Open Innovation through Customer Satisfaction: A Logit Model to Explain Customer Recommendations in the Hotel Sector

: Open innovation allows the hotel industry to create platforms and channels for collaboration with its customers, which results in a better understanding of their tastes and demands. In the current environment, which is full of uncertainty, many companies have seen their proﬁts decrease, and even the permanence of their businesses endangered due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In such an environment, it is even more necessary to take into account the customer’s opinion about the service received, since once the customer makes use of the hotel’s services, he/she will recommend the hotel to third parties if he/she is satisﬁed with it. Through customer satisfaction and subsequent recommendations, the hotel thus obtains new clients and retains old ones. This feedback from the client allows for understanding their priorities in order to jointly design a tailor-made service. It is for this reason that this research has been carried out to analyze the service attributes evaluated by customers. In order to achieve the proposed objectives, a survey instrument was used, as well as a longitudinal study procedure applying logistic regression over a period of one year. The descriptive results and the logistic regression show the level of customer satisfaction with the service and the importance given to each of the selected attributes. In this way, the research shows in which areas innovation strategies should be sought. Although the research offers a model composed of ﬁve attributes to measure satisfaction through recommendation with a probability of more than ﬁfty percent, it is necessary to take into account the limitations of the current environment due to COVID-19 or the possibility of extending the multidimensionality of the model. It is necessary to continue to work through open innovation platforms to keep contact with the customer and to update the examined attributes in order to obtain customer satisfaction and feedback. p < 0.01). These results show that independent and signiﬁcant variables of the model have a positive impact on the probability to recommend the hotel. In all quarters, the price-quality ratio variable is, according to the statistical ﬁndings, more important than the rest of the attributes. For all quarters, the Nagelkerke R 2 index was 0.51–0.58.


Introduction
In recent years, the hotel sector has seen increasing activity in a highly competitive environment [1][2][3]. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has almost completely halted tourism. Many hotels have closed either permanently or temporarily [4]. When tourist activity returns to pre-pandemic levels, the hotel sector will have to regain customers' trust and reinforce their brand [4].
In this sense, innovation is an essential tool for differentiation [5][6][7][8][9]. There are start-ups and SMEs with a leadership culture based on open innovation dynamics [10]. It is of utmost importance to adopt this culture for the management of both new and long-established hotels. This adoption will increase their competitive level and the likelihood of remaining open after the crisis caused by the pandemic.
In order to innovate, however, it is essential to have information about the customer's current needs. Of all the customer information we can collect, recommendation systems have become essential in recent years to retain clients and attract new ones to a hotel [11]. The importance of referral systems for hotels lies in the fact that customers are not only the ones who ultimately decide to stay at a hotel, but also the ones who, through word of mouth, bring new customers to a hotel. In short, the customer is a key source for innovation in the hotel sector [12].
This concept of innovation for service improvement and differentiation is directly related to the concept of open innovation [6]. This space for collaborative customer innovation with the hotel sector is a source of competitive advantage, strengthening customer relationships and loyalty [12].
Collaborative spaces or platforms (social networks, surveys, etc.) are the means through which customers can express their dissatisfaction with the service received. Customers express their satisfaction by recommending the service to third parties [13], and open innovation becomes a key tool for the analysis and study of this recommendation.
In recent research, recommendation variables have been studied from two points of view. On the one hand, there are many studies whose main focus was positive opinions leading to recommendations [14,15]. On the other hand, other studies have analyzed how a set of attributes can influence the customers' opinions which lead to recommendations [16][17][18].
In this study, the authors have analyzed recommendations in relation to a number of customer satisfaction attributes in hotels around the world as an open innovation channel for hotels. Satisfaction and recommendation, as two related constructs, have been analyzed according to the previous scientific literature. In this sense, the research hypothesis seeks to verify whether the recommendation variable can be explained by positive and significant relationships with customer service, cleanliness, facilities, and value for money. This hypothesis has been tested for all quarters.
Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the responses given by a number of hotel service customers on the perceived satisfaction of a series of attributes and to verify their relationship with the recommendation of the service to third parties. The weights of the different attributes are also analyzed in order to assess which are the most important in the evaluation of customer satisfaction and subsequent recommendation.
The business ecosystem, through platforms such as the one used in this study, obtains numerous responses from customers about the service. In this way, the customer becomes a source of open innovation since, through their collaboration, they transfer their requirements to the business network and allow the latter to create services in line with the customer's expectations. This research processes and analyzes the relationships of these consumer responses.

Open Innovation in the Tourism Sector through Customers and Their Opinions
Business innovation must be flexible and, as Chesbrough [19] points out, companies must be open to the opinions of different stakeholders in order to improve and differentiate their services from those of their competitors [6]. Consequently, the company should break down the barriers that separate it from its environment and open up to the different actors that interact with it in order to gain new knowledge [20].
Despite the relevance of this strategy for the improvement of products and services, most of the research conducted on this topic has focused on the development of products in the manufacturing industry [21]. There are, therefore, few studies that deal with this topic in tourism [12]. The special characteristics of the tourism product (heterogeneity, intangibility, expiration, aggregability) make further research on this specific sector necessary [21].
In the service sector, customers are an external part of the business relationship. Their insights provide unique and valuable information about the hotel service. Their ideas and opinions contribute directly to the creation of competitive strategies. By using customers' knowledge and experiences, hotel establishments can receive innovative ideas [12,22]. These strategies can also help reduce the risk associated with new product launches and increase the company's creativity levels [23,24]. Other authors associate this concept with customer satisfaction and indicate the relevance of innovative systems for increasing customer satisfaction [25].

Business Model for the Creation of Innovative Value through Platforms
The business model is key to the success of innovation, and the company has to identify customer problems and create an innovative value proposition that responds to those problems [26]. The business model has to create innovative processes capable of realizing the value proposition. This business model must be based on openness and collaboration between all parties involved in the business ecosystem [27]. Therefore, there must be continuous communication with suppliers and customers. This communication takes place through networking platforms of suppliers, complementary companies, distributors, promoters, customers, etc. Examples of these digital platforms are those offered by companies such as STR, specialists in benchmarking to improve hotel performance and profitability, or hotel quality for client-company communication.
Through these platforms, the different agents involved can share and evaluate supply and demand in order to have more information and be able to make better business decisions.
There are platforms where tourists can share their experiences and thus become part of the co-creation of activities during the development of new innovations [28], such as WandoExperiences, a digital platform for selling destination experiences. Other platforms allow innovative projects to be shared between administrations. An example of this concept is the smart city.
The regional development impact of these digital platforms is very important. Local businesses in developing countries can benefit from the possibility of using the digital services offered by global platforms. This, together with local knowledge, can be an advantage for locally rooted digital platforms, allowing them to offer services adapted to local demand [29].

Customer Satisfaction: Measurement Models
Understanding the concept of satisfaction is important to guarantee success for any company in the service sector [30,31]. Although there are many definitions of satisfaction, there is no defined theoretical framework. However, there is one issue on which all studies agree, and that is the importance of the customer as the subject that perceives this satisfaction [1,25,[32][33][34]. This perception will be conditioned by cognitive and emotional variables [35][36][37], and these variables will be represented by a series of attributes [38,39]. The customer reflects his or her satisfaction with the service received through the perceived quality of these tangible and intangible elements that form part of the hotel service. Within the models for measuring customer satisfaction, we can find studies focused on cognitive or tangible factors, studies that focus on intangible or emotional factors, and multidimensional studies [40]. These dimensions have been measured through different attributes [34,41,42]. One of the most comprehensive approaches is the Northern European approach: a threedimensional approach that is made up of attributes aimed at measuring technical quality, functional quality, and quality of the result. Technical quality refers to the quality of the physical elements. In the research, the representative attribute for measuring technical quality is the state of the facilities and general cleanliness. Functional quality is the quality of interactions represented by the customer service attribute. Regarding quality of the result, this refers to the final service where the benefits obtained by the clients are measured through the price-quality ratio attribute. Most studies tend to focus more on functional quality than technical, but it is advisable to include both perspectives [43].

The Impact of Customer Satisfaction on the Service Recommendation
Customer loyalty, identified through the recommendation of the product or service, as well as its relationship to satisfaction, has been widely discussed in the specialized literature [37,[44][45][46][47]. In the hotel sector, this recommendation is a key factor, fundamentally due to both the difficulty of having the same client evaluating the service before making use of it, as well as its seasonal and perishable nature and the high risk perceived by the client [48].
Many studies explain that the recommendation occurs when the client perceives a service as optimal and experiences a positive emotional response [14,37]. Thus, it should be noted that recommendation is one of the elements that will define a loyal customer [49] and possibly lead to the repurchase of the product or service [17,41]. For a customer to be satisfied, the product must be adapted to his or her needs. In this process, open innovation techniques can help to increase the suitability of the product and therefore customer satisfaction. In this way, we can affirm that open innovation has a positive effect on customer recommendation and customer loyalty [50].
Nonetheless, satisfaction alone is not a guarantee that the customer will recommend the product or service. For this reason, it is important to evaluate what base satisfaction level is needed for a client to recommend it, since there are few studies on this. Reichheld [51] stands out among these studies and establishes that only clients who rate the service between 9 and 10, on a scale of 10, are willing to recommend it. However, this hypothesis is not supported by other authors who indicate that this relationship is not linear [52,53].
The lack of consensus about the relationships between the necessary levels of satisfaction to recommendation leads us to consider the following study. More specifically, a model is proposed consisting of tangible attributes (state of the facilities and cleanliness), intangibles (customer service), and attributes aimed at measuring the result of the service (price-quality). Finally, the recommendation attribute has been included as a way to measure global service satisfaction [41] and customer loyalty [54]. The variables chosen have been used in different research studies (Table 1).  [60]; Le, Nguyen, and Pervan (2020) [64] According to the previous background, the main goal of this study is to analyze the relationships between a number of attributes (customer services, general cleanliness, facilities, and quality-price ratio) and the recommendation factor taken from the opinions of a large sample of hotel customers after their stay [41,54]. The methodology, statistical analysis, and results are presented in the following sections.

Participants and Procedure
The data used were derived from the opinions of 165,739 customers during one year (2017) and divided by quarter. Table 2 describes the distribution according to category (number of stars). Four stars was the category with the greatest representation in all quarters. Regarding typology, in all quarters, urban hotels have greater weight than resorts. The surveys were conducted in hotels around the world, although the highest percentage of responses was obtained from guests staying in hotels in Mexico (32.22%), Spain (23.94%), and Brazil (24.3%). A correlational study was conducted throughout four quarters. The survey was based on an open questionnaire with a non-probability convenience sampling. It was made available to hotel clients at the end of their stay, either as a physical copy or electronically through email. Due to the size of the sample, missing data were removed in all variables. The fieldwork and ethics considerations were managed by the company Hotel Quality ( www.hotel-quality.com (accessed on 17 December 2018)) and data were collected in a big database. This company conducted the customer surveys at the end of each quarter, so they in turn provided us with the information on a quarterly basis. In this way, the data were analyzed as they were provided to us. We used the statistical software R in order to analyze the data [65]. The clients filled out the questionnaire voluntarily, no ethical approvals were needed, and there were no rewards for participation in the study.

Instrument
The questionnaire used in this study was structured in two sections. The first part included non-metric variables such as typology (urban or resort), number of hotel stars, and country. In the second one, the customers had to answer to questions about four general attributes: customer services, general cleanliness, facilities, and quality-price ratio. A six-point Likert scale was used to measure customer's opinions, where 1 = very poor, 2 = poor, 3 = fair, 4 = good, 5 = very good, and 6 = excellent. Moreover, the participants had to say if they would recommend (Y = 1) or not recommend (Y = 0) the hotel to future clients. The dependent and independent variables were chosen by the data provider (Hotel Quality).

Analysis
A binary logistic regresion, called "logit", has been applied using the software R. The specific function general lineal model "glm" was employed, where the dependent variables are defined as a binomial parameter (family = binomial). A recommendation is denoted as P(Y = 1) and no recommendation as 1 − P(Y = 1). This statistical procedure is developed in the analysis for which the dependent variable is dichotomous. Thus, X 1 , X 2 , [ . . . ], X n (n is the number of independent variables) are influential variables for finding Y, and the logistic regression formula is used to learn the probability ratio for recommendation and no recommendation. The logarithm is LogitP = α + β1X1 + β2X1 + . . . + βm Xm, where m is the number of independent variables X1, X2, X3, and X4, which in this study are: customer service, facilities, cleanliness, and price-quality ratio [66]. Table 3 includes descriptive results: mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis, for each attribute and quarter. In all cases, the means were over five points (ranging 1-6) and the standard deviation was from 0.89-1.13. Moreover, the dichotomous recommendation variable showed, for each quarter, percentages of: 95% (Y = 1) and 5% (Y = 0) for the first quarter; 94.5% (Y = 1) and 5.5% (Y = 0) for the second quarter; 94.6% (Y = 1) and 5.4% (Y = 0) for the third quarter; and finally, 95% (Y = 1) and 5% (Y = 0) for the fourth quarter.  Table 4 includes the logistic regression findings for each quarter. For the first quarter, customer services (W = 117.196, p < 0.01), facilities (W = 78.578, p < 0.01), and price-quality ratio (W = 245.785, p < 0.01) were positive and significant. However, cleanliness was not significant (W = 3.208, p > 0.05). For the second quarter, all attributes were significant, for instance, customer services (W = 96.086, p < 0.01), facilities (W = 51.687, p < 0.01), cleanliness (W = 16.049, p < 0.01), and price-quality ratio (W = 280.598, p < 0.01). For the third quarter, cleanliness was not significant for the regression model (W = 0.852, p > 0.05). Customer services (W = 93.628, p < 0.01), facilities (W = 92.891, p < 0.01), and price-quality ratio (W = 276.039, p < 0.01) had a positive and significant relationship with the dichotomous recommendation variable. Finally, for the fourth quarter, all variables had a positive and significant relationship with the dependent variables of the model: customer services (W = 73.447, p < 0.01), cleanliness (W = 5.24, p = 0.022), facilities (W = 46.206, p < 0.01), and price-quality ratio (W = 243.443, p < 0.01). These results show that independent and significant variables of the model have a positive impact on the probability to recommend the hotel. In all quarters, the price-quality ratio variable is, according to the statistical findings, more important than the rest of the attributes. For all quarters, the Nagelkerke R 2 index was 0.51-0.58. Nagelkerke R 2 for the first quarter = 0.550; Nagelkerke R 2 for the second quarter = 0.519; Nagelkerke R 2 for the third quarter = 0.584; Nagelkerke R 2 for the fourth quarter = 0.534; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05.

Discussion
According to the results, in all quarters, some of the attributes showed a significant relationship to the recommendation intention of the clients, thus allowing us to partially accept the hypothesis put forward in the research. These results are in agreement with those found by numerous authors who have investigated this relationship [32,[55][56][57]67].
Each attribute has a different weight and this conclusion is shared by different authors [68][69][70].
The results of the research reflect how the most important attribute is price-quality ratio in order to explain if the clients would recommend the hotel to another tourist. This conclusion has been reached by several authors, such as Ali et al. [43], Prasetyo et al. [30], and Zagarra et al. [71]. However, cleanliness was not significant in some of the quarters. Due to the pandemic context, these results could be different because new cleanliness measures have been imposed, and this could change the intention of the customer to recommend the hotel in the future. In fact, several authors have identified cleanliness as the clients' most important factor for recommending a service [72,73].
Moreover, customer services and facilities were significant in all quarters as well. These data are consistent with studies by Kim-Soon et al. and Lai and Nguyen [74,75].
Most customers in this sample justify their intention to recommend the hotel according to quality-price ratio, customer services, and facilities. Additionally, some quarters showed cleanliness as an important variable to include in the recommendation model [51].
These results have direct implications for the business ecosystem of hotel establishments. On the one hand, this research confirms the direct and positive relationship between customer satisfaction and recommendation. In this way, it confirms how a customer sat-isfied with the service received recommends the service to third parties. Therefore, it is essential for managers to know the attributes that lead the consumer to leave the hotel satisfied. Observing the results, the attribute with the greatest weight when it comes to recommending the service is quality-price, so that when it comes to innovating in the search for a business strategy, this attribute must come first, so that hotel management focuses on providing a service whose quality, with respect to the price paid by the consumer, is perceived as high. The results show how companies should look for innovative strategies with respect to the price-quality ratio, since innovating in this area would make a difference in one of the most important aspects for the hotel customer. To this end, it is necessary to work in an environment of collaboration with the rest of the hotel companies, since in order to improve the perception of this attribute it is not only necessary to study the companies in the ecosystem from a competitive perspective (benchmarking), but also from a collaborative perspective.
While price-quality ratio is the attribute with the greatest weight, customer service has positioned itself as the second most important attribute for customer satisfaction. This implies the need to create innovative policies that pursue employee satisfaction so that, in turn, through them, the customer perceives a high-quality service with respect to the treatment received.
On the other hand, this study has implications for the use of platforms as a business model. Hotel service rating platforms, such as the one used in this study, are what allow stakeholders to know the tastes and needs of the customer. This makes it necessary for the hotel business ecosystem to commit to the permanent and continuous use of this type of tool, as it is through them that they are able to connect their businesses with users and other companies. The hotel should encourage its customers to comment on their experience. In this way, the more companies that join a project in which their users can express themselves through a service rating communication platform, the more data they will obtain, and from their analysis they will be able to co-develop innovative services to satisfy the customer. The digital platform providing the data has enabled communication within the hotel business ecosystem. Customers, through their opinions and assessment of attributes when recommending the service, become co-creators of new innovation projects, as indicated by Hernández and Robles [27].
In spite of the results, this study possesses some limitations. First of all, although there is a large sample, the clients were selected through a non-probability sampling method, which could affect the final results. Additionally, the number of clients who would recommend the hotel was larger than the number of clients who would not recommend the hotel. Furthermore, the questionnaire was a self-reporting tool, and it should be taken into account that the participants may have given biased answers. Additionally, logit regression has been applied for all quarters; according to the findings, the statistical procedure could have been applied for all data together, in order to check if the findings were the same or different. The data provided were quarterly, so it was decided to survey the data accordingly. Based on the results obtained, it is decided to carry out an annual analysis with a single logit in the future.
On the other hand, this study was carried out with the attributes chosen by the supplier company. Although these attributes have been widely used throughout the latest research in this field, we believe that there are few attributes, so for future research, measurement models composed of more than four attributes should be used. This fact will be checked in the future with this and other samples and also the effect of imbalance on the data (recommend vs. do not recommend).
Finally, the pandemic context could influence the recommendation opinion of the customers, especially in regard to the importance of the cleanliness attribute, for instance. For these reasons, a possible study in the future should include more attributes in order to know what the hotel recommendation variables are and how the cleanliness measures could change the importance of the model's quality-price ratio. Furthermore, these studies in the current pandemic context should include balanced samples with respect to the recommendation variable [66].

Conclusions
The logit regression model has shown, on the one hand, the importance of a multidimensional model for the evaluation of satisfaction and, on the other hand, the different weights of each of the attributes. Although the results have shown that the attribute with the highest weight is value for money, it is important to take into account the current pandemic situation, since some attributes such as cleanliness could have acquired greater relevance. Therefore, future research should study consumer evaluations during this crisis and the importance given to the different attributes examined. Future results could show the growing importance of this attribute and the need to develop innovation mechanisms with respect to this attribute.
Companies are currently facing new forms of communication through platforms that allow them to reach their users directly, get to know them in depth, and build loyalty, which means new business opportunities, as well as the generation of innovative ideas that help them to continue to grow and achieve business success. It is of utmost importance that hotels use open innovation platforms to benefit from this customer-company collaboration, as they can identify the degree of customer satisfaction with the service, the elements they examine in the process, and their willingness to recommend. Thus, customer participation in open innovation processes is essential in the industry. Customers are a source of ideas and are the main agents of co-development of the service. This research shows how, in order to customize the hotel service, companies must include the management of an open business model in which the customer is the one who indicates which attributes should be emphasized and how to innovate in these services.
The channel for collecting customer information has made it possible to identify those elements where greater innovation efforts are needed, for example, in relation to the price-quality ratio attribute, so that managers can use this knowledge to develop innovative revenue management policies and strategies to attract new customers and retain existing ones.
This research provides hotel managers with a tool to understand the attributes by which they should seek to innovate. In this way, managers can identify those services they need to improve in order for the customer to be fully satisfied and recommend the service to others. The hotel identifies perceived strengths and weaknesses through the customer, allowing the hotel to focus on improving the sub-optimal part of the service, thereby increasing satisfaction and the likelihood of customers recommending the service. Business leadership based on a culture of open innovation dynamics through the customer will increase the effectiveness of the service quality strategy and management processes, resulting in accelerated business recovery from the pandemic and improved business performance.

Acknowledgments:
The authors thank Hotel Quality (www.hotel-quality.com (accessed on 17 July 2018)) for facilitating the database.

Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.