural leisure tourism development. Figure 11. Distribution map overlapping beautiful leisure villages with A-level scenic spots in China. Therefore, regional tourism development is one of the critical factors affecting whether rural leisure tourism can achieve high-quality and sustainable development. Rich tourism resources, perfect tourism facilities, construction and tourism service system development around scenic spots provide customer source markets for developing beautiful local leisure rural tourism [77,78].
Baishuidong village is located in Shaoyang City in Hunan province ( Figure 12) [79]. It is close to the Baishuidong national 4A-level tourist scenic spot. The development of Baishuidong village stands out in Hunan province due to the scenic spot's landscape resources, supporting facilities, tourist market and other tourism resources. Relying on the advantages of scenic resources, the village has invested in a large number of rural tourism projects, such as leisure agriculture, homestays and restaurants, which are operated by tourism management companies. Baishuidong village has also introduced a study tourism project and invested in building a Comprehensive Practical Education Base, providing students with multi-functional experiences such as learning, practice, sightseeing, catering, entertainment and accommodation. In general, Baishuidong village relies on the tourism resources and tourist source guarantee of the scenic spot, carrying out industrial complementarity and driving the employment of more than 1000 people in the village and in rural economic development. In 2020, the village received 2.26 million tourists. The annual disposable income of the village's collective economy reached CNY 5 million, and the annual per capita disposable income of farmers was CNY 15,000, of which leisure agriculture accounted for more than half [80]. With the implementation of a series of policies in China to promote rural revitaliza tion, rural financial investment is increasing. Rural infrastructure, rural appearance and people's living standards are constantly being improved [81]. The facts have proven tha the development and construction of BLVCs cannot be separated from the support of na With the implementation of a series of policies in China to promote rural revitalization, rural financial investment is increasing. Rural infrastructure, rural appearance and people's living standards are constantly being improved [81]. The facts have proven that the development and construction of BLVCs cannot be separated from the support of national policies. Although the spatial distribution of BLVCs is imbalanced, a certain number of villages is distributed in all provinces. To some extent, the intentional support of the government balances the regional development gap.
According to the statistics in Table 1, it can be found that the number of beautiful leisure villages in Xinjiang ranks second in China. However, Xinjiang is located in the remote northwest area, with insufficient environmental resources and economic underdevelopment [82]. Therefore, its rural development is inseparable from the policies and financial support of the central government and is achieved through the selection of BLVCs to promote the Xinjiang rural tourism brand. During the "13th Five-Year Plan" period, Xinjiang vigorously promoted the strategy of "revitalizing Xinjiang through tourism" [83]. In 2017, the Measures for Promoting Rural Tourism of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region supported the rural tourism industry via capital, science and technology, taxation, finance and other aspects [84]. In 2019, the development of a rural tourism upgrade (2019-2020) was promoted to improve the infrastructure, living environment, service standards and innovation financing, increasing the support of five policy aspects to improve the quality of development. This series of measures effectively promotes tourism as a strategic pillar industry in Xinjiang and provides a beautiful leisure rural development policy guarantee and innovation environment [85]. Therefore, the policy guidance and financial support of national and local governments at all levels provide the impetus and material basis of the development of beautiful leisure rural attractions. Strong policy support and a good policy environment promote the sustainable development of rural areas.
Chagancao village is located in the Wuerhe district of Karamay City, Xinjiang ( Figure 13) [86]. Due to government policy and financial support, this remote and poor village became a pilot development project, enabling it to be included in the BLVC list. Relying on the rich tourism resources and fully implementing the strategy of "revitalizing Xinjiang through tourism", the local tourism industry has been vigorously promoted in recent years [87]. The government of the Wuerhe district innovatively implemented the "Western Wuzhen" project; that is, it guided farmers to plan and develop idle homesteads in a unified way, vigorously developing tourism homestays, leisure agriculture and characteristic breeding. With the support of the government, Chagancao village has attracted social investment and has significantly improved its infrastructure and service capacity. Chagancao village has become a demonstration town with the characteristics for tourism development, illustrating a charming new vision of rural development.

Discussion
This study took the list of BLVCs as the research object and analyzed the unbalanced distribution characteristics of BLVCs from the macro level. The number and types of villages in each geographical area are different and are related to the regional geographical environment, transportation, tourism development and policies ( Figure 14). Compared

Discussion
This study took the list of BLVCs as the research object and analyzed the unbalanced distribution characteristics of BLVCs from the macro level. The number and types of villages in each geographical area are different and are related to the regional geographical environment, transportation, tourism development and policies ( Figure 14). Compared with other research objects that are limited to a local or single batch list, this study conducted research on all batches of BLVC catalogs released to date, with larger amounts of data and more persuasive results. In terms of research methods, this study innovatively used Pearson's coefficient to quantitatively analyze and screen multiple factors, carrying out studies on specific cases for use as evidence. The quantitative analysis method combined with a qualitative summary means the research results are more scientific, with more exemplary significance for rural tourism development. The research is also relevant to current hotspots around the world and considers people's yearning for a healthy rural life and the advantages of low-density rural environments for living and traveling under the restrictions of COVID-19. The research direction follows this trend and has reference significance for exploring the development of rural spaces and realizing rural revitalization in the future. Relatively speaking, it also has certain experience reference significance for the wider world. In the study of rural development laws and tourism characteristics, China's experience can be used to better guide the sustainable development of rural areas. There are still shortcomings in this study, and the research should be discussed with regard to the following aspects: (1) This study microanalyzed the distribution characteristics of BLVCs at the national scale but lacked the relevant direct analysis at the provincial and regional scales. (2) This study mainly adopted the basic research methods of spatial analysis in the distribution characteristics, limiting the selection of relevant calculation formulas and methods. An in-depth mining of the data and a strengthening of the research methods are the suggested directions for future research.  There are still shortcomings in this study, and the research should be discussed with regard to the following aspects: (1) This study microanalyzed the distribution characteristics of BLVCs at the national scale but lacked the relevant direct analysis at the provincial and regional scales. (2) This study mainly adopted the basic research methods of spatial analysis in the distribution characteristics, limiting the selection of relevant calculation formulas and methods. An in-depth mining of the data and a strengthening of the research methods are the suggested directions for future research.
(3) The characteristics of the rural distribution factors are complex and diverse. Due to the availability of the data, this study only carried out correlation analysis on the social and cultural factors, and the factor selection was not comprehensive. The intersection of factors needs further improvement in later research.
In general, this study has a certain timeliness. The BLVC list is updated rapidly. With changes over time, the rural environments, economy and policies will change. In addition, the results also have some limitations. In the spatial distribution characteristics, the kernel density analysis resulted in obvious aggregation, and while the Lorentz curve did not show obvious convexity, the results were somewhat different. Furthermore, according to the statistical results of rural distribution in the southern region, this region accounts for the lowest proportion. However, the factors that have been discussed, such as the environment, traffic and tourism development, are favorable to its rural distribution, so this needs to be explored further.
Therefore, future research will need be long-term and in-depth. The research will also need to be further expanded from large-scale spatial analysis to regional-scale specific analysis and from a single influence to factor interaction. With the progress of science and technology, we can also mine comment data and carry out comprehensive research on the spatial layout and industrial development of BLVCs from multiple perspectives.

Conclusions
This study conducted a spatial and mathematical-statistical analysis of 1470 villages on the list of BLVCs from 12 batches and conducted quantitative analysis of 4 aspects: spatial distribution patterns, densities, discrepancies and clusters ( Table 7). The characteristics and patterns of their spatial distribution were summarized, and the following results were obtained. Table 7. Spatial index of beautiful leisure villages in China, calculated based on functions. To explore the factors affecting the spatial distribution, this study screened the influencing factors through Pearson's coefficients on the basis of previous studies. Finally, the following aspects were analyzed:

No
(1) From the perspective of the geographical environment, BLVCs are mainly concentrated in areas with flat terrain, a suitable climate and sufficient water resources, such as the eastern region. (4) From the perspective of policy, to achieve a balanced development of BLVCs in all regions, the national and local governments have strengthened policy guidance and financial support, especially in the northwest inland areas with slow development, such as Xinjiang.
This study analyzed the uneven spatial pattern of BLVCs and their categories, and it deeply discussed the formation mechanism under the influence of four factors: geographical environment, transportation, tourism development and policy. This study provides a systematic research framework and methods for developing an understanding of rural development from the macro law to specific implementation, which is conducive to the more reasonable use of the resources and regional advantages of rural areas, and the research results are universal. The specific study of characteristic rural tourism has created a new impetus for rural revitalization to further guide village leisure agriculture and the sustainable development of rural tourism and even to promote rural revitalization. This study proposes the following suggestions: (1) Make full use of local ecological characteristics and resource advantages, and adjust the measures to the local conditions. Pay attention to improving rural ecological quality, maintaining rural scenery and respecting the natural patterns. (2) Build a tourism transportation network, comprehensively improve the integrity and diversity of tourism transportation facilities, and further enhance the attraction of tourism destinations. (3) The various regions should improve the facilities supporting rural tourism and comprehensively improve the service capacity and level of rural tourism. Each region should rely on their own cultural and tourism resources to develop the tourism industry creatively, integrating advantageous regional resources and enhancing the effect of industrial agglomeration. (4) The government should further improve rural policies and increase financial support for rural tourism. Local governments should confront the differences and gaps in regional development, strengthen coordinated development with the surrounding areas and form a win-win strategy of regional linkage and cooperation to optimize the spatial layout.
Author Contributions: Jiazhen Zhang developed the research topic. Yuchen Xie prepared the writing (original draft). Jeremy Cenci and Xiangzhuang Meng were responsible for the writing (review and editing). The project administration was undertaken by Jeremy Cenci. All the authors contributed to writing the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This work was supported by the University of Mons, grant project CoMod, Compacité urbaine sous l'angle de la modélisation mathématique (théorie des graphes et des jeux) of the Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning and the Faculty of Sciences.