Wideband and High-Gain Wearable Antenna Array with Specific Absorption Rate Suppression

In this paper, a wideband and high-gain antenna array with specific absorption rate suppression is presented. By adopting the wideband monopole antenna array and the uniplanar compact electromagnetic band gap (UC-EBG) structure, the proposed wearable antenna array can realize a high gain of 11.8–13.6 dBi within the operating band of 4.5–6.5 GHz. The sidelobe level of the proposed wearable antenna array is less than −12 dB, and the cross polarization in the main radiation direction is less than −35 dB. Benefiting from the UC-EBG design, the specific absorption rate is suppressed effectively, guaranteeing the safety of the proposed antenna array to the human body. The proposed antenna array is processed and tested, and the measurement results show good agreement with the simulation results.


Introduction
The communication system based on the human-body wireless area network [1] has gradually become a research hotspot due to the wide range of applications, such as human health monitoring [2], on-body wireless communication [3] and telemedicine [4]. Meanwhile, due to the requirements of the on-body working environment, some special performance needs to be satisfied for on-body devices, especially the antennas [5]. The on-body antennas for wearable applications usually need to provide a low profile, high gain, flexibility and wideband. As a result, many works related to the materials [6], design methods [7] and performance [8,9] for wearable antennas have been proposed in the last decades.
In recent years, planar wearable antennas based on various flexible substrates have emerged, which can be roughly divided into the following types: monopole form [10][11][12], microstrip patch form [13,14], monopole combined with reflective structures such as artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) [15][16][17][18] or electromagnetic band gap (EBG) [19][20][21][22][23]. In the case of monopole antennas, the structure is simple and it is easy to realize a wideband design, but there is usually no metal backplane to protect the human body from radiation. The backward radiation of the antenna will lead to a high specific absorption rate (SAR) value, which does not comply with the international electromagnetic radiation safety standards. The microstrip patch form can isolate the human body from the antenna through the metal ground while the bandwidth is narrow, and the movement or deformation of the human body may cause the operating frequency offset and radiation pattern distortion. The combination of the monopole and the reflective structure will enhance the forward radiation, achieving high isolation, thereby significantly reducing the SAR value and the radiation harm caused by the antenna. However, these works mentioned above [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] mainly focus on the single wearable antenna, while being committed to balancing the gain, bandwidth and SAR. There are few works reported on the wearable antenna array, not to mention the realization of the wearable antenna array with high gain and wide operating band, which limits the application of wearable antennas. Ref. [24] has realized the design of a microstrip wearable antenna array with low SAR. Suffering from the disadvantages of microstrip antenna form, the bandwidth of this antenna array is relatively narrow, and the realized gain is relatively low. Therefore, the design of a wearable antenna array taking both bandwidth and high gain into account is still a challenge.
In this paper, an antenna array based on the combination of the monopole antennas and uniplanar compact EBG (UC-EBG) structures is proposed, which has the characteristics of wide band and high gain. Firstly, a wideband flexible monopole antenna is realized by slotting and corner cut. Subsequently, the UC-EBG structure is designed, which is placed under the monopole antenna as a reflector. It can increase the directivity and gain of the antenna, while suppressing the backward radiation, reducing the SAR value to meet international standards. Finally, the four antenna elements are combined with the feeding network to realize the design of a wearable wideband high-gain antenna array. The antenna array can achieve a realized gain of 11.8-13.6 dBi in the range of 4.5-6.5 GHz, the sidelobe level is less than −12 dB and the cross polarization is less than −35 dB for the main radiation direction, showing good potential in on-body communication.

Antenna Design
The proposed wearable antenna array utilizes miniaturized wideband monopole elements as radiators, while the UC-EBG structure is loaded below the antenna array. Since the UC-EBG reflecting the backward electromagnetic energy for forward radiation, the antenna directivity and gain can be improved, while guaranteeing the safety of the proposed antenna array to the human body.

Monopole Antenna and UC-EBG Design
For achieving the wideband and high-gain wearable antenna array with low SAR, the design of the wideband monopole element and UC-EBG structure should be considered. Figure 1 illustrates the structure of the designed monopole antenna, which is excited by microstrip and the whole dimension is 27.3 mm × 20 mm × 1.1 mm. Since the copper cannot be attached to polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) by printed circuit board (PCB) process, the substrate consisting of multi-layer flexible dielectric materials is utilized to facilitate the PCB process and satisfy the flexible requirement of the wearable application. The multilayer dielectric substrate is composed of 0.05 mm-thick polyimide (PI) (dielectric constant 3.5/loss tangent 0.0027), 1 mm-thick PDMS with a dielectric constant of 2.7, loss tangent 0.013. The top and bottom PI layers are coated with copper patterns as depicted in Figure  1a. Figure 1b depicts the top and bottom views of the flexible broadband monopole antenna. Different from the traditional rectangular patch, cutting two triangles at the bottom of the rectangular patch and a set of parallel slots in the top area help to extend the current path and widen the bandwidth of the antenna [25,26]. The specific geometrical dimensions of the proposed monopole antenna are shown in Table 1.     Figure 2a depicts the current distribution of the proposed monopole antenna, which indicates that the slotting and corner cut extend the current path for benefiting the operating bandwidth. Figure 2b plots the reflection coefficient of the monopole antenna with or without slotting and corner cut, which proves the improvement of working bandwidth within 3.4 GHz to 7.9 GHz. The reflection coefficient of the proposed monopole antenna is less than −10 dB, which indicates a good impedance match. Moreover, Figure 3 displays the radiation patterns of the monopole antenna at different frequencies, which proves that the antenna can maintain a stable radiation pattern in a wide working band. Both the impedance and radiation performance demonstrate that the proposed monopole antenna can operate within a wide band from 4 GHz to 7 GHz.  Figure 2a depicts the current distribution of the proposed monopole antenna, which indicates that the slotting and corner cut extend the current path for benefiting the operating bandwidth. Figure 2b plots the reflection coefficient of the monopole antenna with or without slotting and corner cut, which proves the improvement of working bandwidth within 3.4 GHz to 7.9 GHz. The reflection coefficient of the proposed monopole antenna is less than −10 dB, which indicates a good impedance match. Moreover, Figure 3 displays the radiation patterns of the monopole antenna at different frequencies, which proves that the antenna can maintain a stable radiation pattern in a wide working band. Both the impedance and radiation performance demonstrate that the proposed monopole antenna can operate within a wide band from 4 GHz to 7 GHz.  For suppressing the backward radiation to guarantee the safety of the proposed antenna array to the human body and improve the antenna directivity, the UC-EBG structure was utilized to reflect the backward radiation, which was placed below the monopole antenna. To guarantee the wide operating band and offer in-phase reflection, the UC-EBG was designed and is depicted in Figure 4a, and the specific geometrical dimensions are p For suppressing the backward radiation to guarantee the safety of the proposed antenna array to the human body and improve the antenna directivity, the UC-EBG structure was utilized to reflect the backward radiation, which was placed below the monopole antenna. To guarantee the wide operating band and offer in-phase reflection, the UC-EBG was designed and is depicted in Figure 4a, and the specific geometrical dimensions are p = 10 mm, w1 = 0.2 mm, l1 = 2 mm, w2 = 0.2 mm, s = 0.17 mm, p1 = 4 mm. Figure 4b plots the reflection phase of the proposed UC-EBG. By changing the geometrical dimensions of UC-EBG, the in-phase reflection band can be controlled. As p1 = 4 mm, the value of the reflection phase is between −90 • and 90 • from 4.5 GHz to 6.5 GHz, which can be considered as in-phase reflection.  For suppressing the backward radiation to guarantee the safety of the proposed antenna array to the human body and improve the antenna directivity, the UC-EBG structure was utilized to reflect the backward radiation, which was placed below the monopole antenna. To guarantee the wide operating band and offer in-phase reflection, the UC-EBG was designed and is depicted in Figure 4a, and the specific geometrical dimensions are p = 10 mm, w1 = 0.2 mm, l1 = 2 mm, w2 = 0.2 mm, s = 0.17 mm, p1 = 4 mm. Figure 4b plots the reflection phase of the proposed UC-EBG. By changing the geometrical dimensions of UC-EBG, the in-phase reflection band can be controlled. As p1 = 4 mm, the value of the reflection phase is between −90°and 90° from 4.5 GHz to 6.5 GHz, which can be considered as in-phase reflection.  Based on the above analysis, the designed flexible wideband monopole antenna was combined with the UC-EBG structure to form the flexible wearable wideband antenna as shown in Figure 5a. The whole structure is divided into the upper monopole antenna and the lower UC-EBG. The monopole antenna is placed above the UC-EBG structure at H = 4 mm symmetrically along the y-axis. In order to support the monopole antenna above the UC-EBG structure, the propping foam is utilized. The configuration of the monopole antenna with UC-EBG is displayed in Figure 5b. Based on the above analysis, the designed flexible wideband monopole antenna was combined with the UC-EBG structure to form the flexible wearable wideband antenna as shown in Figure 5a. The whole structure is divided into the upper monopole antenna and the lower UC-EBG. The monopole antenna is placed above the UC-EBG structure at H = 4 mm symmetrically along the y-axis. In order to support the monopole antenna above the UC-EBG structure, the propping foam is utilized. The configuration of the monopole antenna with UC-EBG is displayed in Figure 5b.  Figure 6 illustrates the reflection coefficient of the monopole antenna with UC-EBG. As we can see, from 4.2 GHz to 7.5 GHz, the reflection coefficient is less than −10 dB. Furtherly, the backward radiation is suppressed effectively, and the antenna directivity and gain are improved observably, which is proved in Figure 7.   Furtherly, the backward radiation is suppressed effectively, and the antenna directivity and gain are improved observably, which is proved in Figure 7.  Figure 6 illustrates the reflection coefficient of the monopole antenna with UC-EBG. As we can see, from 4.2 GHz to 7.5 GHz, the reflection coefficient is less than −10 dB. Furtherly, the backward radiation is suppressed effectively, and the antenna directivity and gain are improved observably, which is proved in Figure 7.   Figure 6 illustrates the reflection coefficient of the monopole antenna with UC-EBG. As we can see, from 4.2 GHz to 7.5 GHz, the reflection coefficient is less than −10 dB. Furtherly, the backward radiation is suppressed effectively, and the antenna directivity and gain are improved observably, which is proved in Figure 7.

Antenna Performance on Human Body
To verify the antenna performance on the human body, the wearable antenna performance was simulated under on-body status, which is displayed in Figures 8 and 9.
The three-dimensional model of the male of ANSYS HFSS was adopted to mimic real scenarios, which is depicted in Figure 10a. The particular human body model and the typical permittivity, conductivity and mass density values of human tissue have been reported in [27]. As plotted in Figure 8a,b, from 4.5-6.5 GHz, the reflection coefficient of the monopole with UC-EBG on the human body is less than −10 dB while the efficiency of the antenna element maintains over 80%. Figure 9 illustrates the radiation patterns of the monopole with UC-EBG, which show stability at different frequencies. The simulated results indicate that the antenna performance changes insignificantly between on-body and off-body status due to the isolation offered by the UC-EBG structure.
ios, which is depicted in Figure 10a. The particular human body model and the typical permittivity, conductivity and mass density values of human tissue have been reported in [27]. As plotted in Figure 8a,b, from 4.5-6.5 GHz, the reflection coefficient of the monopole with UC-EBG on the human body is less than −10 dB while the efficiency of the antenna element maintains over 80%. Figure 9 illustrates the radiation patterns of the monopole with UC-EBG, which show stability at different frequencies. The simulated results indicate that the antenna performance changes insignificantly between on-body and off-body status due to the isolation offered by the UC-EBG structure.   three-dimensional model of the male of ANSYS HFSS was adopted to mimic real scenarios, which is depicted in Figure 10a. The particular human body model and the typical permittivity, conductivity and mass density values of human tissue have been reported in [27]. As plotted in Figure 8a,b, from 4.5-6.5 GHz, the reflection coefficient of the monopole with UC-EBG on the human body is less than −10 dB while the efficiency of the antenna element maintains over 80%. Figure 9 illustrates the radiation patterns of the monopole with UC-EBG, which show stability at different frequencies. The simulated results indicate that the antenna performance changes insignificantly between on-body and off-body status due to the isolation offered by the UC-EBG structure.
(a) (b)   Considering the verification of human safety, we simulated the SAR value of the monopole antenna with UC-EBG when it is placed on the human body with the distance of 8 mm. Figure 10b,c plot the value of SAR for 1 g human tissue at 4 GHz and 6 GHz, respectively. The federal communications commission (FCC) stipulates that the SAR value cannot exceed 1.6 W/kg s for 1 g human tissue. As depicted in Figure 10, a maximum 1 g SAR value of 0.49 W/kg at 4 GHz and 1 g SAR value of 0.59 W/kg at 6 GHz are achieved, which is much lower than FCC standard, guaranteeing the safety for wearable application.

Antenna Array Design
To further meet the requirement of high directivity and high gain in wearable antenna design, while maintaining the advantage of wide operating band, a four-way power divider is utilized to parallelly feed the 4 monopole antenna elements. Combined with the UC-EBG structure, the wideband and high-gain wearable antenna array is achieved. As illustrated in Figure 11, the distance between adjacent elements is 40.77 mm, and the in- Considering the verification of human safety, we simulated the SAR value of the monopole antenna with UC-EBG when it is placed on the human body with the distance of 8 mm. Figure 10b,c plot the value of SAR for 1 g human tissue at 4 GHz and 6 GHz, respectively. The federal communications commission (FCC) stipulates that the SAR value cannot exceed 1.6 W/kg s for 1 g human tissue. As depicted in Figure 10, a maximum 1 g SAR value of 0.49 W/kg at 4 GHz and 1 g SAR value of 0.59 W/kg at 6 GHz are achieved, which is much lower than FCC standard, guaranteeing the safety for wearable application.

Antenna Array Design
To further meet the requirement of high directivity and high gain in wearable antenna design, while maintaining the advantage of wide operating band, a four-way power divider is utilized to parallelly feed the 4 monopole antenna elements. Combined with the UC-EBG structure, the wideband and high-gain wearable antenna array is achieved. As illustrated in Figure 11, the distance between adjacent elements is 40.77 mm, and the in-phase reflector consists of 17 × 7 UC-EBG units.
monopole antenna with UC-EBG when it is placed on the human body with the distance of 8 mm. Figure 10b,c plot the value of SAR for 1 g human tissue at 4 GHz and 6 GHz, respectively. The federal communications commission (FCC) stipulates that the SAR value cannot exceed 1.6 W/kg s for 1 g human tissue. As depicted in Figure 10, a maximum 1 g SAR value of 0.49 W/kg at 4 GHz and 1 g SAR value of 0.59 W/kg at 6 GHz are achieved, which is much lower than FCC standard, guaranteeing the safety for wearable application.

Antenna Array Design
To further meet the requirement of high directivity and high gain in wearable antenna design, while maintaining the advantage of wide operating band, a four-way power divider is utilized to parallelly feed the 4 monopole antenna elements. Combined with the UC-EBG structure, the wideband and high-gain wearable antenna array is achieved. As illustrated in Figure 11, the distance between adjacent elements is 40.77 mm, and the inphase reflector consists of 17 × 7 UC-EBG units. Figure 11. Configuration of the proposed wearable antenna array. Figure 12a plots the reflection coefficient of the proposed wearable antenna array, which is less than −10 dB from 4.4 GHz to 7 GHz, covering the operating band 4.5-6.5 GHz. Figure 12b depicts the efficiency of the proposed antenna array, which is over 75% within the whole working band. The radiation patterns of the proposed wearable antenna array at different frequencies are displayed in Figure 13a-c. The realized gain and Figure 11. Configuration of the proposed wearable antenna array. Figure 12a plots the reflection coefficient of the proposed wearable antenna array, which is less than −10 dB from 4.4 GHz to 7 GHz, covering the operating band 4.5-6.5 GHz. Figure 12b depicts the efficiency of the proposed antenna array, which is over 75% within the whole working band. The radiation patterns of the proposed wearable antenna array at different frequencies are displayed in Figure 13a-c. The realized gain and radiation efficiency are plotted in Figure 13d. Within the working frequency band from 4.5 GHz to 6.5 GHz, the realized gain ranges between 12.1-14.2 dBi with an average radiation efficiency of 82%. Moreover, the sidelobe level in the xoz-plane is less than −12 dB, and the cross polarization in the main radiation direction is less than −40 dB, which shows low cross polarization in both xoz-plane and yoz-plane. The impedance performance and radiation performance indicate that the proposed antenna can operate from 4.5 GHz to 6.5 GHz, while achieving high gain, wide working frequency and low cross polarization. radiation efficiency are plotted in Figure 13d. Within the working frequency band from 4.5 GHz to 6.5 GHz, the realized gain ranges between 12.1-14.2 dBi with an average radiation efficiency of 82%. Moreover, the sidelobe level in the xoz-plane is less than −12 dB, and the cross polarization in the main radiation direction is less than −40 dB, which shows low cross polarization in both xoz-plane and yoz-plane. The impedance performance and radiation performance indicate that the proposed antenna can operate from 4.5 GHz to 6.5 GHz, while achieving high gain, wide working frequency and low cross polarization.

Experimental Validation and Discussion
Prototypes of the proposed wideband and high-gain wearable antenna array were fabricated for experimental validation as displayed in Figure 14, which shows good flexibility. As depicted in Figure 15, the proposed wearable antenna array was measured in the anechoic chamber. Figure 16 plots the measured reflection coefficient. From 4.5-6.5 GHz, the reflection coefficient maintained less than −10 dB on different parts of the human body.

Experimental Validation and Discussion
Prototypes of the proposed wideband and high-gain wearable antenna array were fabricated for experimental validation as displayed in Figure 14, which shows good flexibility. As depicted in Figure 15, the proposed wearable antenna array was measured in the anechoic chamber. Figure 16 plots the measured reflection coefficient. From 4.5-6.5 GHz, the reflection coefficient maintained less than −10 dB on different parts of the human body.   The radiation patterns of the proposed antenna array were measured. Figure 17 presents the simulated and measured radiation patterns in the xoz plane and yoz plane at 4.5 GHz, 5.5 GHz and 6.5 GHz, and Figure 18 plots the comparison between the measured and simulated realized gain. Within the operating band, the measured realized gain   The radiation patterns of the proposed antenna array were measured. Figure 17 presents the simulated and measured radiation patterns in the xoz plane and yoz plane at 4.5 GHz, 5.5 GHz and 6.5 GHz, and Figure 18 plots the comparison between the measured and simulated realized gain. Within the operating band, the measured realized gain The radiation patterns of the proposed antenna array were measured. Figure 17 presents the simulated and measured radiation patterns in the xoz plane and yoz plane at 4.5 GHz, 5.5 GHz and 6.5 GHz, and Figure 18 plots the comparison between the measured and simulated realized gain. Within the operating band, the measured realized gain ranges from 11.8-13.6 dBi with −35 dB measured cross polarization. The proposed wearable antenna array maintained stable measured radiation performance, which shows great agreement with simulated results. Table 2 lists the comparison of the proposed antenna with other wearable antennas. It can be concluded that the proposed antenna array offers 36% relative bandwidth and 13.6 dBi realized gain, which provides a method to achieve wideband and high-gain wearable antenna with SAR suppression.    Table 2 lists the comparison of the proposed antenna with other wearable antennas. It can be concluded that the proposed antenna array offers 36% relative bandwidth and 13.6 dBi realized gain, which provides a method to achieve wideband and high-gain wearable antenna with SAR suppression.

Conclusions
A novel wideband and high-gain wearable antenna array with specific absorption rate suppression is proposed. Benefiting from the combination of wideband antenna elements and wideband UC-EBG in-phase reflector, the proposed wearable antenna array provides the operating band 4.5-6.5 GHz with the measured realized gain of 11.8-13.6 dBi, and the measured cross polarization is less than −35 dB. The proposed wideband and high-gain wearable antenna array offers some advantages in the wearable application.
Author Contributions: H.Z. put forward the concept (Conceptualization) and analyzed the proposed structure (Formal analysis). B.W. put forward the concept (Conceptualization) and coordinated the research (Project administration). P.Y. managed the simulation data (Data curation) and wrote the initial draft (Writing-original draft). W.L. analyzed the proposed structure (Formal analysis) and modified the original draft (Writing-review & editing). J.L. managed the simulation data (Data curation) and synthesized study data (Formal analysis). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Conclusions
A novel wideband and high-gain wearable antenna array with specific absorption rate suppression is proposed. Benefiting from the combination of wideband antenna elements and wideband UC-EBG in-phase reflector, the proposed wearable antenna array provides the operating band 4.5-6.5 GHz with the measured realized gain of 11.8-13.6 dBi, and the measured cross polarization is less than −35 dB. The proposed wideband and high-gain wearable antenna array offers some advantages in the wearable application.