A Three-Phase Resonant Boost Inverter Fed Brushless DC Motor Drive for Electric Vehicles

: The present article proposes a three-phase resonant boost inverter (TPRBI) to feed a permanent magnet brushless DC (PMBLDC) motor at the requested torque with low ripples due to the sinusoidal current injected into the PMBLDC motor. PMBLDC motors have the highest torque-to-weight ratio compared to other motors and are the best choice for electric vehicle applications. Conventionally, these motors are driven by voltage source inverters (VSI) with trapezoidal current injection, introducing unwanted torque ripples. Moreover, due to the buck operation of VSI, an extra power conversion stage is required to elevate the battery voltage level to desired DC-link voltage. This extra stage increases the number of components used, complexity of control and decreases the efﬁciency and reliability of the overall system. TPRBI injects sinusoidal current in the PMBLDC motor in the proposed method, thus minimizing the torque ripples. The proposed inverter also has an inherent voltage boost characteristic, thus eliminating the extra power conversion stage. The single-stage conversion from DC to boosted sinusoidal AC enhances the system reliability and efﬁciency and minimizes the cost and weight of the system. A MATLAB/Simulink model is presented along with simulation results and mathematical validation. A comparative evaluation of the proposed system with the conventional VSI-fed PMBLDC motor is presented in terms of induced torque ripples.


Introduction
Electric vehicles have emerged to be the most viable solution to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at source. Currently, the transportation sector is heavily dependent on internal combustion engine (ICE) based vehicles, contributing to 16.2% of the global GHG emissions [1]. With advancements in power converter technologies, various electrical machines are now efficiently controlled and operated, forming an integral part of electric vehicles [2]. The reported literature suggests that although induction motors are industrial workhorses due to their high ruggedness, reliability, and simple construction and control when used in electric vehicle applications, they fail because of their low torque to weight ratio [3]. PMBLDC motors, on the other hand, use rare earth element magnets in the rotor, providing very high torque to weight ratio [4], thus making it the first choice for use in traction drives [5,6] using multiport converters [7,8].
A three-phase voltage source inverter conventionally feeds permanent magnet brushless DC (PMBLDC) motors with the help of synchronizing signals from hall effect sensors. Based on the Hall effect signals, the legs of the VSI are energized to rotate the motor at the desired speed. However, conventional VSI injects a trapezoidal current into the PMBLDC. Due to the trapezoidal current, the commutating and non-commutating currents are imbalanced, causing torque ripples on the shaft. Torque ripples are detrimental the electric vehicle stability and its dynamics. Therefore, many researchers have reported different current injections to reduce the torque ripples in the PMBLDC motor, such as sinusoidal current injection [9] and petal wave current injection [10].
The sinusoidal current injection minimizes the torque ripples, but generating a sinusoidal current from conventional VSI is a complex process and requires a lot of computational power and sensor arrangement. Moreover, the battery voltage required for the motor operation is higher than the individual cell voltage, and so it requires a combination with a large number of cells in series. However, with many cells in series, the reliability decreases and the complexity in the battery management increases [11]. Thus, the power converters with voltage boosting ability are investigated for electric vehicle applications [12]. The boost inverter proposed in [13] offers a solution for a single-phase application; however, it does not account for the three-phase application. The Z-source inverter (ZSI) proposed in [14] emerged as a new family of inverters capable of buck-boost operation for single-phase and three-phase applications by providing varying DC-Link voltage at an interim stage. Several modified topologies were reported based on ZSI [15][16][17], with a characteristic property of varying interim DC-link voltage. Numerous modulation strategies were investigated for these ZSIs and modified topologies [18], with their own merits such as zero voltage switching, maximum boost control, and maximum constant boost control.
In recent years, multilevel inverters (MLIs) capable of providing boosted AC voltage output for low voltage DC input have gained popularity. Various topologies such as flying capacitors and multi-H-Bridge cascading were investigated [19]. Multilevel inverters use single or multiple sources to provide many (depending on topology and switching) DC voltage levels at various switching times, giving a sinusoidal envelope of AC voltage at the output [20].
As Z-source inverters provide interim boosted DC-link voltage, switches are exposed to a higher blocking voltage. Higher blocking voltage across the switches results in a higher TBV of the converter topology [21][22][23]. Higher TBV signifies higher semiconductor costs and higher semiconductor loss. Multilevel inverters [24,25] and switched capacitor inverters [26] depend on high switching, and passive component counts for increasing the number of levels at the output side. It increases the cost and complexity of the system. Moreover, all the inverter topologies investigated employ high switching frequency at some or all stages of their operation. Higher switching frequency gives rise to higher switching loss, thereby increasing the heat-sink requirement of the converter.
This work proposes a three-phase boost inverter based on fundamental frequency switching capable of providing a high gain boost factor and sinusoidal current injection in the PMBLDC motor. The proposed TPRBI provides torque ripple minimization compared to the PMBLDC motor and eliminates an extra boost stage at the input side.
Thus, the novelty of this research study is as follows:

1.
A new three-phase resonant impulse inverter (TPRBI) is proposed to drive a PMBLDC at high torque, but with low ripples due to the sinusoidal current injected into the PMBLDC motor; 2.
The proposed inverter has an inherent voltage increase characteristic that leads to an increase in its efficiency by eliminating the extra boost power conversion stage, which is usually used by a voltage source inverter (VSI) feeding a PMBLDC; 3.
The maximum torque per ampere is higher in the proposed TPRBI-fed PMBLDC motor than the conventional VSI-fed PMBLDC motor drive. The paper is organized into five sections. Section 2 explains the circuit and working of TPRBI, Section 3 details the operation of PMBLDC with TPRBI and a comparison between square wave and sinusoidal current injection operation. Simulation results are shown in Section 4, followed by a conclusion in Section 5.

Three-Phase Resonant Boost Inverter: Circuit and Operation
The circuit diagram of the proposed TPRBI is shown in Figure 1. LC pairs (L-inductor and C-capacitor) are connected to the legs of a conventional three-leg three-phase VSI. The load is connected differentially to the mid-points of the LC pairs. V DC is the amplitude of the input DC voltage source.
The paper is organized into five sections. Section 2 explains the circuit and working of TPRBI, Section 3 details the operation of PMBLDC with TPRBI and a comparison between square wave and sinusoidal current injection operation. Simulation results are shown in Section 4, followed by a conclusion in Section 5.

Three-Phase Resonant Boost Inverter: Circuit and Operation
The circuit diagram of the proposed TPRBI is shown in Figure 1. LC pairs (L-inductor and C-capacitor) are connected to the legs of a conventional three-leg three-phase VSI. The load is connected differentially to the mid-points of the LC pairs. VDC is the amplitude of the input DC voltage source.
All inductor and capacitor values are kept the same to ensure that the inverter is symmetric. As the input voltage source is parallel to all three legs, each leg can be attributed to the individual operation. The working of all the legs is the same and differs only in phase shift. The switching of the proposed inverter's power semiconductor devices is performed at the fundamental frequency, and the duty cycle is changed from 0 to 0.5 as per load variation and required gain. The different switching states are explained in Table 1. Each leg of the topology works in two modes, as illustrated in Table 1. These modes depend on the switching of the top or bottom switch. For dynamic modeling, each leg can be subdivided into two parts, i.e., synchronous switches for pulse generation and LC resonant pair for DC-biased sinusoidal wave generation, as shown in Figure 2. Where ST denotes top switch and SB bottom switch, Vpg denotes phase to DC ground voltage, and Req is equivalent resistance. All inductor and capacitor values are kept the same to ensure that the inverter is symmetric. As the input voltage source is parallel to all three legs, each leg can be attributed to the individual operation. The working of all the legs is the same and differs only in phase shift. The switching of the proposed inverter's power semiconductor devices is performed at the fundamental frequency, and the duty cycle is changed from 0 to 0.5 as per load variation and required gain. The different switching states are explained in Table 1.
Each leg of the topology works in two modes, as illustrated in Table 1. These modes depend on the switching of the top or bottom switch. For dynamic modeling, each leg can be subdivided into two parts, i.e., synchronous switches for pulse generation and LC resonant pair for DC-biased sinusoidal wave generation, as shown in Figure 2. Where S T denotes top switch and S B bottom switch, V pg denotes phase to DC ground voltage, and R eq is equivalent resistance. From Figure 2, for the synchronous switch part, the output equation can be written as:

PMBLDC Operation: Square vs. Sinusoidal Current Injection
The circuit diagram of a conventional VSI-fed trapezoidal back emf PM BLDC is represented in Figure 3. Where, , and are the voltages from the motor stator terminal to the negative battery reference; is voltage from the virtual neutral point to the negative battery reference; and , and are stator input currents. R and L is per phase stator resistance and inductance, respectively. Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL), we obtain: The index P represents phases, i.e., a, b, and c, for three phases. Multiplication with iP to both sides of (12) gives: From Figure 2, for the synchronous switch part, the output equation can be written as: The second part of the circuit behaves as a single-ended two-pole filter. The transfer function for the circuit is given by: The resonant frequency of the system (ω r ) is Electronics 2021, 10, 1799

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Rephrasing Equation (2) in a standard second-order form by substituting ω r from (3), where α = 1 R L C . Now by replacing s by jω in (4) results in: The gain of the system is given by: At the resonant frequency, i.e., ω = ω r . Equation. (6) gives the value of gain to be 1/α, i.e., Now, for a pulse input, the response of an LC resonant circuit is a DC clamped sinusoid. Thus, the overall response of the system when switched at the resonant frequency is: where D is the duty cycle, and V DC is the input DC voltage. Now, replacing R C L with G in (8), The three legs are phase-shifted by 120 • , the dynamic equation for each leg is given by (10): The line-to-line voltage is: Equation (11) represents the overall equation of the converter, which shows that the proposed converter produces a three-phase voltage controlled by duty cycle variation.

PMBLDC Operation: Square vs. Sinusoidal Current Injection
The circuit diagram of a conventional VSI-fed trapezoidal back emf PM BLDC is represented in Figure 3. Where, v ao , v bo and v co are the voltages from the motor stator terminal to the negative battery reference; v no is voltage from the virtual neutral point to the negative battery reference; and i a , i b and i c are stator input currents. R and L is per phase stator resistance and inductance, respectively. Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL), we obtain: PM BLDC motor has an isolated neutral point, so the sum of currents is constrained (15).
The useful mechanical power obtained from the electrical power is given by (16).
The mechanical power obtained at all times of operation from the instantaneous electrical power is obtained by substituting Equations (15) and (16) in Equation (14) Here, the motor shaft speed ( ) and electromagnetic torque ( ) have a relation as shown in Equation (18).
Equation (18) provides information about the torque variation of a PMBLDC motor fed by a three-phase source irrespective of the current injection type. In the following subsections, the injected current waveforms for square and sinusoidal injection are calculated, and the analytical torque variation is shown. The index P represents phases, i.e., a, b, and c, for three phases. Multiplication with i P to both sides of (12) gives: By adding (13) for phases a, b, and c, we obtain: PM BLDC motor has an isolated neutral point, so the sum of currents is constrained (15).
The useful mechanical power obtained from the electrical power is given by (16).
The mechanical power obtained at all times of operation from the instantaneous electrical power is obtained by substituting Equations (15) and (16) in Equation (14) and thus results in the overall Expression (17).
Here, the motor shaft speed (ω m ) and electromagnetic torque (τ m ) have a relation as shown in Equation (18).
Equation (18) provides information about the torque variation of a PMBLDC motor fed by a three-phase source irrespective of the current injection type. In the following subsections, the injected current waveforms for square and sinusoidal injection are calculated, and the analytical torque variation is shown.

Square-Wave Current Injection (Conventional VSI)
When a conventional VSI feeds the PMBLDC, it injects a square wave current with an amplitude I. Then the sum of squares of current, i.e., ∑ P=a,b,c i 2 P , is given by Equation (19) ∑ P=a,b,c where i out , i in , and i nc are shown in Figure 4 for a single commutation.

Square-Wave Current Injection (Conventional Vsi)
When a conventional VSI feeds the PMBLDC, it injects a square wave current with an amplitude I. Then the sum of squares of current, i.e., ∑ , , , is given by Equation (19) , , where iout, iin, and inc are shown in Figure 4 for a single commutation. Commutating currents vary with the speed of the PMBLDC motor and have a variable value at each commutation cycle; thus, the value obtained from Equation (19) induces torque ripples at every commutating step when substituted in Equation (18). The variation of torque ripple in a PMBLDC motor when fed by a conventional VSI in an ideal and nonideal setting is shown in Figure 5. Commutating currents vary with the speed of the PMBLDC motor and have a variable value at each commutation cycle; thus, the value obtained from Equation (19) induces torque ripples at every commutating step when substituted in Equation (18). The variation of torque ripple in a PMBLDC motor when fed by a conventional VSI in an ideal and non-ideal setting is shown in Figure 5.

Sinusoidal Current Injection (Tprbi)
When a three-phase resonant boost inverter feeds the PMBLDC, it injects sinusoidal current into the stator. The peak value of the injected sinusoidal current is I peak .
Now for a balanced sinusoidal phase current injection, the sum of squares of current, i.e., ∑ P=a,b,c i 2 P is: Substituting the Equation (20) in Equation (18), we obtain: Now, Equation (21) denotes the torque ripple produced by the PMBLDC motor when fed by the proposed three-phase resonant boost inverter. As shown in the above equation, the second term is constant and does not vary with speed or commutation, as was the case when conventional VSI feeds PMBLDC. Thus, analytically, the PMBLDC fed by the proposed TPRBI has much lower torque ripples and has a smooth operation; moreover, due to fundamental frequency switching, zero current switching is obtained in TPRBI, thus minimizing the losses.

Sinusoidal Current Injection (Tprbi)
When a three-phase resonant boost inverter feeds the PMBLDC, it injects sinusoidal current into the stator. The peak value of the injected sinusoidal current is Ipeak. Now for a balanced sinusoidal phase current injection, the sum of squares of current, i.e., ∑ , , is: Substituting the Equation (20) in Equation (18), we obtain: Now, Equation (21) denotes the torque ripple produced by the PMBLDC motor when fed by the proposed three-phase resonant boost inverter. As shown in the above equation, the second term is constant and does not vary with speed or commutation, as was the case when conventional VSI feeds PMBLDC. Thus, analytically, the PMBLDC fed by the proposed TPRBI has much lower torque ripples and has a smooth operation; moreover, due to fundamental frequency switching, zero current switching is obtained in TPRBI, thus minimizing the losses.

Results
The proposed system was simulated using the Simscape electrical toolbox in the MATLAB Simulink environment. The specification of the PMBLDC motor used for simulation is depicted in Table 2.

Results
The proposed system was simulated using the Simscape electrical toolbox in the MAT-LAB Simulink environment. The specification of the PMBLDC motor used for simulation is depicted in Table 2. The circuit diagram of the PMBLDC drive fed by TPRBI is shown in Figure 6. It can be observed from Figure 7 that the amplitude of current injected, when fed with TPRBI, is close to the ideal sinusoid and leads to a torque ripple-free operation, while in the case of VSI-fed PMBLDC, the injected current has lots of harmonics resulting from commutations. The resulting torque produced by both TPRBI and VSI-fed PMBLDC motors is shown in Figure 8a  The circuit diagram of the PMBLDC drive fed by TPRBI is shown in Figure 6. The simulation results for the injected phase current in TPRBI and VSI-fed PMBLDC motor are shown in Figure 7a,b, respectively. The simulation results for the injected phase current in TPRBI and VSI-fed PMBLDC motor are shown in Figure 7a,b, respectively. The circuit diagram of the PMBLDC drive fed by TPRBI is shown in Figure 6. The simulation results for the injected phase current in TPRBI and VSI-fed PMBLDC motor are shown in Figure 7a,b, respectively.  It can be observed from Figure 7 that the amplitude of current injected, when fed with TPRBI, is close to the ideal sinusoid and leads to a torque ripple-free operation, while in the case of VSI-fed PMBLDC, the injected current has lots of harmonics resulting from commutations. The resulting torque produced by both TPRBI and VSI-fed PMBLDC motors is shown in Figure 8a,b, respectively. It can be observed from Figure 8 that the torque ripples are minimized in the proposed TPRBI-fed PMBLDC drive; moreover, the maximum torque produced per ampere is higher in the case of the proposed system. A comparative evaluation of the proposed TPRBI-fed PMBLDC drive and conventional VSI-fed PMBLDC drive is presented in Table  3.
where, n is the number of switches and VO is the output voltage. For VSI, the minimum PIV for each switch is VDC, and the maximum output is VDC, so the TBV is six because six switches are used. While for TPRBI, the max gain is 4, at that point PIV of switches is equal to VDC, but the output VO is four times VDC; thus, the TBV of the TPRBI is 1.5. The low value of the TBV signifies lower semiconductor cost and loss. It can be observed from Figure 8 that the torque ripples are minimized in the proposed TPRBI-fed PMBLDC drive; moreover, the maximum torque produced per ampere is higher in the case of the proposed system. A comparative evaluation of the proposed TPRBI-fed PMBLDC drive and conventional VSI-fed PMBLDC drive is presented in Table 3.

Conclusions
where, n is the number of switches and V O is the output voltage. For VSI, the minimum PIV for each switch is V DC , and the maximum output is V DC , so the TBV is six because six switches are used. While for TPRBI, the max gain is 4, at that point PIV of switches is equal to V DC , but the output V O is four times V DC ; thus, the TBV of the TPRBI is 1.5. The low value of the TBV signifies lower semiconductor cost and loss.

Conclusions
The present article reports a three-phase resonant boost inverter-fed permanent magnet brushless DC motor for electric vehicle applications. The working of the threephase resonant boost inverter was mathematically represented and validated with simulation results. The generalized torque equations were obtained for a PMBLDC motor fed by a three-phase supply irrespective of the injected current waveforms. The analysis of the effects of square wave phase current injection and sinusoidal phase current injection on the torque of the PMBLDC motor was performed. The superiority of sinusoidal current injection over square wave current injection in terms of torque ripples was proved mathematically.
Further, for validation of the mathematical claims, a simulation model was developed. The simulation results also show that the maximum torque per ampere is higher in the proposed TPRBI-fed PMBLDC motor than the conventional VSI-fed PMBLDC motor drive. A lower value of total blocking voltage for the proposed system in comparison to the conventional system proves that the loss component of the TPRBI is lower than the VSI-fed PMBLDC drive. Thus the proposed system is beneficial and finds a practical application in electric vehicles for traction drives. As a next work, the experimental tests will be performed, and the experimental results will be compared with those obtained in the simulation to validate the proposed method.