δ Gravity: Dark Sector, Post-Newtonian Limit and Schwarzschild Solution
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Gravity
2.1. Theories Formalism and Modified Action
2.2. Gravity Action and Equations of Motion
2.3. Test Particle
2.3.1. Massive Particles
2.3.2. Massless Particles
3. Cosmological Case
3.1. Photon Trajectory and Luminosity Distance
3.2. Solution of the Equations of Motion
3.3. Analysis and Results
- GR: and with ,
- Gravity with Matter: and with .
3.4. Introduction to Inflation
4. Non-Relativistic Case
4.1. Newtonian and Post-Newtonian Limit
4.2. Trajectory of a Particle:
4.3. Density Profiles
4.3.1. Spherically Homogeneous Profile
4.3.2. Exponential Profile
4.3.3. Einasto Profile
4.3.4. Navarro–Frenk–White Profile
5. Schwarzschild Case
5.1. Schwarzschild Solution
5.2. Gravitational Lensing
5.3. Perihelion Precession
5.4. Black Holes
- If and , we have ,
- If and , we have .
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DM | Dark Matter |
DE | Dark Energy |
GR | General Relativity |
DGT | Gauge Theories |
GCT | General Coordinates Transformation |
ExGCT | Extended General Coordinates Transformation |
NFW | Navarro–Frenk–White |
FLRW | Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker |
Appendix A. Perfect Fluid
Appendix B. Harmonic Gauge
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1 | To obtain the best combination of parameters, we used NonLinearModelFit from Mathematica 11.0. Then, we used these parameters to minimize Equation (71). For more details, see the Mathematica 11.0 help. |
2 | The age of the universe of Planck was calculated using the cosmological parameters obtained in [52]. That is, and km/s/Mpc. |
3 | The only constant that we can not fix is . Fortunately, this constant is irrelevant to find . This is true for an NFW profile too. |
4 |
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Alfaro, J.; González, P. δ Gravity: Dark Sector, Post-Newtonian Limit and Schwarzschild Solution. Universe 2019, 5, 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe5050096
Alfaro J, González P. δ Gravity: Dark Sector, Post-Newtonian Limit and Schwarzschild Solution. Universe. 2019; 5(5):96. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe5050096
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlfaro, Jorge, and Pablo González. 2019. "δ Gravity: Dark Sector, Post-Newtonian Limit and Schwarzschild Solution" Universe 5, no. 5: 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe5050096