Adipocytokines and Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Schizophrenia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Participants
- The concentration of high-density lipoprotein in the serum was below 1.03 mmol/L (40 mg/dL) in men and 1.29 mmol/L (50 mg/dL) in women;
- The arterial blood pressure level was systolic above 130 mmHg or diastolic above 85 mmHg (or with treatment of previously diagnosed hypertension);
- Serum glucose concentration was greater than 5.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) (or previously diagnosed with type 2 diabetes).
4.2. Anthropometric Examination
4.3. Laboratory Examination
4.3.1. Blood Sampling
4.3.2. Biochemical Parameters
4.3.3. Adipocytokines Concentration
4.4. Statistics
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Indicators | Glucose | Insulin | HOMA-IR | High-Density Lipoproteins | Atherogenic Index | Waist Circumference | BMI | The Body Fat Percentage Result | Total Fat Fold |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adiponectin | r = 0.620, p = 0.001 | r = −0.526, p = 0.003 | |||||||
Leptin | r = 0.445, p = 0.002 | r = 0.298, p = 0.044 | r = 0.442, p = 0.003 | r = 0.669, p = 0.001 | r = 0.606, p = 0.001 | ||||
Leptin–adiponectin ratio | r = 0.488, p = 0.01 | r = 0.472, p = 0.01 | r = 0.414, p = 0.02 | r = 0.464, p = 0.01 | r = 0.443, p = 0.02 | r = 0.651, p = 0.001 | |||
TNF-α | r = 0.327, p = 0.030 | r = 0.336, p = 0.024 |
Indicators | Insulin | HOMA-IR | Triglycerides | High-Density Lipoproteins | Low-Density Lipoproteins | Atherogenic Index | Waist Circumference | BMI | Body Fat Percentage | Visceral Fat Level | Total Fat Fold |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adiponectin | r = −0.343, p = 0.041 | ||||||||||
Leptin | r = 0.405, p = 0.006 | r = 0.416, p = 0.004 | r = −0.462, p = 0.001 | r = 0.527, p = 0.001 | r = 0.712, p = 0.001 | r = 0.820, p = 0.001 | r = 0.502, p = 0.001 | r = 0.696, p = 0.001 | |||
Leptin–adiponectin ratio | r = 0.565, p = 0.001 | r = 0.550, p = 0.001 | r = 0.498, p = 0.004 | r = 0.411, p = 0.02 | r = 0.567, p = 0.001 | r = 0.602, p = 0.001 | r = 0.671, p = 0.001 | r = 0.496, p = 0.001 | |||
IL-6 | r = 0.317, p = 0.012 | ||||||||||
TNF-α | r = −0.311, p = 0.014 | r = −0.347, p = 0.006 |
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Indicators | Patients with MetS (n = 46) | Patients without MetS (n = 64) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 39.5 (30; 51) | 33 (27.5; 38) | 0.001 * |
Gender (male, n (%)/female, n (%)) | 28 (60.9)/18 (39.1) | 30 (46.9)/34 (53.1) | 0.340 |
Duration of disease, years | 16 (10; 22) | 9 (5; 15) | 0.001 * |
Glucose, mmol/L | 5.20 (4.70; 6.00) | 4.90 (4.50; 5.27) | 0.003 * |
Insulin, μIU/mL | 17.99 (14.59; 23.01) | 12.98 (9.44; 18.50) | 0.008 * |
HOMA-IR, | 3.96 (2.88; 6.34) | 2.73 (1.88; 4.15) | 0.004 * |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.68 (4.02; 5.45) | 4.40 (3.83; 5.11) | 0.363 |
Triglycerides, mmol/L | 2.02 (1.74; 2.50) | 1.10 (0.80; 1.40) | <0.001 * |
High-density lipoproteins, mmol/L | 0.90 (0.76; 1.10) | 1.20 (0.91; 1.40) | <0.001 * |
Low-density lipoproteins, mmol/L | 2.67 (1.90; 3.50) | 2.70 (2.25; 3.16) | 0.572 |
Atherogenic index | 4.17 (3.18; 5.39) | 2.82 (2.13; 3.66) | <0.001 * |
Waist circumference, cm | 106 (100; 114) | 86.5 (77; 95) | <0.001 * |
Body mass index | 31.95 (27.65; 36.05) | 23.80 (21.90; 28.00) | <0.001 * |
Body fat percentage result | 37.3 (30.9; 47.8) | 29.9 (21.2; 38.9) | <0.001 * |
Visceral fat level | 10 (9; 13.5) | 6 (4; 8) | <0.001 * |
Total fat fold, mm | 116.0 (93.5; 140.5) | 79.0 (58.5; 97.5) | <0.001 * |
Indicators | Patients with MetS (n = 46) | Patients without MetS (n = 64) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Leptin, pg/mL | 13.51 (7.44; 27.77) | 6.66 (2.15; 11.38) | <0.001 * |
Adiponectin, μg/mL | 6.39 (4.71; 8.97) | 11.33 (7.18; 14.65) | 0.002 * |
Leptin–adiponectin ratio | 3.31 (0.76; 5.00) | 0.77 (0.37; 2.00) | 0.002 * |
TNF-α, pg/mL | 20.75 (15.38; 26.15) | 18.39 (12.22; 24.70) | 0.169 |
IL-6, pg/mL | 5.16 (4.00; 8.25) | 6.03 (4.60; 7.92) | 0.302 |
Indicators | 0 MetS Components (n = 15) | 1 MetS Component (n = 24) | 2 MetS Components (n = 25) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adiponectin, μg/mL | 12.33 (11.53; 21.38) | 10.11 (7.14; 13.69) | 8.37 (5.96; 14.66) | p01 = 0.1456 p12 = 0.7441 p02 = 0.1113 |
Leptin, pg/mL | 3.14 (1.01; 6.62) | 6.87 (2.48; 12.27) | 10.89 (3.52; 23.46) | p01 = 0.0593 p12 = 0.5003 p02 = 0.0146 * |
Leptin–adiponectin ratio | 0.25 (0.06; 0.52) | 0.96 (0.47; 2.28) | 1.48 (0.43; 3.29) | p01 = 0.0147 * p12 = 0.6905 p02 = 0.0323 |
TNF-α, pg/mL | 16.09 (10.11; 20.23) | 20.12 (13.20; 28.24) | 17.98 (13.13; 28.66) | p01 = 0.0530 p12 = 0.6938 p02 = 0.1694 |
IL-6, pg/mL | 4.99 (4.14; 7.26) | 5.52 (3.45; 12.23) | 5.15 (4.15; 7.24) | p01 = 0.4529 p12 = 0.3770 p02 = 0.9523 |
Indicators | 3 MetS Components (n = 19) | 4 MetS Components (n = 22) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Adiponectin, μg/mL | 6.26 (4.71; 8.97) | 6.86 (3.37; 8.16) | 0.7220 |
Leptin, pg/mL | 10.72 (3.68; 19.58) | 19.99 (8.16; 33.18) | 0.1396 |
Leptin–adiponectin ratio | 1.20 (0.51; 3.34) | 4.03 (3.59; 6.66) | 0.0041 * |
TNF-α, pg/mL | 21.51 (17.83; 27.47) | 20.52 (14.66; 25.48) | 0.3079 |
IL-6, pg/mL | 5.64 (4.60; 6.23) | 7.66 (4.79; 9.91) | 0.0552 |
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Mednova, I.A.; Boiko, A.S.; Kornetova, E.G.; Parshukova, D.A.; Semke, A.V.; Bokhan, N.A.; Loonen, A.J.M.; Ivanova, S.A. Adipocytokines and Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Schizophrenia. Metabolites 2020, 10, 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10100410
Mednova IA, Boiko AS, Kornetova EG, Parshukova DA, Semke AV, Bokhan NA, Loonen AJM, Ivanova SA. Adipocytokines and Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Schizophrenia. Metabolites. 2020; 10(10):410. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10100410
Chicago/Turabian StyleMednova, Irina A., Anastasiia S. Boiko, Elena G. Kornetova, Daria A. Parshukova, Arkadiy V. Semke, Nikolay A. Bokhan, Anton J. M. Loonen, and Svetlana A. Ivanova. 2020. "Adipocytokines and Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Schizophrenia" Metabolites 10, no. 10: 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10100410