A New Memristive Neuron Map Model and Its Network’s Dynamics under Electrochemical Coupling

: A memristor is a vital circuit element that can mimic biological synapses. This paper proposes the memristive version of a recently proposed map neuron model based on the phase space. The dynamic of the memristive map model is investigated by using bifurcation and Lyapunov exponents’ diagrams. The results prove that the memristive map can present different behaviors such as spiking, periodic bursting, and chaotic bursting. Then, a ring network is constructed by hybrid electrical and chemical synapses, and the memristive neuron models are used to describe the nodes. The collective behavior of the network is studied. It is observed that chemical coupling plays a crucial role in synchronization. Different kinds of synchronization, such as imperfect synchronization, complete synchronization, solitary state, two-cluster synchronization, chimera, and nonstationary chimera, are identiﬁed by varying the coupling strengths.


Introduction
The memristor is the fourth fundamental circuit element besides the three primary circuit elements, namely resistor, inductor, and capacitor, presented by Chua in 1971 [1].A memristor, a memory resistor, has become well known since the investigation of Strukov et al. in 2008 [2] on memristor properties.Different applications such as self-programming logic circuits [3], digital memory [4], signal and image processing [5], cellular neural networks [6], etc., have been introduced for memristors.Moreover, memristors can intrinsically provide high nonlinearity to the system [7].This feature has led many studies to focus on proposing or improving memristor models to bring higher nonlinearities [8][9][10].Besides, memristors are one of the best candidates to model electromagnetic induction in biological systems and neuronal models, and circuits [11,12].For this reason, some researchers have proposed memristive neuronal models by adding the magnetic flux to the membrane potential of a neuron model.The memristive Hindmarsh-Rose neuronal model [13][14][15], memristive Hodgkin-Huxley model [16], and memristive Morris-Lecar neuronal model [17] are some examples.
In addition to the flow-based neuronal models, the map-based neuronal models have also been investigated as they are computationally efficient, fast, flexible, and simple to implement [18].Some map-based neuronal models can be found in [19][20][21][22].In order to propose or implement the memristive maps, some discrete memristors have been introduced [23][24][25].Employing the discrete memristors, the memristive version of the Rulkov map was proposed in [26].Apart from investigating the neuron models, the memristors are able to mimic the biological synapses [7].Synapses are the main parts of neuronal systems Electronics 2022, 11, 153 2 of 11 as they enable neurons to connect with other neurons for information transferring [27].As mentioned in [27], chemical and electrical synapses are two well-known types of defined synapses for neurons.However, some researchers have used memristors as synaptic couplings between neurons [28,29].Xu et al. [28] investigated the behavior of neurons coupled by memristor and found that memristive coupling can lead to enhanced synchronization.
By considering the synapses in neuronal models, neuronal networks can be constructed to discover the neurons' collective behaviors [30].Synchronization is one of the essential collective behaviors of neuronal networks.This behavior refers to the states in which all neurons, or generally all oscillators, are simultaneously in the same dynamics [31,32].Complete synchronization [33], imperfect synchronization [34], phase synchronization [35], lag synchronization [36], cluster synchronization [37], and partial synchronization [38] are some well-known synchronization types.Two specific types of partial synchronization are chimeras [39] and solitary states [40].In a solitary state, almost all oscillators are synchronized except a few ones, which are randomly positioned in the network.However, the chimera refers to the state in which oscillators split into coherent and incoherent groups [41].These neuronal collective behaviors have been studied in numerous flowbased [42][43][44], and also map-based, neuronal models [45][46][47].
In this paper, firstly, the memristive version of a recently proposed neuronal map is introduced.The dynamics of the memristive model are investigated by varying parameters, and the bifurcation and Lyapunov exponents' diagrams are presented.Secondly, the collective behavior of the network of memristive maps is investigated wherein the neurons are coupled via both electrical and chemical synapses.The synchronization error of the network is computed for different synaptic couplings.It is observed that the chemical synapses play a more critical role in synchronization.The behavior of the network before complete synchronization is also investigated, and several partial synchronization patterns are found.Therefore, the description and investigation of the memristive neuron map model are presented in Section 2. The collective behavior of the network of the proposed map is detailed in Section 3. Finally, Section 4 concludes the most important results.

Memristive Neuron Map Model
In 2020, Zandi et al. [21] introduced a one-dimensional neuronal map based on the phase space analysis that can exhibit different neuronal behaviors such as action potential, spiking, bursting, chaotic bursting, and myocardial action potential.In this paper, we modify this model with the aim of considering the electromagnetic effects.Consequently, a discrete memristor defined by Li et al. in 2021 [26] is added to the model, which is defined as follows: Here, v, i, and ϕ are memristor's voltage, memristor's current, and the flux variable, respectively, ε is the control variable, and n is an integer simulation step.Thus, n = 1, 2, . . ., T, where T is the total number of samples.Using the presented discrete memristors, the neuron map model can be described as follows: where µ and r are the control parameters, and n = 1, 2, . . ., T.Moreover, F(x(n)) is described as mentioned below [21]:      To study the different dynamics of the memristive neuron map, the bifurcation diagram and the Lyapunov exponents are obtained and investigated.Figure 2 shows the bifurcation diagram and the corresponding Lyapunov exponents according to the variation of µ parameter considering the initial condition of (x(1), ϕ( 1)) = (0, 0) and k 1 = 0.03, 95, and ε = 0.2.It is attained that the neuron's behavior is mostly periodic by varying µ; however, the period and amplitude of the oscillations change.In the special ranges of µ, such as [0.1836, 0.1862], [0.1884, 0.1901], [0.208, 0.2117], [0.2172, 0.2339], and [0.2393, 2437], the chaotic bursting can be observed.It should be noted that many periodic windows can be observed.For example, (0.1862, 0.1884), (0.1901, 0.208), (0.2117, 0.2172), and (0.2339, 0.2393) are four significantly observed periodic windows among which (0.1901, 0.208) is the biggest one.Moreover, boundary crises, period-doubling, and period-halving bifurcation can be observed in these periodic windows.Furthermore, period-doubling bifurcations can be observed for 0 ≤ µ ≤ 0.183.Therefore, it can be concluded that the neuron can exhibit period bursting of period n in this range of µ parameter.To study the different dynamics of the memristive neuron map, the bifurcation diagram and the Lyapunov exponents are obtained and investigated.Figure 2 shows the bifurcation diagram and the corresponding Lyapunov exponents according to the variation of  parameter considering the initial condition of  1 ,  1 = 0,0 and  = 0.03,  = 0.15 ,  =  = 0.00001 ,  = 1 ,  = 55 ,  = 3 ,  = 59 ,  = 3 ,  = 30,  = 20,  = 75,  = 0,  = 40,  = 0.95, and  = 0.2.It is attained that the neuron's behavior is mostly periodic by varying ; however, the period and amplitude of the oscillations change.In the special ranges of  , such as 0.1836, 0.1862 , 0.1884,0.1901, 0.208,0.2117, 0.2172,0.2339, and 0.2393,2437 , the chaotic bursting can be observed.It should be noted that many periodic windows can be observed.For example, 0.1862,0.1884, 0.1901,0.208, 0.2117,0.2172, and 0.2339,0.2393are four significantly observed periodic windows among which 0.1901, 0.208 is the biggest one.Moreover, boundary crises, period-doubling, and period-halving bifurcation can be observed in these periodic windows.Furthermore, perioddoubling bifurcations can be observed for 0  0.183.= (0, 0).Periodic behavior is the most noticeable behavior of the neuron; however, for µ ∈ [0.1836, 0.1862] ∪ [0.1884, 0.1901] ∪ [0.208, 0.2117] ∪ [0.2172, 0.2339] ∪ [0.2393, 2437], the periodic bursting can also be observed.
Figure 3 presents the bifurcation diagram and the corresponding Lyapunov exponents by varying the r parameter.The assumed initial condition is (x(1), ϕ(1)) = (0, 0) and the other parameters are 225, and ε = 0.2.It can be observed that for r < 0.3783, the neuron has periodic behavior, and chaotic bursting emerges for r ≥ 0.3783.In addition, many periodic windows can be noticed in r ∈ [0.3783, 1]; however, (0.3967, 0.4398), (0.4657, 0.5209), and (0.6338, 0.6445) are the three most prominent ones.The most significant detected behaviors in these periodic windows are period-halving and period-doubling bifurcations.
Electronics 2022, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 11 behavior, and chaotic bursting emerges for  0.3783.In addition, many periodic windows can be noticed in  ∈ 0.3783,1 ; however, 0.3967,0.4398, 0.4657,0.5209, and 0.6338,0.6445are the three most prominent ones.The most significant detected behaviors in these periodic windows are period-halving and period-doubling bifurcations.

Network's Dynamics
The collective behavior of the coupled proposed memristive map is also investigated.The neurons are assumed to be coupled via simultaneous electrical and chemical synapses in a bidirectional ring topology.Thus, the implemented network can be formulated as follows: where  and  are, respectively, the electrical and chemical synaptic strengths, and  , , and  * are the control parameters.Here, these parameters are set at  = 40,  = 50, and  * = 40.Moreover,  is the square matrix that determines the bidirectional ring  1)) = (0, 0).The neuron has periodic behavior for 0 ≤ r < 0.3783; however, by increasing the r parameter, the most significant behavior of the neuron is chaotic bursting.

Network's Dynamics
The collective behavior of the coupled proposed memristive map is also investigated.The neurons are assumed to be coupled via simultaneous electrical and chemical synapses in a bidirectional ring topology.Thus, the implemented network can be formulated as follows: where and g c are, respectively, the electrical and chemical synaptic strengths, and Θ s , β, and v * s are the control parameters.Here, these parameters are set at Θ s = −40, β = 50, and v * s = −40.Moreover, G is the square matrix that determines the bidirectional ring topology.
The parameters of the model are set at 225, r = 0.95, and ε = 0.2, where the neuron exhibits chaotic bursting.Considering a ring network of 100 memristive neuron maps, the synchronization error is calculated as a criterion for evaluating the synchronization of the neurons.This criterion is defined as follows: Here, N and T are, respectively, the network size and the run time (number of samples) of the map.Considering the mentioned parameters, the synchronization error is obtained under three conditions.In the first condition, is set to zero, which means the neurons are coupled only through chemical synapses, and the synchronization error is obtained for 100 chemically coupled neurons.Similarly, in the second condition, g c is set to zero, and the synchronization error is calculated for the ring network of electrically coupled neurons.Figure 4a represents the synchronization error of the chemically coupled neurons for different chemical synaptic strengths.The network reaches complete synchronization only for a small range of chemical coupling strengths (0.0427 ≤ g c ≤ 0.0463).For g c > 0.487, the neurons become unstable.Figure 4b shows the synchronization error of the neurons coupled through electrical synapses.It is observed that the synchronization error is high for any electrical coupling strength.Therefore, the electrically coupled neurons cannot become synchronized.Considering a ring network of 100 memristive neuron maps, the synchronization error is calculated as a criterion for evaluating the synchronization of the neurons.This criterion is defined as follows: Here,  and  are, respectively, the network size and the run time (number of samples) of the map.Considering the mentioned parameters, the synchronization error is obtained under three conditions.In the first condition,  is set to zero, which means the neurons are coupled only through chemical synapses, and the synchronization error is obtained for 100 chemically coupled neurons.Similarly, in the second condition,  is set to zero, and the synchronization error is calculated for the ring network of electrically coupled neurons.Figure 4a represents the synchronization error of the chemically coupled neurons for different chemical synaptic strengths.The network reaches complete synchronization only for a small range of chemical coupling strengths (0.0427  0.0463).For  0.487, the neurons become unstable.Figure 4b shows the synchronization error of the neurons coupled through electrical synapses.It is observed that the synchronization error is high for any electrical coupling strength.Therefore, the electrically coupled neurons cannot become synchronized.In the third condition, the effects of the simultaneous alteration of both chemical and electrical coupling strengths are investigated on the synchronization state.Figure 5 represents the synchronization error by the variation of chemical and electrical synaptic In the third condition, the effects of the simultaneous alteration of both chemical and electrical coupling strengths are investigated on the synchronization state.Figure 5 represents the synchronization error by the variation of chemical and electrical synaptic strengths.As shown in Figure 5, the complete synchronization can only be obtained in small ranges of chemical coupling strengths for any electrical coupling strength.However, by increasing the electrical coupling strength, the synchronous region firstly shrinks until < 0.06 and then enlarges again.Dark magenta in this figure represents the region of complete synchronization state.Consequently, it seems that in this case, chemical synaptic coupling plays an essential role in reaching complete synchronization.
Electronics 2022, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW strengths.As shown in Figure 5, the complete synchronization can only be obta small ranges of chemical coupling strengths for any electrical coupling strength.Ho by increasing the electrical coupling strength, synchronous region firstly shrin  0.06 and then enlarges again.Dark magenta in this figure represents the re complete synchronization state.Consequently, it seems that in this case, chemical s coupling plays an essential role in reaching complete synchronization.By looking more closely at the network dynamics, other collective behaviors observed among the neurons connected through chemical couplings.Figure 6 ill three different behaviors of the network named imperfect synchronization, compl chronization, and solitary state for different  values.The spatiotemporal pattern with the snapshots and the time series of neurons are shown for each state.Figu show an imperfect synchronization for  = 0.04.In this case, although the maj the neurons are synchronous, a few of them have escaped from synchronization.havior of the escaped neurons is the same as those synchronized.Therefore, the can be called imperfect synchronization.Figure 6c,d represent the complete synch tion for  = 0.044.For a stronger chemical coupling strength, the solitary state observed.Figure 6e,f illustrate the solitary state for  = 0.06; in this case, the e neurons oscillate with a different firing pattern from the synchronized ones.By looking more closely at the network dynamics, other collective behaviors can be observed among the neurons connected through chemical couplings.Figure 6 illustrates three different behaviors of the network named imperfect synchronization, complete synchronization, and solitary state for different g c values.The spatiotemporal patterns along with the snapshots and the time series of neurons are shown for each state.Figure 6a,b show an imperfect synchronization for g c = 0.04.In this case, although the majority of the neurons are synchronous, a few of them have escaped from synchronization.The behavior of the escaped neurons is the same as those synchronized.Therefore, the pattern can be called imperfect synchronization.Figure 6c,d represent the complete synchronization for g c = 0.044.For a stronger chemical coupling strength, the solitary state can be observed.Figure 6e,f illustrate the solitary state for g c = 0.06; in this case, the escaped neurons oscillate with a different firing pattern from the synchronized ones.By increasing the electrical synaptic strengths, more types collective behaviors can be observed.Figure 7 demonstrates the network's spatiotemporal patterns along with its time series and snapshots in three states, namely, two-cluster synchronization, chimera, and nonstationary chimera.In Figure 7a,b, which are plotted for  = 0.07 and  = 0.01, it can be observed that the neurons are synchronized in two groups; thus, the pattern is called two-cluster synchronization.Figure 7c,d present the chimera state for  = 0.05 and  = 0.05.As two groups of coherent and incoherent neurons are formed, the pattern is the chimera state.Another type of chimera with moving incoherent clusters, i.e., the nonstationary chimera, can be seen in Figure 7e,f for  = 0.52 and  = 0.11.In this case, the positions of incoherent neurons vary in time.By increasing the electrical synaptic strengths, more types of collective behaviors can be observed.Figure 7 demonstrates the network's spatiotemporal patterns along with its time series and snapshots in three states, namely, two-cluster synchronization, chimera, and nonstationary chimera.In Figure 7a,b, which are plotted for g c = 0.07 and = 0.01, it can be observed that the neurons are synchronized in two groups; thus, the pattern is called two-cluster synchronization.Figure 7c,d present the chimera state for g c = 0.05 and = 0.05.As two groups of coherent and incoherent neurons are formed, the pattern is the chimera state.Another type of chimera with moving incoherent clusters, i.e., the nonstationary chimera, can be seen in Figure 7e,f for g c = 0.52 and = 0.11.In this case, the positions of incoherent neurons vary in time.

Conclusions
The presented paper was mainly divided into two parts.Firstly, the memristive version of a newly proposed neuron map model was introduced.A one-dimensional mapbased neuronal model was defined based on the phase space by Zandi et al. in 2020 [21].Here, we modified this map by adding a discrete memristor, as in [26], to consider the electromagnetic effects.The bifurcation diagrams and the Lyapunov exponents were obtained to study the dynamics of the proposed memristive model.These diagrams showed that the memristive map could exhibit different neuronal behaviors, such as spiking, periodic bursting, and chaotic bursting.
Secondly, the collective behavior of the proposed memristive map was investigated by locating 100 neurons in a bidirectional ring network with both electrical and chemical synaptic couplings.The synchronization error was computed to find whether the network could become completely synchronized.This criterion was calculated under three conditions considering only electrical synapses, only chemical synapses, and both electrical and chemical synapses.The results showed that the ring network of chemically coupled maps could be completely synchronized, while the network could not become synchronized through electrical synaptic couplings.Besides, when coupled through both electrical and

Conclusions
The presented paper was mainly divided into two parts.Firstly, the memristive version of a newly proposed neuron map model was introduced.A one-dimensional map-based neuronal model was defined based on the phase space by Zandi et al. in 2020 [21].Here, we modified this map by adding a discrete memristor, as in [26], to consider the electromagnetic effects.The bifurcation diagrams and the Lyapunov exponents were obtained to study the dynamics of the proposed memristive model.These diagrams showed that the memristive map could exhibit different neuronal behaviors, such as spiking, periodic bursting, and chaotic bursting.
Secondly, the collective behavior of the proposed memristive map was investigated by locating 100 neurons in a bidirectional ring network with both electrical and chemical synaptic couplings.The synchronization error was computed to find whether the network could become completely synchronized.This criterion was calculated under three conditions considering only electrical synapses, only chemical synapses, and both electrical and chemical synapses.The results showed that the ring network of chemically coupled maps could be completely synchronized, while the network could not become synchronized through electrical synaptic couplings.Besides, when coupled through both electrical and

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Synchronization error of the network of 100 memristive neuron maps connected through (a) chemical and (b) electrical synapses by the variation of coupling strengths.The network parameters are  = 40,  = 50, and  * = 40.Complete synchronization can be observed in chemically coupled neurons for 0.0427  0.0463.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Synchronization error of the network of 100 memristive neuron maps connected through (a) chemical and (b) electrical synapses by the variation of coupling strengths.The network parameters are Θ s = −40, β = 50, and v * s = −40.Complete synchronization can be observed in chemically coupled neurons for 0.0427 ≤ g c ≤ 0.0463.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Synchronization error of the ring network of 100 memristive maps connected throu chemical and electrical synaptic couplings by the variation of coupling strengths.The netw rameters are  = 40,  = 50, and  * = 40.Complete synchronization can be observ small range of chemical coupling strength.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Synchronization error of the ring network of 100 memristive maps connected through both chemical and electrical synaptic couplings by the variation of coupling strengths.The network parameters are Θ s = −40, β = 50, and v * s = −40.Complete synchronization can be observed for a small range of chemical coupling strength.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.The spatiotemporal patterns (left panel) and the time series and snapshots (right panel) of the network of 100 memristive neuron maps coupled via chemical synapses.(a,b) For  = 0.04, imperfect synchronization is observed.(c,d) For  = 0.044, complete synchronization is achieved.(e,f) For  = 0.06, the solitary state appears.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.The spatiotemporal patterns (left panel) and the time series and snapshots (right panel) of the network of 100 memristive neuron maps coupled via chemical synapses.(a,b) For g c = 0.04, imperfect synchronization is observed.(c,d) For g c = 0.044, complete synchronization is achieved.(e,f) For g c = 0.06, the solitary state appears.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7.The spatiotemporal patterns (left panel) and the time series and snapshots (right panel) of the network of 100 memristive neuron maps coupled via electrochemical synapses.(a,b) For  = 0.07 and  = 0.01, imperfect synchronization is formed.(c,d) For  = 0.05 and  = 0.05, the chimera state is observed.(e,f) For  = 0.52 and  = 0.11, the nonstationary chimera appears.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7.The spatiotemporal patterns (left panel) and the time series and snapshots (right panel) of the network of 100 memristive neuron maps coupled via electrochemical synapses.(a,b) For g c = 0.07 and = 0.01, imperfect synchronization is formed.(c,d) For g c = 0.05 and = 0.05, the chimera state is observed.(e,f) For g c = 0.52 and = 0.11, the nonstationary chimera appears.