Impact of IT Devices Production Quality on the Level of Protection of Processed Information against the Electromagnetic Infiltration Process

Due to the variety and multiplicity of electronic devices, the issue of electromagnetic environment protection is becoming more and more important. We often hear about how necessary it is for electronic devices to meet appropriate requirements. Meeting these requirements determines whether a device can be marketed. Unfortunately, the electrical parameters of electronic components have a very wide range of tolerances. For this reason, measured values of electromagnetic disturbances generated by devices of the same type are not always identical. Differences between those values may reach up to several dB. This problem also concerns electromagnetic emissions correlated with the processed information, which are very sensitive to electromagnetic infiltration process. Issues related to the problem of protection of electromagnetic environment are shown on the basis of research results obtained for several devices of the same type. Mentioned level differences of electromagnetic emissions can decide about a classification of device from viewpoint of protection of information against electromagnetic penetration process. These differences may be a treat to information security. Higher levels of valuable emissions force an application of additional methods limiting an effectiveness of electromagnetic penetration process. This particularly applies to IT devices with a wide range of applications, e.g., laptops and desktop computers. In this paper, this phenomenon was presented on the basis of tests of several devices of the same type. Also, there were carried out analyses of influence of increase levels of valuable emissions on a security zone radius.


Introduction
A technological development and an availability of various electronic devices constantly increase the number of potential sources of electromagnetic disturbances. This phenomenon directly attracts interest in a protection of the electromagnetic spectrum [1,2]. This is particularly important in cases of very sensitive electronic devices and commonly used wireless communication. In addition, the range of frequencies in which electromagnetic disturbances may occur covers almost the full spectrum of radio frequencies [3,4].
In the article electromagnetic disturbances are analyzed (valuable emissions), generated by typical and commonly used IT devices such as personal computers (desktops) and laptops from viewpoint of possibilities of processing classified information. The issue is very important because a lot of protected information is processed on such devices. The essence of the problem applies to different effectiveness of IT devices radiation as sources of valuable emissions. Of course, special devices (TEMPEST devices classified according to, e.g., SDIP-27/2 document) could be used. However, they are very expensive because such devices have special solutions, limiting levels of unintentional electromagnetic emissions.
Appropriate tests were conducted in an anechoic chamber using a specialized measuring equipment and an antenna. The analysis shows a threat connected with a lack of technical parameters; repeatability of electronic components used for construction of IT devices. The lack of proper parameters can result in very different values of measured electromagnetic disturbances. These differences can reach even 20 dB. This is unacceptable in cases of sensitivity of electronic devices to external electromagnetic fields.
Worrying phenomena related to lack of repeatability of measured values of electromagnetic disturbances within acceptable limits include: • a fulfilment of appropriate EMC requirements (e.g., MIL-STD-461G, EMC Directive) by all electronic devices of a given type; • a possible correlation of electromagnetic emissions with processed information (SDIP-27/2, SDIP-28/2) and increase of risk connected with electromagnetic infiltration process [5][6][7].
In case of the electromagnetic infiltration process, an increase of value of measured signal level by even a few dB may cause loss of protected information [8,9]. Therefore, we have to closely look into the observed phenomenon presented in the next sections of the article. It is also necessary to reflect on possibilities to ensure repeatability of manufactured devices in terms of levels of electromagnetic disturbances.
Such huge differences of levels of electromagnetic emissions are related to the quality of electronic components. This is especially important in the case of the electromagnetic protection of electronically processed information. The degree of susceptibility to the electromagnetic infiltration process of some types of devices is higher, and lower in the case of others [10,11].
To protect processed information against electromagnetic penetration process, different methods are used. However, existing phenomenon of different levels of the electromagnetic emissions makes impossible to apply one effective solution. For example, Tajima [12,13] proposed to apply a noise generator ( Figure 1). The generator is a source of electromagnetic disturbances. The levels of these disturbances should be higher than levels of sensitive emissions correlated with processed information. The solution can have negative influence on other electronic devices, especially when the levels of valuable emissions are very high. Then the levels of additional disturbances couldn't meet requirements of electromagnetic compatibility (e.g., EMC Directive). unintentional electromagnetic emissions. Appropriate tests were conducted in an anechoic chamber using a specialized measuring equipment and an antenna. The analysis shows a threat connected with a lack of technical parameters; repeatability of electronic components used for construction of IT devices. The lack of proper parameters can result in very different values of measured electromagnetic disturbances. These differences can reach even 20 dB. This is unacceptable in cases of sensitivity of electronic devices to external electromagnetic fields.
Worrying phenomena related to lack of repeatability of measured values of electromagnetic disturbances within acceptable limits include: • a fulfilment of appropriate EMC requirements (e.g., MIL-STD-461G, EMC Directive) by all electronic devices of a given type; • a possible correlation of electromagnetic emissions with processed information (SDIP-27/2, SDIP-28/2) and increase of risk connected with electromagnetic infiltration process [5,6,7]. In case of the electromagnetic infiltration process, an increase of value of measured signal level by even a few dB may cause loss of protected information [8,9]. Therefore, we have to closely look into the observed phenomenon presented in the next sections of the article. It is also necessary to reflect on possibilities to ensure repeatability of manufactured devices in terms of levels of electromagnetic disturbances.
Such huge differences of levels of electromagnetic emissions are related to the quality of electronic components. This is especially important in the case of the electromagnetic protection of electronically processed information. The degree of susceptibility to the electromagnetic infiltration process of some types of devices is higher, and lower in the case of others [10,11].
To protect processed information against electromagnetic penetration process, different methods are used. However, existing phenomenon of different levels of the electromagnetic emissions makes impossible to apply one effective solution. For example, Tajima [12,13] proposed to apply a noise generator ( Figure 1). The generator is a source of electromagnetic disturbances. The levels of these disturbances should be higher than levels of sensitive emissions correlated with processed information. The solution can have negative influence on other electronic devices, especially when the levels of valuable emissions are very high. Then the levels of additional disturbances couldn't meet requirements of electromagnetic compatibility (e.g., EMC Directive). Kuhn [14] proposed to apply filtering of video signals (Figure 2a). The use of the filtering limits spectrum of the valuable emission (Figure 2b, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% of signal spectrum is cut from the top). It is possible in the case of personal computers where we have an access to video interfaces. However, graphic elements displayed on a screen become unclear (edges, e.g., of letters, are diffuse). Another problem appears in the case of mobile computers. Video interface (e.g., LVDS-Low-Voltage Differential Signaling) is not accessible. In this case, there can be a selected device, which is a source of lower levels of electromagnetic emissions. Kuhn [14] proposed to apply filtering of video signals (Figure 2a). The use of the filtering limits spectrum of the valuable emission (Figure 2b, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% of signal spectrum is cut from the top). It is possible in the case of personal computers where we have an access to video interfaces. However, graphic elements displayed on a screen become unclear (edges, e.g., of letters, are diffuse). Another problem appears in the case of mobile computers. Video interface (e.g., LVDS-Low-Voltage Differential Signaling) is not accessible. In this case, there can be a selected device, which is a source of lower levels of electromagnetic emissions.  [14], (b) a picture for signal with limited spectrum [14].
A lot of producers of special devices (devices which could process classified information) use an electromagnetic shielding. The solution also limits levels of electromagnetic emissions. However, sometimes inside such devices is not the place for application of additional elements.
Therefore, above methods could be replaced by a selection of device, which is characterized by lower levels of electromagnetic emissions. This is possible because devices of the same type are sources of sensitive emissions about different levels appearing on the same frequency. Additionally, weaker emissions can protect processed information against electromagnetic infiltration process. In this paper the electromagnetic emissions were analyzed from viewpoint of existing risk connected with the loss of processed information.
At the same time, it was shown that commercial devices cannot be used uncritically to process classified data. Thus, attention was drawn to the existing quality problem of manufactured IT devices.

Test Devices
Five types of devices (15 measured devices of the same type) were selected for the study: three types of laptops and two types of desktops, which for the purposes of the analyzes were marked as laptops A, laptops B, laptops C, and desktops A and desktops B. A device configuration, including: • mother board; • graphic card; • CD/DVD; • HDD (SSD); • LCD display; • keyboard; within a framework of given type was the same. During the tests the laptops were battery-powered.  [14], (b) a picture for signal with limited spectrum [14].
A lot of producers of special devices (devices which could process classified information) use an electromagnetic shielding. The solution also limits levels of electromagnetic emissions. However, sometimes inside such devices is not the place for application of additional elements.
Therefore, above methods could be replaced by a selection of device, which is characterized by lower levels of electromagnetic emissions. This is possible because devices of the same type are sources of sensitive emissions about different levels appearing on the same frequency. Additionally, weaker emissions can protect processed information against electromagnetic infiltration process. In this paper the electromagnetic emissions were analyzed from viewpoint of existing risk connected with the loss of processed information.
At the same time, it was shown that commercial devices cannot be used uncritically to process classified data. Thus, attention was drawn to the existing quality problem of manufactured IT devices.

Test Devices
Five types of devices (15 measured devices of the same type) were selected for the study: three types of laptops and two types of desktops, which for the purposes of the analyzes were marked as laptops A, laptops B, laptops C, and desktops A and desktops B. A device configuration, including: within a framework of given type was the same. During the tests the laptops were battery-powered.

Test Conditions
The tests of the devices were carried out in an anechoic chamber ( Figure 3, Laboratory of Military Communication Institute, Zegrze Poludniowe, Poland). The technical parameters of the chamber (20 m × 16 m × 8 m, length × width × height), as well as internal conditions of electromagnetic environment ensured repeatability of conducted tests. An external electromagnetic environment did not have impact on the internal electromagnetic environment. The anechoic chamber is characterized by required shielding effectiveness, which is at least 100 dB in the frequencies range from 10 kHz to 18 GHz (IEC 61000-5-7, IEEE STD 299).

Test Conditions
The tests of the devices were carried out in an anechoic chamber ( Figure 3, Laboratory of Military Communication Institute, Zegrze Poludniowe, Poland). The technical parameters of the chamber (20 m × 16 m × 8 m, length × width × height), as well as internal conditions of electromagnetic environment ensured repeatability of conducted tests. An external electromagnetic environment did not have impact on the internal electromagnetic environment. The anechoic chamber is characterized by required shielding effectiveness, which is at least 100 dB in the frequencies range from 10 kHz to 18 GHz (IEC 61000-5-7, IEEE STD 299).  During the tests, a special computer program was used. The program ensured simultaneous operation of all components of the tested device: • data reading from CD/DVD;

Test Conditions
The tests of the devices were carried out in an anechoic chamber ( Figure 3, Laboratory of Military Communication Institute, Zegrze Poludniowe, Poland). The technical parameters of the chamber (20 m × 16 m × 8 m, length × width × height), as well as internal conditions of electromagnetic environment ensured repeatability of conducted tests. An external electromagnetic environment did not have impact on the internal electromagnetic environment. The anechoic chamber is characterized by required shielding effectiveness, which is at least 100 dB in the frequencies range from 10 kHz to 18 GHz (IEC 61000-5-7, IEEE STD 299).  During the tests, a special computer program was used. The program ensured simultaneous operation of all components of the tested device: • data reading from CD/DVD; During the tests, a special computer program was used. The program ensured simultaneous operation of all components of the tested device: • data reading from CD/DVD; • data reading and recording on HDD (SSD); • data reading and recording in RAM; • recording of a selected sign from a keyboard in a text editor; • displaying of a video on LCD display.

Results
Test results for each type of device were placed on a single graph ( Figures 5-9). This enabled easy analysis of levels of electromagnetic disturbances, as well as valuable emissions and assessment of observed risk [15][16][17]. Maximal E max and minimal E min values of electromagnetic disturbances: (1) where E k -electromagnetic disturbances for k device (k = 1, 2, ..., K, K = 15), f -frequency, were marked with wider lines. • data reading and recording on HDD (SSD);

Laptop A Type
• data reading and recording in RAM; • recording of a selected sign from a keyboard in a text editor; • displaying of a video on LCD display.

Results
Test results for each type of device were placed on a single graph (Figures 5-9). This enabled easy analysis of levels of electromagnetic disturbances, as well as valuable emissions and assessment of observed risk [15,16,17]. Maximal Emax and minimal Emin values of electromagnetic disturbances: where Ek-electromagnetic disturbances for k device (k = 1, 2, ..., K, K = 15), f-frequency, were marked with wider lines.

Differences and Average Values of Levels of Electromagnetic Disturbances
The analysis of the test results of the levels of electromagnetic disturbances was conducted based on differences EDiff between maximum Emax and minimum Emin values for a given type of device

Differences and Average Values of Levels of Electromagnetic Disturbances
The analysis of the test results of the levels of electromagnetic disturbances was conducted based on differences EDiff between maximum Emax and minimum Emin values for a given type of device ( Figure 10 and Figure 11):

Differences and Average Values of Levels of Electromagnetic Disturbances
The analysis of the test results of the levels of electromagnetic disturbances was conducted based on differences E Diff between maximum E max and minimum E min values for a given type of device (Figures 10 and 11 As well as on the basis of average values E Avr for different types of devices (Figures 12 and 13): Based on obtained results, the potential impact of the quality of electronic components of the devices on the levels of EM disturbances, as well as the electromagnetic protection level of processed information, can be noticed. As well as on the basis of average values EAvr for different types of devices ( Figure 12 and Figure  13): Based on obtained results, the potential impact of the quality of electronic components of the devices on the levels of EM disturbances, as well as the electromagnetic protection level of processed information, can be noticed.    As well as on the basis of average values EAvr for different types of devices ( Figure 12 and Figure  13): Based on obtained results, the potential impact of the quality of electronic components of the devices on the levels of EM disturbances, as well as the electromagnetic protection level of processed information, can be noticed.

Valuable Emissions
The electromagnetic disturbances can have characteristics of processed information [18,19]. Such disturbances are called "valuable (sensitive) emissions".
In this case, an increase of levels of measured emission by approximately several dB could enable the possibility of non-invasive acquisition of information (Figure 14) [20,21].

Valuable Emissions
The electromagnetic disturbances can have characteristics of processed information [18,19]. Such disturbances are called "valuable (sensitive) emissions".
In this case, an increase of levels of measured emission by approximately several dB could enable the possibility of non-invasive acquisition of information ( Figure 14) [20,21].

Valuable Emissions
The electromagnetic disturbances can have characteristics of processed information [18,19]. Such disturbances are called "valuable (sensitive) emissions".
In this case, an increase of levels of measured emission by approximately several dB could enable the possibility of non-invasive acquisition of information ( Figure 14) [20,21]. Examples of reconstructed images using recorded sensitive emissions on frequency 753 MHz for two different laptops of C type are shown in Figure 15. Examples of reconstructed images using recorded sensitive emissions on frequency 753 MHz for two different laptops of C type are shown in Figure 15. Examples of reconstructed images using recorded sensitive emissions on frequency 753 MHz for two different laptops of C type are shown in Figure 15.

Attenuation of Valuable Emissions
Analyzing Figure 14, it can be noticed that the difference of levels of electromagnetic emission, which appear on frequency 753 MHz, is very high (22.8 dB). This phenomenon allows reconstructing of primary information, and the information is legible. There can be selected other devices of the same type, which are characterized by lower levels of valuable emission. In this case, the emission does not allow reconstructing of primary information (Figure 16a). Of course, the first device can be used to process classified information. Then, many requirements have to be met, which decrease levels of sensitive emission (Figure 16b (zoning) and Figure 16c (zoning and shielding)). It is not easy. Different solutions have to be connected, which could make difficult the use of such a device.

Attenuation of Valuable Emissions
Analyzing Figure 14, it can be noticed that the difference of levels of electromagnetic emission, which appear on frequency 753 MHz, is very high (22.8 dB). This phenomenon allows reconstructing of primary information, and the information is legible. There can be selected other devices of the same type, which are characterized by lower levels of valuable emission. In this case, the emission does not allow reconstructing of primary information (Figure 16a). Of course, the first device can be used to process classified information. Then, many requirements have to be met, which decrease levels of sensitive emission (Figure 16b (zoning) and Figure 16c (zoning and shielding)). It is not easy. Different solutions have to be connected, which could make difficult the use of such a device.  It is connected with special zones and the shielding which have to ensure an appropriate attenuation of electromagnetic emission, according to the formula (Figure 17, [22]): where: and r x -distance r 1 or r 2 ; A-unaccepted level of EM emission; B-attenuation inserted by shielding; D-attenuation inserted by distance r x . The value of D depends on the shielding material.
In case of emission measured on frequency 753 MHz, and without additional shielding, a protection zone has to have a minimal radius according to a formula: 22.8 = 20 log(r 2 ); (8) log(r 2 ) = 22.8 20 = 1.14; In practice, a radius equaling more than 13 m is very big. It means that the protection zone on the radius, 13.8038 m, has to be organized around our device, which processes classified information. where: and rx-distance r1 or r2; A-unaccepted level of EM emission; B-attenuation inserted by shielding; D-attenuation inserted by distance rx. The value of D depends on the shielding material.
In case of emission measured on frequency 753 MHz, and without additional shielding, a protection zone has to have a minimal radius according to a formula: = .
In practice, a radius equaling more than 13 m is very big. It means that the protection zone on the radius, 13.8038 m, has to be organized around our device, which processes classified information.

Conclusions
This paper analyzes levels of electromagnetic disturbances from different types of electronic devices. Obtained results were connected, with possibilities of existence of sensitive emissions correlating with processed data. Each device of a given type was measured in the same conditions.
The results were largely scattered. Differences between levels of electromagnetic disturbances reached nearly 25 dB, especially in the frequency range from 600 MHz to 900 MHz. The phenomenon is very disquieting. There are frequencies in which valuable emissions most often exist [23]. Of course,

Conclusions
This paper analyzes levels of electromagnetic disturbances from different types of electronic devices. Obtained results were connected, with possibilities of existence of sensitive emissions correlating with processed data. Each device of a given type was measured in the same conditions. The results were largely scattered. Differences between levels of electromagnetic disturbances reached nearly 25 dB, especially in the frequency range from 600 MHz to 900 MHz. The phenomenon is very disquieting. There are frequencies in which valuable emissions most often exist [23]. Of course, the emissions come from sources in a shape of graphic lines (e.g., cables) and circuits (e.g., graphic cards). Experience shows that increasing the level of sensitive emissions by approximately 5 dB could determine classification of these emissions. In this context, we can consider the impact of the quality of components of electronic devices.
The quality of components additionally impacts the levels of electromagnetic disturbances. The differences between levels of electromagnetic disturbances of approximately 20-25 dB can decide whether a device meets the requirements of the EMC Directive. Not every device meets the limit values of EMC standardizations.
Another phenomenon considered in the article is the threat of information loss. Devices of the same type can be classified as meeting the requirements of electromagnetic protection of processed information or not. For devices for which the levels of sensitive emissions exceed the permissible values, it is necessary to use additional organizational solutions for electromagnetic safety. Such a solution may be a physical protection zone with a very large radius that is not always possible to create, especially when the device processing classified data must be used in offices. As shown in the analysis carried out, it may be necessary to use protection zones with a radius of more than 10 m. Therefore, the best solution is to choose one device out of several that is characterized by lower levels of sensitive emissions. As such, the device will allow the processing of classified information by meeting both the requirements of the SDIP-27/2 document (NATO TEMPEST requirements and Evaluation procedures) and the EMC directive.