8-Port Semi-Circular Arc MIMO Antenna with an Inverted L-Strip Loaded Connected Ground for UWB Applications

: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas with four and eight elements having connected grounds are designed for ultra-wideband applications. Careful optimization of the lines connecting the grounds leads to reduced mutual coupling amongst the radiating patches. The proposed antenna has a modiﬁed substrate geometry and comprises a circular arc-shaped conductive element on the top with the modiﬁed ground plane geometry. Polarization diversity and isolation are achieved by replicating the elements orthogonally forming a plus shape antenna structure. The modiﬁed ground plane consists of an inverted L strip and semi ellipse slot over the partial ground that helps the antenna in achieving effective wide bandwidth spanning from (117.91%) 2.84–11 GHz. Both 4/8-port antenna achieves a size of 0.61 λ × 0.61 λ mm 2 (lowest frequency) where 4-port antenna is printed on FR4 substrate. The 4-port UWB MIMO antenna attains wide impedance bandwidth, Omni-directional pattern, isolation >15 dB, ECC < 0.015, and average gain >4.5 dB making the MIMO antenna suitable for portable UWB applications. Four element antenna structure is further extended to 8-element conﬁguration with the connected ground where the decent value of IBW, isolation, and ECC is achieved. GHz, the results are well-matched. Slight variation in reﬂection coefﬁcient and isolations levels are due to fabrication tolerances and connector losses. for both


Introduction
Wireless communications are getting popular at an astounding pace. The advancement in technology is helping the devices in shrinking their size day by day. Wireless communication when clubbed with various applications, such as medical, IoT, logistics, and personal area communication, can help various groups of people in many ways. The amalgamation can be very well-established with the deployment of WPANs that works on the IEEE protocols.
Increasing the bandwidth of such networks allows for a higher data rate. Due to the very broad frequency range spanning from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz, ultra-wideband antennas are the most promising way to reach large bandwidth. Designing a UWB antenna is a Here, novelty lies in designing the main radiator of each antenna element which is a symmetrical ground-coupled antenna and is mainly composed of a circular arc-shaped monopole on the top side with modified ground structure coupled to the other grounds on the bottom side. Notably, the proposed 4-port MIMO antenna is realized by symmetrically arranging the four identical antenna elements in a sequential rotational manner for achieving good polarization diversity which is extended for 8-port MIMO antenna configuration. Other typical MIMO antenna performances, such as ECC and CCL, are also explicitly shown and validated by measuring the experimental values over the fabricated prototype.
The paper is arranged as follows: Proposed 2-port, 4-port, and 8-port antenna geometry are explained in Section 2 followed by results and discussion in Section 3, MIMO diversity parameters are explained in Section 4, time domain analysis in Sections 5 and 6 concludes the work.

Antenna Configuration and Parametric Study
The antenna geometry (top and bottom) of a single element that is a part of a 4-element antenna is visible in Figure 1a,b. A circular arc-shaped structure on the top and a modified ground plane on the backside is simulated over the FR4 (Flame Retardant-4) substrate. The modified ground plane consists of an inverted L strip and semi-ellipse slot over the partial ground. The perspective view of the antenna as shown in Figure 1c shows the conductive part (patch and ground) printed over the substrate of a thickness (T) 1.6 mm. achieving wider bandwidth and more importantly enhances the antenna effectiveness.
Here, novelty lies in designing the main radiator of each antenna element which is a symmetrical ground-coupled antenna and is mainly composed of a circular arc-shaped monopole on the top side with modified ground structure coupled to the other grounds on the bottom side. Notably, the proposed 4-port MIMO antenna is realized by symmetrically arranging the four identical antenna elements in a sequential rotational manner for achieving good polarization diversity which is extended for 8-port MIMO antenna configuration. Other typical MIMO antenna performances, such as ECC and CCL, are also explicitly shown and validated by measuring the experimental values over the fabricated prototype. The paper is arranged as follows: Proposed 2-port, 4-port, and 8-port antenna geometry are explained in Section 2 followed by results and discussion in Section 3, MIMO diversity parameters are explained in Section 4, time domain analysis in Section 5 and Section 6 concludes the work.

Antenna Configuration and Parametric Study
The antenna geometry (top and bottom) of a single element that is a part of a 4-element antenna is visible in Figure 1a,b. A circular arc-shaped structure on the top and a modified ground plane on the backside is simulated over the FR4 (Flame Retardant-4) substrate. The modified ground plane consists of an inverted L strip and semi-ellipse slot over the partial ground. The perspective view of the antenna as shown in Figure 1c shows the conductive part (patch and ground) printed over the substrate of a thickness (T) 1.6 mm.  and upper part of the frequency band; however, the middle region is slightly affected. The value of the upper circular radius (aa) is chosen as 6 mm for wider bandwidth between the bands spanning from the semi-ellipse slot in terms of minor and major axis. upper circle radius (aa) (Figure 2a) affects the reflection coefficient levels majorly near the lower and upper part of the frequency band; however, the middle region is slightly affected. The value of the upper circular radius (aa) is chosen as 6 mm for wider bandwidth between the bands spanning from the semi-ellipse slot in terms of minor and major axis. The optimized value of the upper circle position helps in attaining the required reflection coefficient levels while achieving the wide impedance bandwidth. The variation in the position of the upper circle will ultimately increase or decrease the arc formed over the lower circle since the upper circle is subtracted from the lower one. The optimized position of the upper circle before subtracting it from the lower circle is selected as 0 mm.
By variation of the ground plane length as shown in Figure 3, it is observed that the impedance bandwidth significantly increases. The reflection coefficient of the resonating peaks is also affected. By increasing the length of the conductive region of the ground plane, the impedance bandwidth increases. The value of ground plane length is chosen as 13.5 mm for attaining the best performance. The optimized value of the upper circle position helps in attaining the required reflection coefficient levels while achieving the wide impedance bandwidth. The variation in the position of the upper circle will ultimately increase or decrease the arc formed over the lower circle since the upper circle is subtracted from the lower one. The optimized position of the upper circle before subtracting it from the lower circle is selected as 0 mm.
By variation of the ground plane length as shown in Figure 3, it is observed that the impedance bandwidth significantly increases. The reflection coefficient of the resonating peaks is also affected. By increasing the length of the conductive region of the ground plane, the impedance bandwidth increases. The value of ground plane length is chosen as 13.5 mm for attaining the best performance.   The basic element is used for simulating a dual-element, quad-element, and eightelement UWB antenna. First, the single element is duplicated in the vertical and horizontal positions, and S parameters are analyzed. The element at port 2 is rotated in an anticlockwise direction concerning port 1 along the horizontal axis in case 1 (Figure 5a) while in case 2, the element is mirrored along the vertical axis (Figure 5b).       The basic element is used for simulating a dual-element, quad-element, and eightelement UWB antenna. First, the single element is duplicated in the vertical and horizontal positions, and S parameters are analyzed. The element at port 2 is rotated in an anticlockwise direction concerning port 1 along the horizontal axis in case 1 (Figure 5a) while in case 2, the element is mirrored along the vertical axis (Figure 5b).  The basic element is used for simulating a dual-element, quad-element, and eightelement UWB antenna. First, the single element is duplicated in the vertical and horizontal positions, and S parameters are analyzed. The element at port 2 is rotated in an anticlockwise direction concerning port 1 along the horizontal axis in case 1 (Figure 5a) while in case 2, the element is mirrored along the vertical axis ( Figure 5b).   The basic element is used for simulating a dual-element, quad-element, and eightelement UWB antenna. First, the single element is duplicated in the vertical and horizontal positions, and S parameters are analyzed. The element at port 2 is rotated in an anticlockwise direction concerning port 1 along the horizontal axis in case 1 (Figure 5a) while in case 2, the element is mirrored along the vertical axis (Figure 5b).  Four element MIMO design is realized by arranging the single element to form a plus-shaped structure. Orthogonal, as well as spatial diversity, along with separate ground is first attained as shown in Figure 6a. Since the applicability of the MIMO antenna with separate ground is very limited, the plus-shaped structure is modified to accomplish a connected ground 4-element MIMO. The antenna elements are symmetrically and rotationally placed in a manner so that it occupies low surface area while achieving pattern diversity. Concerning the element at port 1, the element at port 2 is rotated in an anticlockwise direction along the horizontal axis while the element at port 3 is mirrored along the vertical axis, and lastly, the element at port 4 is rotated clockwise along the horizontal axis. The connection between the ground planes is carefully chosen for isolation level below −15 dB, which is visible in Figure 6b.  Four element MIMO design is realized by arranging the single element to form a plus-shaped structure. Orthogonal, as well as spatial diversity, along with separate ground is first attained as shown in Figure 6a. Since the applicability of the MIMO antenna with separate ground is very limited, the plus-shaped structure is modified to accomplish a connected ground 4-element MIMO. The antenna elements are symmetrically and rotationally placed in a manner so that it occupies low surface area while achieving pattern diversity. Concerning the element at port 1, the element at port 2 is rotated in an anticlockwise direction along the horizontal axis while the element at port 3 is mirrored along the vertical axis, and lastly, the element at port 4 is rotated clockwise along the horizontal axis. The connection between the ground planes is carefully chosen for isolation level below −15 dB, which is visible in Figure 6b. The current geometry helps the antenna to be inserted in the systems where perfect square-shaped space is unavailable and can be accommodated easily between the circuit elements. The fabricated front and back view of the UWB 4-element connected ground MIMO antenna is illustrated in Figure 7a,b which is analyzed for MIMO diversity performance in the next section.  The current geometry helps the antenna to be inserted in the systems where perfect square-shaped space is unavailable and can be accommodated easily between the circuit elements. The fabricated front and back view of the UWB 4-element connected ground MIMO antenna is illustrated in Figure 7a,b which is analyzed for MIMO diversity performance in the next section. Four element MIMO design is realized by arranging the single element to form a plus-shaped structure. Orthogonal, as well as spatial diversity, along with separate ground is first attained as shown in Figure 6a. Since the applicability of the MIMO antenna with separate ground is very limited, the plus-shaped structure is modified to accomplish a connected ground 4-element MIMO. The antenna elements are symmetrically and rotationally placed in a manner so that it occupies low surface area while achieving pattern diversity. Concerning the element at port 1, the element at port 2 is rotated in an anticlockwise direction along the horizontal axis while the element at port 3 is mirrored along the vertical axis, and lastly, the element at port 4 is rotated clockwise along the horizontal axis. The connection between the ground planes is carefully chosen for isolation level below −15 dB, which is visible in Figure 6b. The current geometry helps the antenna to be inserted in the systems where perfect square-shaped space is unavailable and can be accommodated easily between the circuit elements. The fabricated front and back view of the UWB 4-element connected ground MIMO antenna is illustrated in Figure 7a,b which is analyzed for MIMO diversity performance in the next section.  The analysis in terms of S parameters, current distribution, radiation patterns, gain, efficiency, and MIMO diversity parameters are discussed in the next section for the configurations shown here.

Results and Discussion
The reflection coefficient analysis of the basic element shows that the antenna covers an impedance bandwidth of (76.29%) 3.19-15.32 GHz where close correlation with simulated values is observed as illustrated in Figure 9. The reflection coefficient of 2-element MIMO with separate ground is displayed in Figure 10 where apparent wide bandwidth and isolation >15 dB is observed for both the cases. The antenna resonates in the range of (134.70%) 3.01-15.43 GHz in case 1 while The analysis in terms of S parameters, current distribution, radiation patterns, gain, efficiency, and MIMO diversity parameters are discussed in the next section for the configurations shown here.

Results and Discussion
The reflection coefficient analysis of the basic element shows that the antenna covers an impedance bandwidth of (76.29%) 3.19-15.32 GHz where close correlation with simulated values is observed as illustrated in Figure 9. The analysis in terms of S parameters, current distribution, radiation patterns, gain, efficiency, and MIMO diversity parameters are discussed in the next section for the configurations shown here.

Results and Discussion
The reflection coefficient analysis of the basic element shows that the antenna covers an impedance bandwidth of (76.29%) 3.19-15.32 GHz where close correlation with simulated values is observed as illustrated in Figure 9. The reflection coefficient of 2-element MIMO with separate ground is displayed in Figure 10 where apparent wide bandwidth and isolation >15 dB is observed for both the cases. The antenna resonates in the range of (134.70%) 3.01-15.43 GHz in case 1 while The reflection coefficient of 2-element MIMO with separate ground is displayed in Figure 10 where apparent wide bandwidth and isolation >15 dB is observed for both the cases. The antenna resonates in the range of (134.70%) 3.01-15.43 GHz in case 1 while (134.38%) 3.01-15.34 GHz in case 2. The greater level of isolation is visible in the orthogonal arrangement of elements as compared to the elements arranged in a mirrored fashion along the vertical axis.
(134.38%) 3.01-15.34 GHz in case 2. The greater level of isolation is visible in the orthogonal arrangement of elements as compared to the elements arranged in a mirrored fashion along the vertical axis. The simulated reflection coefficient of four-element MIMO with the separate and connected ground plane is displayed in Figure 11 where the antenna achieves IBW of (135.25%) 2.98-15.43 GHz in antenna with separate ground and (136.92%) 2.84-15.33 GHz in antenna with the connected ground plane. Isolation levels are greater in the case of an antenna with separate ground; however, the careful selection of strip lines for connecting the ground planes has helped the antenna in achieving the isolation levels >15 dB due to minimum inter-element coupling. The measured results for connected ground configuration ( Figure 12) indicate that over a wide frequency band spanning from (136.69%) 2.86-15.21 GHz, the results are well-matched. Slight variation in reflection coefficient and isolations levels are due to fabrication tolerances and connector losses. The simulated reflection coefficient of four-element MIMO with the separate and connected ground plane is displayed in Figure 11 where the antenna achieves IBW of (135.25%) 2.98-15.43 GHz in antenna with separate ground and (136.92%) 2.84-15.33 GHz in antenna with the connected ground plane. Isolation levels are greater in the case of an antenna with separate ground; however, the careful selection of strip lines for connecting the ground planes has helped the antenna in achieving the isolation levels >15 dB due to minimum inter-element coupling. The measured results for connected ground configuration ( Figure 12 Figure 12 shows the experimental values of 4-element-connected ground S parameters. The orthogonal placement of elements (1-2, 23, 34, and 41) leads to isolation >16 dB between the proposed bands. The isolation value is >12 dB is achieved between the elements placed in a mirrored fashion. It increases above 15 dB after 3.8 GHz. The orthogonal   Figure 12 shows the experimental values of 4-element-connected ground S parameters. The orthogonal placement of elements (1-2, 23, 34, and 41) leads to isolation >16 dB between the proposed bands. The isolation value is >12 dB is achieved between the elements placed in a mirrored fashion. It increases above 15 dB after 3.8 GHz. The orthogonal  Figure 12 shows the experimental values of 4-element-connected ground S parameters. The orthogonal placement of elements (1-2, 23, 34, and 41) leads to isolation >16 dB between the proposed bands. The isolation value is >12 dB is achieved between the elements placed in a mirrored fashion. It increases above 15 dB after 3.8 GHz. The orthogonal element placement ensures good isolation due to lower mutual coupling and the orthogonally polarized patterns. Higher isolation among elements placed in a mirrored position is due to the spatial separation. A decent agreement between simulated and experimental values is visible from Figure 12.
To comprehend the isolation mechanism, the current distribution is observed at 3.1 GHz, 4.70 GHz, 6.90 GHz, and 9.5 GHz in 4-element-connected ground structure as depicted in Figure 13a-d, respectively. While carrying out the analysis, Port 1 is excited while other ports are terminated with a 50 Ω load. The field intensity at four resonant peaks suggests that isolation is very good with a negligible amount of coupling occurring between the inter-elements.
Electronics 2021, 10, x 10 of 19 element placement ensures good isolation due to lower mutual coupling and the orthogonally polarized patterns. Higher isolation among elements placed in a mirrored position is due to the spatial separation. A decent agreement between simulated and experimental values is visible from Figure 12.
To comprehend the isolation mechanism, the current distribution is observed at 3.1 GHz, 4.70 GHz, 6.90 GHz, and 9.5 GHz in 4-element-connected ground structure as depicted in Figure 13a-d, respectively. While carrying out the analysis, Port 1 is excited while other ports are terminated with a 50 Ω load. The field intensity at four resonant peaks suggests that isolation is very good with a negligible amount of coupling occurring between the inter-elements. The experimental two-dimensional (2D) co/cross-polarization radiation patterns of the UWB connected ground MIMO antenna are depicted in Figure 14 by providing excitation at port 1 and keeping other ports terminated with matched load (50 Ω). The EH plane patterns are plotted at resonating frequencies of 3.10 GHz, 4.70 GHz, 6.90 GHz, and 9.50 GHz. The lower cross-polarization at resonant peaks for both planes can be observed. The experimental two-dimensional (2D) co/cross-polarization radiation patterns of the UWB connected ground MIMO antenna are depicted in Figure 14 by providing excitation at port 1 and keeping other ports terminated with matched load (50 Ω). The EH plane patterns are plotted at resonating frequencies of 3.10 GHz, 4.70 GHz, 6.90 GHz, and 9.50 GHz. The lower cross-polarization at resonant peaks for both planes can be observed. element placement ensures good isolation due to lower mutual coupling and the orthogonally polarized patterns. Higher isolation among elements placed in a mirrored position is due to the spatial separation. A decent agreement between simulated and experimental values is visible from Figure 12.
To comprehend the isolation mechanism, the current distribution is observed at 3.1 GHz, 4.70 GHz, 6.90 GHz, and 9.5 GHz in 4-element-connected ground structure as depicted in Figure 13a-d, respectively. While carrying out the analysis, Port 1 is excited while other ports are terminated with a 50 Ω load. The field intensity at four resonant peaks suggests that isolation is very good with a negligible amount of coupling occurring between the inter-elements. The experimental two-dimensional (2D) co/cross-polarization radiation patterns of the UWB connected ground MIMO antenna are depicted in Figure 14 by providing excitation at port 1 and keeping other ports terminated with matched load (50 Ω). The EH plane patterns are plotted at resonating frequencies of 3.10 GHz, 4.70 GHz, 6.90 GHz, and 9.50 GHz. The lower cross-polarization at resonant peaks for both planes can be observed.    (Figure 16a). Isolation of antenna concerning element 1 is depicted in Figure 16b where satisfactory isolation levels are observed having a value >15 dB, and the same is observed when isolation levels between other antenna elements are simulated (Figure 16c).     (Figure 16a). Isolation of antenna concerning element 1 is depicted in Figure 16b where satisfactory isolation levels are observed having a value >15 dB, and the same is observed when isolation levels between other antenna elements are simulated (Figure 16c).  (Figure 16a). Isolation of antenna concerning element 1 is depicted in Figure 16b where satisfactory isolation levels are observed having a value >15 dB, and the same is observed when isolation levels between other antenna elements are simulated (Figure 16c).    (Figure 16a). Isolation of antenna concerning element 1 is depicted in Figure 16b where satisfactory isolation levels are observed having a value >15 dB, and the same is observed when isolation levels between other antenna elements are simulated (Figure 16c). A simulated gain and efficiency plot by exciting port 1 and terminating other ports with impedance load (50 Ω) for an 8-port MIMO antenna is illustrated in Figure 17. Average gain >5.6 dBi is observed for the bands of interest.

MIMO Diversity Analysis
Antenna characterization for diversity performance is carried out using the method suggested in [31][32][33] as the antenna is proposed for its use in MIMO applications.

Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC)
ECC is a very essential parameter for measuring the diversity performance of MIMO antenna. It indicates how radiations of each antenna element are independent of each other in a practical environment where the signals of transmitter and receiver are multipath fading signals.
The ECC of two antenna elements is estimated by using the below equation and graphically illustrated in Figure 18. A simulated gain and efficiency plot by exciting port 1 and terminating other ports with impedance load (50 Ω) for an 8-port MIMO antenna is illustrated in Figure 17. Average gain >5.6 dBi is observed for the bands of interest. A simulated gain and efficiency plot by exciting port 1 and terminating other ports with impedance load (50 Ω) for an 8-port MIMO antenna is illustrated in Figure 17. Average gain >5.6 dBi is observed for the bands of interest.

MIMO Diversity Analysis
Antenna characterization for diversity performance is carried out using the method suggested in [31][32][33] as the antenna is proposed for its use in MIMO applications.

Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC)
ECC is a very essential parameter for measuring the diversity performance of MIMO antenna. It indicates how radiations of each antenna element are independent of each other in a practical environment where the signals of transmitter and receiver are multipath fading signals.
The ECC of two antenna elements is estimated by using the below equation and graphically illustrated in Figure 18.

MIMO Diversity Analysis
Antenna characterization for diversity performance is carried out using the method suggested in [31][32][33] as the antenna is proposed for its use in MIMO applications.

Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC)
ECC is a very essential parameter for measuring the diversity performance of MIMO antenna. It indicates how radiations of each antenna element are independent of each other in a practical environment where the signals of transmitter and receiver are multipath fading signals.
The ECC of two antenna elements is estimated by using the below equation and graphically illustrated in Figure 18. where → F i (θ, ∅) is the three-dimensional field pattern of the antenna, when the ith port is excited. Ω is the solid angle measured over a sphere.
where ⃗ ( , ∅) is the three-dimensional field pattern of the antenna, when the ith port is excited. is the solid angle measured over a sphere. From Figure 18, it is noted that the ECC values (simulated and measured) of each antenna element (ECC 12, ECC 13, ECC 14) are very close to zero and less than 0.02. This validates that the MIMO antenna has uncorrelated far-field patterns and is suitable for UWB application.

Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC)
The TARC articulates the total incident power to the total outgoing power in presence of a multi-port antenna and is expressed in the below Equation (2) and shown in Figure 19.
where in Equation (2), | | and | | are the excitation and scattering vector, respectively. From Figure 18, it is noted that the ECC values (simulated and measured) of each antenna element (ECC 12, ECC 13, ECC 14) are very close to zero and less than 0.02. This validates that the MIMO antenna has uncorrelated far-field patterns and is suitable for UWB application.

Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC)
The TARC articulates the total incident power to the total outgoing power in presence of a multi-port antenna and is expressed in the below Equation (2) and shown in Figure 19.
where in Equation (2), |a| and |b| are the excitation and scattering vector, respectively.
where ⃗ ( , ∅) is the three-dimensional field pattern of the antenna, when the ith port is excited. is the solid angle measured over a sphere. From Figure 18, it is noted that the ECC values (simulated and measured) of each antenna element (ECC 12, ECC 13, ECC 14) are very close to zero and less than 0.02. This validates that the MIMO antenna has uncorrelated far-field patterns and is suitable for UWB application.

Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC)
The TARC articulates the total incident power to the total outgoing power in presence of a multi-port antenna and is expressed in the below Equation (2) and shown in Figure 19.
where in Equation (2), | | and | | are the excitation and scattering vector, respectively. To verify the effect of TARC on impedance bandwidth, the proposed four-port MIMO antenna is integrated with an ideal phase shifter where a scan angle is varied from 30 • to 180 • . From Figure 18, it is visualized that for all scanning angles the TARC value lies below −10 dB confirming that all the delivered power is accepted by another antenna element without affecting the impedance bandwidth of the proposed four-port MIMO antenna. Therefore, this also validated that the proposed four-port MIMO antenna is also an attractive applicant for integration with a phase shifter.

Mean Effective Gain (MEG)
The MEG is another essential diversity performance parameter for the characterization of MIMO antenna in wireless channels. MEG determines the ability of the antenna element to accept an electromagnetic signal in the presence of affluent multipath fading signals.
Therefore, Figure 20 illustrates the ratio of the mean received power to mean incident power of antenna elements. Each MEG ratio closer to 0 dB throughout the operating bands confirms that each antenna element is a suitable candidate for UWB MIMO applications.
To verify the effect of TARC on impedance bandwidth, the proposed four-port MIMO antenna is integrated with an ideal phase shifter where a scan angle is varied from 30° to 180°. From Figure 18, it is visualized that for all scanning angles the TARC value lies below −10 dB confirming that all the delivered power is accepted by another antenna element without affecting the impedance bandwidth of the proposed four-port MIMO antenna. Therefore, this also validated that the proposed four-port MIMO antenna is also an attractive applicant for integration with a phase shifter.

Mean Effective Gain (MEG)
The MEG is another essential diversity performance parameter for the characterization of MIMO antenna in wireless channels. MEG determines the ability of the antenna element to accept an electromagnetic signal in the presence of affluent multipath fading signals.
Therefore, Figure 20 illustrates the ratio of the mean received power to mean incident power of antenna elements. Each MEG ratio closer to 0 dB throughout the operating bands confirms that each antenna element is a suitable candidate for UWB MIMO applications.

Channel Capacity Loss (CCL)
To achieve high data transmission, the minimum acceptable level of CCL is 0.5 bits/s/Hz. The CCL is calculated using Equation (3)

Channel Capacity Loss (CCL)
To achieve high data transmission, the minimum acceptable level of CCL is 0.5 bits/s/Hz. The CCL is calculated using Equation (3)

ECC of 8-Element-Connected Ground MIMO Antenna
From Figure 22, it is noted that the simulated ECC values of each antenna element (ECC 12,ECC 13,ECC 14,ECC 15,ECC 16,ECC 17,and ECC 18) are very close to zero and less than 0.02. This validates that the MIMO antenna has uncorrelated far-field patterns.

ECC of 8-Element-Connected Ground MIMO Antenna
From Figure 22, it is noted that the simulated ECC values of each antenna element (ECC 12,ECC 13,ECC 14,ECC 15,ECC 16,ECC 17,and ECC 18) are very close to zero and less than 0.02. This validates that the MIMO antenna has uncorrelated far-field patterns.

Time Domain Performance Analysis of the Proposed Antenna
In order to illustrate the time domain performance of the antenna, the time domain characteristics including forward transmission (S21) coefficient and group delay are investigated. Figure 23 shows the experimental set-up that uses twin antennas, where one is acting as a transmitter (Tx) and another as receiver (Rx). These antennas are placed face-to-face at a distance of 50 cm which is five times the wavelength of lower operating frequency (around 3.00 GHz) in order to create far field atmosphere. Twin antennas are excited by using 5th order Gaussian pulse by using following equation (3):

Time Domain Performance Analysis of the Proposed Antenna
In order to illustrate the time domain performance of the antenna, the time domain characteristics including forward transmission (S 21 ) coefficient and group delay are investigated. Figure 23 shows the experimental set-up that uses twin antennas, where one is acting as a transmitter (Tx) and another as receiver (Rx). These antennas are placed face-to-face at a distance of 50 cm which is five times the wavelength of lower operating frequency (around 3.00 GHz) in order to create far field atmosphere. Twin antennas are excited by using 5th order Gaussian pulse by using following Equation (3): where in (3), 't' is time, 'A' is amplitude, 'σ' is spread of Gaussian pulse.        Through the investigation of the time domain behavior of the proposed antenna, it can be concluded that the proposed antenna has linear transmission characteristics with lower transmission coefficient and stable group delay across the operating band's interest. This confirms the applicability of the proposed antenna for UWB operations employed in wireless devices. Table 1 shows the comparison of the proposed 4/8-element UWB antenna with other UWB MIMO antennas. The proposed 4/8-element antenna exhibits low profile as compared to most of the 8-port MIMO antennas, high IBW, isolation >15 dB without using any complex isolation or decoupling techniques, high gain as compared to all the existing state This confirms the applicability of the proposed antenna for UWB operations employed in wireless devices. Table 1 shows the comparison of the proposed 4/8-element UWB antenna with other UWB MIMO antennas. The proposed 4/8-element antenna exhibits low profile as compared to most of the 8-port MIMO antennas, high IBW, isolation >15 dB without using any complex isolation or decoupling techniques, high gain as compared to all the existing state of Arts, and permissible MIMO diversity performance that makes the antenna commercially viable for portable UWB applications.

Conclusions
A four-element connected ground UWB-MIMO antenna with modified substrate geometry, and the defected ground is presented in this article. The low profile of the antenna is achieved using substrate shape which is different than the conventional square shape. The key parameters of the 4-element antenna are analyzed using simulation and experiment in terms of |S11|, radiation patterns, isolation, gain, and MIMO diversity parameters. A decent agreement is observed between the results. Connected ground helps the MIMO antenna for its use in commercial applications moreover defected structure with inverted L-shaped strip, and slotted semi ellipse at the ground plane helped in accomplishing the wideband performance. Isolation between elements >16 dB is achieved by orthogonally placing the antenna elements. The proposed low profile 4-elements UWB-MIMO antenna structure achieves wide IBW, stable gain, omnidirectional patterns, higher isolation, and decent diversity properties. The extended connected ground 8-element MIMO antenna also illustrated wide IBW, satisfactory isolation levels, and ECC that makes it a good candidate for portable UWB-MIMO systems. Funding: This work is funded by FCT/MCTES through national funds and when applicable cofunded EU funds under the project UIDB/50008/2020-UIDP/50008/2020. Data Availability Statement: All data are included within manuscript.