Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis: Risk Factors, Regulatory Pathways in Chondrocytes, and Experimental Models

He, Yuchen; Li, Zhong; Alexander, Peter G.; Ocasio-Nieves, Brian D.; Yocum, Lauren; Lin, Hang; Tuan, Rocky S.

doi:10.3390/biology9080194

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Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis: Risk Factors, Regulatory Pathways in Chondrocytes, and Experimental Models

by

Yuchen He

^1,†,

Zhong Li

^1,†

,

Peter G. Alexander

^1,2,†,

Brian D. Ocasio-Nieves

¹,

Lauren Yocum

¹

,

Hang Lin

^1,2,3,* and

Rocky S. Tuan

^1,2,3,4,*

¹

Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA

²

McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA

³

Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA

⁴

Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

These authors contribute equally to this work.

Biology 2020, 9(8), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9080194

Submission received: 26 June 2020 / Revised: 24 July 2020 / Accepted: 24 July 2020 / Published: 29 July 2020

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology of Osteoarthritis)

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Abstract

As the most common chronic degenerative joint disease, osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading cause of pain and physical disability, affecting millions of people worldwide. Mainly characterized by articular cartilage degradation, osteophyte formation, subchondral bone remodeling, and synovial inflammation, OA is a heterogeneous disease that impacts all component tissues of the articular joint organ. Pathological changes, and thus symptoms, vary from person to person, underscoring the critical need of personalized therapies. However, there has only been limited progress towards the prevention and treatment of OA, and there are no approved effective disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs). Conventional treatments, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and physical therapy, are still the major remedies to manage the symptoms until the need for total joint replacement. In this review, we provide an update of the known OA risk factors and relevant mechanisms of action. In addition, given that the lack of biologically relevant models to recapitulate human OA pathogenesis represents one of the major roadblocks in developing DMOADs, we discuss current in vivo and in vitro experimental OA models, with special emphasis on recent development and application potential of human cell-derived microphysiological tissue chip platforms.

Keywords: osteoarthritis; pathogenesis; experimental model; disease modifying osteoarthritis drugs; microphysiological systems

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MDPI and ACS Style

He, Y.; Li, Z.; Alexander, P.G.; Ocasio-Nieves, B.D.; Yocum, L.; Lin, H.; Tuan, R.S. Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis: Risk Factors, Regulatory Pathways in Chondrocytes, and Experimental Models. Biology 2020, 9, 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9080194

AMA Style

He Y, Li Z, Alexander PG, Ocasio-Nieves BD, Yocum L, Lin H, Tuan RS. Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis: Risk Factors, Regulatory Pathways in Chondrocytes, and Experimental Models. Biology. 2020; 9(8):194. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9080194

Chicago/Turabian Style

He, Yuchen, Zhong Li, Peter G. Alexander, Brian D. Ocasio-Nieves, Lauren Yocum, Hang Lin, and Rocky S. Tuan. 2020. "Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis: Risk Factors, Regulatory Pathways in Chondrocytes, and Experimental Models" Biology 9, no. 8: 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9080194

APA Style

He, Y., Li, Z., Alexander, P. G., Ocasio-Nieves, B. D., Yocum, L., Lin, H., & Tuan, R. S. (2020). Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis: Risk Factors, Regulatory Pathways in Chondrocytes, and Experimental Models. Biology, 9(8), 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9080194

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

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Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis: Risk Factors, Regulatory Pathways in Chondrocytes, and Experimental Models

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