Group field theory condensate cosmology: An appetizer

This contribution is an appetizer to the relatively young and fast evolving approach to quantum cosmology based on group field theory condensate states. We summarize the main assumptions and pillars of this approach which has revealed new perspectives on the long-standing question of how to recover the continuum from discrete geometric building blocks. Among others, we give a snapshot of recent work on isotropic cosmological solutions exhibiting an accelerated expansion, a bounce where anisotropies are shown to be under control and inhomogeneities with an approximately scale-invariant power spectrum. Finally, we point to open issues in the condensate cosmology approach.


I. Introduction
The current observational evidence strongly suggests that our Universe is accurately described by the standard model of cosmology [1].This model relies on Einstein's theory of general relativity (GR) and assumes its validity on all scales.However, this picture proves fully inadequate to describe the earliest stages of our Universe, as our concepts of spacetime and its geometry as given by GR are then expected to break down due to the extreme physical conditions encountered in the vicinity of and shortly after the big bang.More explicitly, it appears that our Universe emerged from a singularity, as implied by the famous theorems of Penrose and Hawking [2].From a fundamental point of view, such a singularity is unphysical and it is expected that quantum effects lead to its resolution [3].This motivates the development of a quantum theory of gravity in which the quintessential features of GR and quantum field theory are consistently unified.Such a theory will revolutionize our understanding of spacetime and gravity at a microscopic level and should be able to give a complete and consistent picture of cosmic evolution.
The difficulty in making progress in this field is ultimately rooted in the lack of experiments which have access to the physics at the smallest length scales and highest energies and so would provide a clear empirical guideline for the construction of such a theory.In turn, this severe underdetermination of theory by experiment is a reason for the current presence of a plethora of contesting approaches to quantum gravity [4].Against this backdrop, the cosmology of the very early Universe represents a unique window of opportunity out of this impasse [5].For instance, it is naturally expected that traces of quantum gravity have left a fingerprint on the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation, see e.g.Refs.[6].Hence, cosmology provides an ideal testbed where the predictions of such competing theories can be compared and tested against forthcoming cosmological data.
A central conviction of some approaches to quantum gravity is that it should be a non-perturbative, backgroundindependent and diffeomorphism invariant theory of quantum geometry.In this sense, the spacetime continuum is renunciated and is instead replaced by fundamental degrees of freedom of discrete and combinatorial nature.Particular representatives of this class of theories are the closely related loop quantum gravity (LQG) [7,8], group field theory (GFT) [9], tensor models (TM) [10] and simplicial quantum gravity approaches like quantum Regge calculus (QRC) [11] and Euclidean and causal dynamical triangulations (EDT,CDT) [12].The perturbative expansion of their path integrals each yields a sum over discrete geometries and the most difficult problem for all of them then lies in the recovery of continuous spacetime geometry and GR describing its dynamics in an appropriate limit.This is challenging because ideally it requires to formulate statements about the continuum by only calling upon notions rooted in the discontinuum.Taking the continuum limit in these approaches, crucially depends on whether the discreteness of geometry is considered physical or unphysical therein, the proper weighting of configurations in the partition function and the specification of the continuum limit.Consequently, strategies to reach this goal differ among them strongly, see e.g.Ref. [13] for an overview.
In the light of the above, it is vitally important to consider these approaches in a cosmological context which has been accomplished to a varying degree of success by them.In this contribution we give a brief and rather non-technical panorama of the GFT condensate cosmology program [16] which has been developed over the last few years and has so far borne promising fruits. 1 This program is motivated by the idea that the mechanism for regaining a continuum geometry from a physically discrete quantum gravity substratum in GFT is provided by a phase transition to a condensate phase [14,15].Research on the phase structure of different GFT models in terms of functional renormalization group analyses finds support for such a conjecture in terms of IR fixed points [19,21].Further backing is provided by saddle point studies [22] and Landau-Ginzburg mean field analyses [23] which probe non-perturbative aspects of GFT models, see also Ref. [13].In this picture, a condensate would correspond to a non-perturbative vacuum which comprises of a large number of bosonic GFT quanta and in the context of GFT models of four-dimensional quantum gravity is tentatively interpreted as a continuum geometry.Given this basic premise, the most striking successes and milestone results of the condensate cosmology approach are the recovery of Friedmann-like dynamics of an emergent homogeneous and isotropic geometry [24], an extended accelerated phase of expansion [25,26] right after a cosmological bounce [27], a simple yet effective mechanism for dynamical isotropization of microscopic anisotropies [28,29] and the finding of an approximately scale-invariant and small-amplitude power spectrum of quantum fluctuations of the local volume over a homogeneous background geometry perturbed by small inhomogeneities [31].In the following, we will quickly review the GFT formalism, give the basic structures behind its condensate cosmology spin-off, highlight the main results and give an outlook for future challenges of this program.

II. Group field theory
GFTs are quantum field theories which live on group configuration spaces, possess a gauge symmetry and are in particular characterized by combinatorially non-local interactions [9].More precisely, the real-or complex-valued scalar field ϕ lives on d copies of a Lie group G.In models for quantum gravity, G corresponds to the gauge group of GR and the gauge symmetry leads to an invariance of the GFT action under the (right) diagonal action of G which acts on the fields as The action S consists of kinetic and interaction terms, where (for a complex-valued field) the kinetic part is of the form with kinetic kernel K which typically incorporates a Laplacian and mass term contribution.The interaction terms consist of products of fields which are paired via convolution according to a combinatorial non-local pattern.An important example is given by that interaction of order d + 1 which follows the combinatorics of a complete graph with d + 1 vertices and has the dual interpretation of a d-dimensional simplex.The quantum dynamics is encoded via the path integral the perturbative expansion of which is indexed by Feynman diagrams which are dual to gluings of d-simplices.Hence, it is a generating function of particular cellular complexes. 2To provide a path integral for quantum gravity, the rank of the field is equated with the dimension of spacetime and the details of the kinetic kernel and interaction terms have to be specified to encode the Euclidean or Lorentzian embeddings of the theory [24,29,30].In this way, it provides a generating function for the covariant quantization of LQG in terms of spin foam models [8].In LQG, boundary spin network states of a spin foam correspond to 3-dimensional discrete quantum geometries while the spin foam transition amplitudes interpolate in between two such boundary configurations.There, a proper imposition of the so-called simplicity constraints guarantees that SL(2, C) data in the bulk is reduced to SU(2) on the boundary [33][34][35][36].
Given that GFT provides a second quantized reformulation of LQG, such boundary states are elements of the GFT Fock space wherein spin network vertices, i.e. atoms of space, correspond to fundamental quanta which are created or annihilated by the field operators of GFT [37].The GFT Fock space is built by means of the fundamental Hilbert space H v = L 2 (G d ) of a GFT quantum which is assumed to obey bosonic statistics.Clearly, when chosing G = SU(2) and imposing gauge invariance as in Eq. ( 1), a state in H v represents an open LQG spin network vertex or its dual quantum polyhedron.In particular, for d = 4 a GFT quantum corresponds to a quantum tetrahedron which also is the most studied case within the condensate cosmology program [16,17].
In this picture, many particle GFT states can be excited over the Fock vacuum |∅ which is the state devoid of any topological and quantum geometric information.Standardly, it is defined via the action of an annihilation field operator, namely φ(g I )|∅ = 0, (5) where we used the shorthand notation ϕ(g I ) ≡ ϕ(g 1 , ..., g d ) and normalize the vacuum to 1.Given their bosonic statistics, the GFT field operators obey the canonical commutation relations where the form of the delta distribution accounts for imposition of gauge invariance, Eq. ( 1).
In this framework, second-quantized Hermitian operators can be constructed [38], e.g. the number operator is given by while another relevant operator encoding geometric information is the vertex volume operator wherein V (g I , g I ) denote the matrix elements of the first-quantized LQG volume operator.An analogous expression also holds for the area operator of LQG.Hence, in GFT the discreteness of geometry is considered as being real, rooted in its strong connections to LQG where the spectra of geometric operators are discrete (as shown to hold at the kinematical level) [39]. 3

III. Group field theory condensate cosmology
The general aim of the GFT condensate cosmology program is to describe cosmologically relevant geometries by means of the the formalism given above.Concretely, the goal is to approximate 3-dimensional homogeneous and extended geometries as well as their cosmological evolution in terms of GFT condensate states and their effective dynamics.

A. Motivation for condensate states
As initially stated in the introduction, indications for the formation of a condensate phase have been found through the analyses of non-perturbative aspects of GFT models.In particular, functional renormalization group analyses of so-called tensorial GFTs [19,20] indicate a phase transition separating a symmetric from a broken/condensate phase as the mass parameter tends to negative values in the IR limit which is analogous to a Wilson-Fisher fixed point in the corresponding local QFT.This is illustrated in terms of the phase diagrams in Fig. 1.Building on these, more work has to be devoted to studying the phase structure of a (potentially coloured) GFT model enriched with additional geometric data and an available simplicial quantum gravity interpretation.The hope would be that in the phase diagram of such a theory at least one phase can be found which can be interpreted as a physical continuum geometry of relevance to cosmology.Refs.[20]).In the analogue of region II on the left hand side, a non-vanishing expectation value of the field operator is expected to be found.
Given this central hypothesis of the GFT condensate cosmology program, the goal is to directly derive the effective dynamics for GFT condensate states from the microscopic quantum dynamics using mean field techniques inspired by the theory on Bose-Einstein condensates [40] and to extract a cosmological interpretation thereafter.Generally, a condensate phase corresponds to a non-perturbative vacuum of a theory where the expectation value of the field operator is non-vanishing, i.e. ϕ(g I ) = 0. Since such a vacuum is described by a large number N of quanta, in the GFT context this would make it suitable to model extended geometries.In addition, these quanta are occupying the same quantum geometric configuration which is desirable if a homogeneous background geometry is to emerge from the condensate.Simple trial states which capture these features are field coherent states of the form corresponding to an infinite superposition of states which -when setting d = 4 -describe disconnected quantum tetrahedra labeled by the same discrete geometric data.The latter is encoded by a single collective function, the condensate wave function σ.These states are field coherent since they are eigenstates of the field operator, φ(g for which φ(g I ) = σ(g I ) = 0 holds.Finally, in addition to the right invariance as in Eq. ( 1), we require the invariance under the left diagonal action of G, i.e., σ(kg I ) = σ(g I ) for all k ∈ G to guarantee that the domain of the condensate wave function is isomorphic to the minisuperspace of homogeneous geometries GL(3, R)/O(3) [44]. 56The metric information encoded in the states can be retrieved via a non-commutative Fourier transform [16,17,28,44,47].

B. Effective condensate dynamics
An effective dynamics of such states can be obtained by taking alternative but equivalent roads.One can either study the GFT path integral in saddle point approximation or use the lowest-order truncation of the Schwinger-Dyson equations of the GFT model under consideration [16-18, 22, 23].This yields which is the classical equation of motion for the condensate wave function whose solution would amount to solving the theory at tree-level.In general, this is a non-linear and non-local equation for the dynamics of the mean field σ and is given the interpretation of a quantum cosmology equation despite the fact that it has no direct probabilistic interpretation as compared to the equations of motion of Wheeler-DeWitt (WdW) quantum cosmology [48] and loop quantum cosmology (LQC) [49].However, this does not pose a problem in order to extract cosmological predictions from the full theory, as we will review below.In a next step, in order to extract information regarding the dynamics of such condensate systems, we extend the set of degrees of freedom of the formalism and couple a free, massless, minimally coupled real-valued scalar field to the GFT field, This scalar field serves as a relational clock, i.e. an internal time variable, with respect to which the latter evolves.Such a procedure is common practice in classical and quantum gravity [49][50][51][52].Notice that the expectation values of the above-introduced observables will obviously depend on the relational clock φ.
The precise introduction of this degree of freedom is based on the expression of the Feynman amplitudes of a given simplicial GFT model which take the form of simplicial gravity path integrals for gravity when coupled to such a scalar field.In this discretized setting, the matter field sits on the vertices which are dual to the 4-simplices of the simplicial complex [24,53,54].In this way, the action takes the general form where K is local in g I and φ and the interaction term is given by where each g I corresponds to four group elements.The object V 5 is a function of all group elements, encoding the combinatorics of a 4-simplex, which when appropriately specified together with K e.g.yield the GFT formulation of the EPRL spin foam model [24,29,35].

A. Recovery of Friedmann-like dynamics and bouncing solutions
The above-given action is rather general and has to be specified to allow for concrete computations.In particular, when working in the spin-representation one clearly sees that the equation of motion of the condensate field is a nonlinear tensor equation, which is notoriously difficult to solve [22].What allows to make progress is to focus on the case where the condensate wave function only depends on a single spin variable when working in the spin representation.In fact, this corresponds to an isotropic restriction which leads to highly symmetric configurations: In this way the condensate is made of equilateral tetrahedra and the domain of the field is reduced to the configuration space of a homogeneous and isotropic universe [24,28]. 7n this way, one obtains the equation of motion of the condensate field, i.e.
where K j and V j 5 are functions of the single spin variable.Most generally, the contribution of the kinetic term takes the form K j = A j ∂ 2 φ − B j , where A j and B j parametrize ambiguities in the EPRL GFT model [24,29] and the partial derivatives with respect to the relational clock follow from a derivative expansion with respect to the same variable [24,53].Next, we follow Refs.[24,27] and consider the regime of the dynamics where the interaction term is sub-dominant.Since higher powers of the condensate field are directly proportional to the number of condensate constituents we may refer to this regime as being mesoscopic.Then, the equation of motion reduces to which, when using the polar decomposition of the field as σ j (φ) = ρ j (φ)e iθj (φ) , yields together with the conserved quantities Notice that the central term in Eq. ( 17) diverges towards ρ j → 0 to the effect that the system exhibits a quantum bounce, as long as at least one Q j is non-vanishing.This is the case when requiring the energy density of the clock field to be non-zero.This quantity is given in terms of its conserved momentum where V denotes the expectation value of the volume operator.It is explicitly given by We are now ready to give the dynamics of the volume of the emergent space as as obtained in Ref. [24].When considering large enough volumes for which the terms with E j and Q j in Eqs.(21) are suppressed and when identifying m 2 j ≡ 3πG N (where G N denotes Newton's constant), one obtains Remarkably, this amounts to the recovery of the standard Friedmann equations for a flat universe which is immediately seen when rewriting the first Friedmann equation in proper time t in terms of relational time φ, i.e.
and similarly does so for the second Friedmann equation [24].For small volumes, when considering a simplified setting, where the condensate is dominated by a single spin j o , the Eqs.(21) give where ρ c ∼ 3π 2j 3 o ρ Pl [27].The terms involving ρ c and E jo correspond to quantum corrections where the one involving ρ c is responsible for the quantum bounce.To the past of this event, the emergent space contracts while it expands to the future.It should be remarked that up to the terms depending on E jo these equations are exactly the modified Friedmann equations derived in LQC. 89Notice that a quantum gravity induced bounce falls into the more general class of bouncing cosmologies which present tentative alternatives to the standard inflationary scenario to resolve the problems of the standard model of cosmology, see Ref. [58] for an overview. 10e may list important side-results which support the findings presented above: • In Ref. [59], it is shown that for growing relational time, the condensate dynamically settles into a low-spin configuration, i.e. it will be dominated by the lowest non-trivial representations labeled by j.This goes in hand with a classicalization of the emergent geometry [28].One may argue that the type of configuration which is usually assumed in the LQC literature can be derived from the quantum dynamics of GFT.We refer to Ref. [59] for a discussion touching on the subtle differences in between the Hilbert spaces of GFT and LQG relevant to this point.
• A careful analysis shows that the identification m 2 j ≡ 3πG N only holds asymptotically for large φ, rendering G N a state-dependent function [25].This is illustrated in Fig. 2. The effective gravitational constant as a function of relational time φ for E < 0 to the left and E > 0 to the right given in arbitrary units, taken from Ref. [25].A bounce occurs towards φ = Φ situated at the origin of both plots.For large φ Newton's constant is asymptotically attained.
• Another related notion of isotropic restriction has been studied in the literature so far where the condensate is built from tri-rectangular tetrahedra [28].This produces physically equivalent results, as one would expect when invoking naive universality arguments.Notice that both isotropic restrictions correspond to symmetry reductions applied to the quantum state and thus should by no means be equated with those performed in WdW quantum cosmology or LQC.In the latter cases, symmetry reductions are imposed before quantization and this procedure is expected to violate the uncertainty principle [48].
• In a related model which does not make use of the relational clock, the field content has been explicitly studied for free and effectively interacting scenarios [41].For such static configurations one finds that the condensate consists of many GFT quanta residing in the lowest spin configurations.This is indicated by the analysis of the discrete spectra of the geometric operators, as illustrated by Fig. 3.This also supports the idea that under the given isotropic restrictions, such GFT condensate states are suitable candidates to describe effectively continuous homogeneous and isotropic 3-spaces built from many smallest building blocks of the quantum geometry.

B. Cyclic cosmologies and accelerated expansion
In a series of works the effect of simplified GFT interactions onto the cosmological dynamics has been investigated under the assumption that the spin representation j is fixed [26,28].Given these phenomenologically motivated interactions, the equations of motion take a simple non-linear form.Despite the fact that from a GFT point of view such interactions seem to be somewhat artificial due to their lack of a discrete geometric interpretation, they bring us  The spectrum to the volume operator in the free case to the left and effectively interacting case to the right.These illustrate that the geometric operators are dominated by the lowest non-trivial modes characterizing the condensate field.These plots were taken from Ref. [41] where a detailed discussion of their underlying computations can be found.
nearer to the physics which we want to probe as they capture the basic non-linearity of the original GFT interactions.
The form of the effective potential is given by and we require w > 0 so that the potential is bounded from below.Using the polar form of the field, we obtain the equation of motion where we have set To guarantee that this equation does not lead to an open cosmology expanding at a faster than exponential rate, we have µ > 0. In consistency with the free case discussed above, m 2 > 0 while the sign of λ can be left unconstrained.A first observation from this equation of motion is its resemblance with that of a classical point particle in the potential so that with the given signs and the bouncing contribution of strength Q 2 the solutions to Eq. ( 26) yield cyclic motions.Via Eq. ( 20) these correspond to cyclic solutions for the dynamics of the emergent universe.Hence, we observe that bounded interactions induce a recollpase.Given that in the classical theory a recollapsing solution follows from a closed topology of 3-space, this might give an indication of how to obtain such topologies from these simple GFT condensates.
Regarding the expansion behavior of the emergent geometry, using the above-given interactions it is possible to obtain a long lasting accelerated phase after the bounce.In fact, the free parameters may be fine-tuned to achieve any desirable value of e-folds so that this behavior can be understood as an inflationary expansion of quantum geometric origin.This becomes transparent when writing for the number of e-folds and incorporating it in an expression for the acceleration.Since there is no notion of proper time in GFT, a sensible definition of acceleration can only be given in relational terms.In particular, we seek a definition that agrees with the standard one given in ordinary cosmology via the Raychaudhuri equation which allows us to define the acceleration as the derivation of which is discussed in detail in Ref. [25,26].Using this, one finds that the free case does not lead to a value of N large enough to supplant the standard inflationary mechanism in cosmology.However, the careful analysis of Ref. [26] demonstrates that with a hierarchy µ |λ| together with λ > 0 leads to n > n ≥ 5 which allows room for an era of accelerated expansion analogous to that of models of inflationary cosmology.If phantom energy is ruled out, only n = 5 and n = 6 are admissable selecting an interaction term which is in principle compatible with simplicial interactions, introduced above.These results are illustrated in Fig. 4. Notice that these works emphasize the role that phenomenology can take for model building in quantum gravity.
It should be emphasized that these findings have a purely quantum geometric origin and in particular are not based in any way on the assumption of a specific potential for the minimally coupled massless scalar field φ, the relational clock.This is in stark contrast to inflation which depends on the choice of potential and initial conditions of the inflaton field to yield the desired expansion behavior [60][61][62].The plot to the left shows the behavior of the acceleration close to the bounce while the one to the right illustrates it towards the end of inflation.These plots were taken from Ref. [26] to which we direct for details.

C. Anisotropies and inhomogeneities
If quantum gravity is to offer the picture of the earliest moments of our Universe, it must include an approximately homogeneous and isotropic background with superimposed perturbations.Given the above results an important step for the condensate cosmology program is to go beyond the considered isotropic restriction and homogeneous configurations and to study more general configurations and their dynamics.In the following, we want to briefly discuss recent advances in which the exploration of anisotropies [28,29] and inhomogeneities [31] has been commenced.
The study of anisotropic GFT configurations and their dynamics is of general importance since it would be desirable to see if at least a subset of these can be in agreement with the observed isotropy of our Universe at late times.For these one has to show that anisotropies do not grow in the expanding phase.Apart from that, it is well known that bouncing cosmologies are haunted by the notorious problem of uncontrolled growth of anisotropies when the universe contracts [58].This is the problem of the Belinsky-Khalatnikov-Lifshitz instability [63].In light of this, it is interesting to understand the fate of anisotropies when approaching the quantum bounce as predicted by GFT.
Leaving the technical details aside, in Ref. [28] it has indeed been shown for rather general configurations that they dynamically isotropize in relational time by means of a simple mechanism.Conversely, it is demonstrated that anisotropic contributions to the condensate become more and more pronounced towards small volumes.This paved the way to a systematic investigation of anisotropic perturbations over an isotropic background in the vicinity of the bounce in Ref. [29].In particular, a region in the parameter space is identified such that these anisotropies can be large at the bounce but are fully under control.From this it also follows that towards the bounce the quantum geometry of the emergent universe is rather degenerate.Furthermore, this analysis shows that the anisotropic perturbations become negligible the further away the system is from the bouncing phase and can be completely irrelevant to the dynamics before interactions kick in.Hence, after the bounce a cosmological background emerges the dynamics of which can again be cast into the form of the above-given effective Friedmann equations, thus corroborating the results of Refs.[24,27,28].These results are illustrated in Fig. 5. On more general grounds, these studies form a crucial starting point towards identifying anisotropic cosmologies, i.e.Bianchi models, within this approach and allow to establish contact to corresponding studies in WdW [48], spin foam [64] and loop quantum cosmology [49].
Modern Cosmology teaches us that the seeds for structure formation are represented by inhomogeneities in the very early Universe [65].Hence, the identification and study of cosmological inhomogeneities in the condensate approach is mandatory to promote it to a realistic contestant theory of quantum cosmology.In particular, the goal would be  The surface-area-to-volume ratio (left) and the effective volume per quantum (right) as a functions of relational time.These figures demonstrate the degenerate character of the quantum geometry towards the bounce and the damping of anisotropies in the outgoing phase.The plots were taken from Ref. [29] where detailed explanations are given.
to find a mechanism rooted in quantum geometry which explains the origins of inhomogeneities without referring to the inflationary paradigm where the inhomogeneities correspond to quantum fluctuations of the inflaton field [60].
Recent progress building on Refs.[69], allows to extend the formalism beyond homogeneity.In Refs.[31,70] the formalism of including a free massless scalar field [24,53] is extended to incorporate four reference scalar fields which are used as relational clocks and rods, i.e., as a physical coordinate system.Again, this procedure is common in classical and quantum gravity approaches [51,52].In this setting quantum fluctuations (i.e.small inhomogeneities) of the local 3-volume around a nearly homogeneous background geometry are studied.Their power spectrum can be calculated and this is shown to be approximately scale invariant (where the scale is defined by the reference matter), the amplitude is small and decreases as the emergent universe expands.However, it was also demonstrated that analogous statements do not hold for perturbations in the total density of the scalar fields when the gradient energy is non-negligible.Notice that the details of these arguments relied on the specific choice of condensate state which solves the condensate dynamics and thus depends on the approximation scheme summarized in Sections III A and III B. More recent work [71] has shown how the transition from the initial quantum fluctuations present in the deep quantum gravity regime to classical observable inhomogeneities can be accomplished.By and large, it is striking that features of the spectrum of cosmologically relevant observables can be recognized using the condensate formalism.Future rearch has to bridge the gap between observations of the early Universe and the condensate formalism and the hope is that the incorporation of more complicated matter dynamics can reproduce observationally viable results.11

V. Discussion and outlook
In this brief review we wanted to draw attention to key results of the GFT condensate cosmology program which illustrate its potential to provide a quantum gravitational foundation for early universe cosmology.Finally, we would like to point to open directions (if not already stated in the main body of this appetizer) and address some relations with other non-perturbative discrete quantum gravity approaches trying to extract cosmological solutions from their frameworks.
Beyond its application to cosmology showing a rich phenomenology, this program has revealed an interesting and powerful perspective on the extraction of continuum information from a discrete geometric setting: The field theoretic setting of GFT and specifically the use of field coherent states prove extremely useful and elegant to this aim.
To contextualize this, we may compare with the other non-perturbative and discrete path integral approaches to quantum gravity.In EDT, CDT, tensor models, the discreteness of geometry is regarded as a mathematical tool allowing us to rewrite the continuum path integral in a discrete form.The philosophy behind taking the continuum limit is rather similar among them and the goal is to study the phase structure of the respective theories via analyticity properties of the partition function.The CDT approach has been able to produce physically relevant, i.e. extended macroscopic geometries which obey effective minisuperspace dynamics [12].This potentially highlights the role of causality in facilitating the escape from the sector of unphysical continuum geometries EDT [12] and TMs [10] are so far stuck with.
A point of criticism often invoked regarding these approaches, concerns the lack of a clear interpretation of expectation values of observables rigorously defined on a physical Hilbert space, which is in principle available in covariant LQG and GFT.Given this, GFT condensate cosmology is not the only approach which tries to extract the cosmological sector of LQG from a covariant formulation of its dynamics.In the spin foam cosmology approach one uses the spin foam expansion which is an expansion in terms of the number of degrees of freedom [64].A central assumption in this approach is that a fixed number of quanta of geometry captures all relevant physics.In contrast, in the condensate program one looks for continuum physics away from the Fock vacuum and does not restrict the number of quanta which can be rather large.GFT allows to study an infinite class of simplicial complexes by construction, it provides the field theoretic approximation tools to study the physics of many LQG degrees of freedom while bypassing the treatment of highly complicated spin networks.In addition, in the spin foam context one typically studies the semi-classical limit by requiring the configurations to peak on some triangulated classical geometry [7,8]. 12This point of view is also not assumed in GFT condensate cosmology, motivated by the condensate hypothesis which fixes the states to be described by the simple condensate wave function.
Being aware that the choice of simple trial states and the disregardance of proper simplicial interactions so far neglects all the connectivity information of those spin networks that would be considered important for a realistic definition of a non-perturbative continuum vacuum state, it is pressing go beyond the given simplifications.The exploration of the phenomenologically motivated interactions presented here as well as the study of dipole condensates [16] goes into this direction.Notice that recent work [22] in the context of the dynamical Boulatov model which is a model for Euclidean quantum gravity in 3d has shown that non-trivial condensate solutions can be produced where simplicial interactions are fully considered.The background quantum geometries one produces in this way have to be better understood but this procedure could in principle be carried over to the case in 4d.Also, it is clear from this example that the choice of simple states does not pose a major problem since more complicated ones associated to connected graphs are then easily generated by the simplicial interaction term.In light of this, it would be important to study the relational evolution of such properly interacting condensates in order to see if the intriguing results regarding the accelerated expansion of the emergent geometry found via exploring the simplified interactions can be reproduced.Furthermore, studying the effect of the simplicial interaction of the Lorentzian EPRL GFT model (or any related model) onto the condensate will require to put it explicitly down in terms of its boundary data [29].It could also be interesting to consider a colored version of such a model, given the insight that in perturbative expansion of the partition function the color degree of freedom guarantees that all terms are free of topological pathologies [32].
Apart from their impact on the dynamics, a better understanding of interactions will also allow to construct more sophisticated observables capturing curvature and cosmological anisotropies which in turn will prove indispensable to classify different emergent geometries from one another.It is nevertheless remarkable, that in the regime where interactions are sub-dominant and which has been explored most so far, rich Friedmann-like dynamics can be obtained.
A related point to be focused on touches on higher order corrections to the so-far considered condensate equation of motion and to understand if they can be neglected or if they would have a drastic impact on the cosmological interpretation of this approach.Understanding the full quantum dynamics will then shed light onto the phase structure of interesting GFT models of 4d quantum gravity.In other words, it has to be checked by means of nonperturbative techniques if a simplicial GFT model for 4d quantum gravity can truely exhibit a phase or phases which are related to (3 + 1)-dimensional Lorentzian continuum geometries.In the context of exploring the notion of phases in GFT, it would also be important to understand the relation in between a potential phase transition into a geometric phase for which the order parameter should vanish and the occurrence of a bounce which forbids a zero-volume state.
At the very end, this approach will be judged by the ability to extract phenomenological signatures to see if it can be a realistic contestant theory of quantum cosmology.The development of a scenario to explain the origin of cosmological perturbations neither by the mechanism provided by inflation nor as in ordinary bounce models but rather via the quantum fluctuations of the geometry itself as given by GFT condensates is an important step into this direction.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Left: Phase diagram of a local scalar field theory with quartic interaction on R 3 .The mass parameter is denoted by µ while the interaction couples with λ.G denotes the Gaussian fixed point and W F the Wilson-Fisher fixed point.In the region hatched in green φ = 0 holds.Right: Exemplary phase diagram of a quartic tensorial GFT on R d (cf.Refs.[20]).In the analogue of region II on the left hand side, a non-vanishing expectation value of the field operator is expected to be found.

GeffFigure 2 :
Figure2: The effective gravitational constant as a function of relational time φ for E < 0 to the left and E > 0 to the right given in arbitrary units, taken from Ref.[25].A bounce occurs towards φ = Φ situated at the origin of both plots.For large φ Newton's constant is asymptotically attained.

Figure 3 :
Figure3: The spectrum to the volume operator in the free case to the left and effectively interacting case to the right.These illustrate that the geometric operators are dominated by the lowest non-trivial modes characterizing the condensate field.These plots were taken from Ref.[41] where a detailed discussion of their underlying computations can be found.

Figure 4 :
Figure4: The plot to the left shows the behavior of the acceleration close to the bounce while the one to the right illustrates it towards the end of inflation.These plots were taken from Ref.[26] to which we direct for details.

Figure 5 :
Figure5: The surface-area-to-volume ratio (left) and the effective volume per quantum (right) as a functions of relational time.These figures demonstrate the degenerate character of the quantum geometry towards the bounce and the damping of anisotropies in the outgoing phase.The plots were taken from Ref.[29] where detailed explanations are given.