Evolution of Elements on Electrode Surfaces in Gas-Insulated Systems under Electrical Heating

: Accidents always occur in gas-insulated switchgears (GIS) and gas-insulated lines (GIL) since ﬁlmed joint electrodes are produced when internal gases react with the electrode’s surface when there is a discharge or when internal electricals overheat. To solve the problem, this paper analyzed the evolution of elements on the contact electrode. The reaction of the SF6 and electrode’s surface under breakdown currents and overheating conditions was obtained, and the discharge time and discharge current effects upon the transfer of the element were proposed. It was found that the mobility of the F element on the electrode’s surface typically increases after electrical heating. The number of interruptions and short-circuit currents are important factors affecting the transfer of the F element to the electrode. The ﬂashover current is the essential factor that accelerates the transfer of the F element to insulating materials. Frequent switching is a main factor that accelerates the transfer of the F element to the contact. It was also found that Al has little correlations with the breaking process, and metal ﬂuorides become the main components on the electrode’s surface under discharge heating. The research provides a theoretical basis and data support for GIS/GIL surface optimization treatments and the improvement of fault detection methods.


Introduction
When the gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) operates frequently or has defects, the SF 6 gas will decompose, react with electrodes and other solid insulating materials, and form solid decomposition products.These solid deposits are generated on the surface of the electrodes and the walls of the equipment's shell.Composition analyses can reveal the evolution and migration of elements inside the equipment under electrical heating conditions and provide a basis for the evaluation of equipment operation statuses.
For the detection of GIS faults and insulation conditions, reference [1] proposes 23 comprehensive evaluation index systems that comprehensively considered partial discharge (PD) hazards, SF 6 insulation performance, time, environment, and economy and established an evaluation model for GIS equipment insulation conditions.The model solves the problems of setting the weight of the evaluation index and determining the membership, and the experimental example shows that the evaluation results are reasonable.Reference [2] studies some important factors that affect the surface flashover characteristics of solid insulators in SF 6 .The reliability of gas-insulated equipment can be well maintained via preventive measures and management.Reference [3] studied the influence of common failure modes (such as corrosion, disconnection, and contact misalignment) on the dynamic resistance measurements (DRM) using COMSOL finite element analysis.A three-dimensional multi-physics simulation of the breaking chamber is carried out, and it is proposed that DRM exhibits specific behaviors in each specific fault, and the performance of the algorithm is evaluated in experiments.Reference [4] proposes a method for detecting constructed an experimental test system, studied the characteristics of SF 6 decomposition components in the presence of trace moisture, and analyzed the SF 6 decomposition product.The influence of moisture contents on the decomposition products was discussed compared with normal operations, and the gas decomposition mechanism involving moisture was discussed.Reference [17] conducted a series of artificial thermal failure decomposition experiments with different water concentrations on the self-designed SF 6 thermal decomposition experimental system and proved that water plays an important role in the generation of SF 6 thermal decomposition components.Reference [18] analyzed the SF 6 decomposition products in different equipment and pointed out the characteristic gases of the fault characteristics of the gas insulation equipment and their application prospects.Reference [19] proposed the further research topic of SF 6 decomposition in combination with the requirements of GIS equipment status assessments.They obtained the criterion of SF 6 decomposition products in GIS fault diagnosis and provided the basis for GIS operation management.Reference [20] used quadrupole mass spectrometry to study the formation of spark discharge decomposition by-products in SF 6 , quantified the amount of spark discharge by-products in SF 6 , and determined the energy and pressure dependence of various by-products.References [21,22] proposed the advancement of photo-and electrocatalytic nanomaterials via pulsed laser-assisted technologies with detailed mechanistic insights and structural optimization along with effective catalytic performances in various energy and environmental remediation processes.Moreover, in reference [23], in order to study the potential antibacterial properties of the materials, two different bacterial strains were used, and the diameter of the zone of inhibition was observed.However, there is no other public report on the evolution characteristics of elements inside the switchgear and on the surface of the electrode under discharge heating.
In this paper, the reaction process of SF 6 gas with the electrode's surface and insulating material under the superheated conditions of GIS/GIL is carried out, and the micro-morphological characteristics and element distribution of the material's surface are obtained; moreover, an accurate observation method for the surface's morphology is proposed.The influence characteristics of discharge current on the transfer of the F element provide the theoretical basis and data support for GIS/GIL failure analysis, surface treatments, and electrode optimization.

Elemental Reaction Process on the Electrode's Surface under Electrical Heating Conditions
Due to the operation of circuit breakers, isolating switches, and earthing switches, high temperature arcs and mechanical wear may produce solid powders.At the same time, when switchgear (including GIS busbars, transformers, etc.) has discharges or overheating defects, solid decomposition products may also be produced [24].
For circuit breakers, under the high temperature conditions of the breaking arc, SF 6 gas and insulating materials (CkHy) such as graphite (C), polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon or PTEE), contact material (Cu and W), arc-extinguishing structural materials, shell materials (Al), etc., will produce chemical reactions [25], and they mainly include the following.SF 6 + Cu → SF 4 + CuF 2 (1) In the above reactants, some products such as WF 6 , AlF 3 , CuF 2 , etc., all exist in the switch arc's extinguishing chamber as steady-state solid powders.

Discharge Defects
When a discharge defect occurs inside the equipment, SF 6 gases interact with solid materials, and polymer materials and metal materials are decomposed by high-temperature arcs, releasing metal vapor and cracking products such as methane, CO 2 , etc. [26].SF 6 gases and their decomposition products, such as the gas-phase reaction [27], are accompanied by the volatile substances produced during the arc-extinguishing process, as shown in Equations.( 8) and (9).These decomposition products react with metallic materials, siliconinsulating basin materials, etc., to produce solid and powdered metal fluorides.
Among them, M represents metals or the C element.Since polymer materials can absorb water, volatile substances contain a large number of water molecules and affect gas-phase reactions.Initially, SF 4 reacts with moisture to form SOF 2 , and then it will react with water on the surface of the insulator for a long period of time, resulting in the slow generation of SOF 2 within a few hours of discharge.The reaction formula is as follows.
Due to the rapid response of formula (10), SF 4 can be detected rarely.When the HF molecule encounters the silicon filler, a chemical reaction can occur according to Formula (12) to generate SiF 4 gas.Equation (13) reacts rapidly when silica is present in the form of quartz, and the pressure build-up leads to the formation of bubbles.
In Equation (13), the generated water bubbles contain highly electrolytic materials such as H 2 SiF 6 , and the HF gas absorbed by the epoxy resin changes the surface resistance, which may lead to a significant drop in the shock flashover voltage.For the mixtures of SF 6 and perfluorocarbons, the C atoms in the perfluorocarbons react with the F atoms of the SF 6 gas to form inert perfluorocarbon compounds [28].The nozzle's wear is manifested as the "burning" of Teflon, and reaction formula (14) occurs, resulting in the reaction of PTFE and SF 6 to generate CF 4 , carbon fluoride, SF 4 , etc.
Solid insulating materials in switchgear are often made of polymer materials such as epoxy, polyethylene, Teflon, and phenolic, including filled epoxy materials for GIS basin insulators [29].A flashover occurs at the interface of SF 6 gases and solids (insulating basin creepage flashover), and the polymer material in the discharge will affect the formed decomposition products.The test results show that when the main product generated by the arc is CF 4 , the gas products generated by the thermal performance degradation of epoxy and phenolic resins will cause a large amount of solid decomposition products.

Overheating Defect
The thermal and chemical stability of SF 6 gas at the normal operating temperature of GIS is an important characteristic, which has a great influence on the long-term reliability and aging performance of the equipment [30].Compared with the discharge decomposition Coatings 2023, 13, 33 5 of 14 products, the decomposition process's products under overheating defects have not been fully studied.
Experiments show that [31] the critical temperature of SF 6 gas decompositions is 600 K, which is mainly decomposed into SF 2 and SF 4 .At 150 K, SF 6 gases will react with silicon steel sheets.When the temperature is higher than 200 K, many metals begin to react with SF 6 to form metal fluorides and sulfide.In addition to the formation of fluoride and sulfide on the surface of the metal casing, gaseous decomposition products such as SO 2 can also be detected.
The decomposition rate of SF 6 increases significantly with increasing temperatures [32].At 650 K, when aluminum and copper are placed in SF 6 gas for 90 h, SOF 2 , SO 2 F 2 , and SO 2 will be generated, and stainless steel has no decomposition products.For aluminum, only SO 2 F 2 is detected.For copper, SO 2 and SOF 2 are detected, and a large amount of SO 2 is detected in the test.Metal fluorides simultaneously formed [33].
When the temperature is between 700 to 900 K, SF 6 gas in stainless steel, copper, and quartz tubes decomposes into SF 4 .For quartz tubes, SF 4 reacts with SiO 2 to form SiF 4 and SOF 2 .For copper and stainless-steel tubes, SF 4 is the main decomposition product.When the temperature reaches 1500 K, SF 6 mainly decomposed into SF 4 , and its conversion to oxyfluoride depends on SF 6 gas and impurities contained on the metal's surface, such as oxygen and moisture.SF 6 gas decomposition products react with metals and insulating materials to form solid powders such as metal fluorides and fluorocarbons.

Experimental Detail
The opening and closing tests were conducted in the high-power test station (50MVA, Shandong Taikai High Voltage Switchgear Co., Ltd, Taian, China) with a high electrical life capacitor bank circuit breaker.The main diagram of the test circuit is shown in Figure 1.
bility and aging performance of the equipment [30].Compared with the discharge decomposition products, the decomposition process's products under overheating defects have not been fully studied.
Experiments show that [31] the critical temperature of SF6 gas decompositions is 600 K, which is mainly decomposed into SF2 and SF4.At 150 K, SF6 gases will react with silicon steel sheets.When the temperature is higher than 200 K, many metals begin to react with SF6 to form metal fluorides and sulfide.In addition to the formation of fluoride and sulfide on the surface of the metal casing, gaseous decomposition products such as SO2 can also be detected.
The decomposition rate of SF6 increases significantly with increasing temperatures [32].At 650 K, when aluminum and copper are placed in SF6 gas for 90 h, SOF2, SO2F2, and SO2 will be generated, and stainless steel has no decomposition products.For aluminum, only SO2F2 is detected.For copper, SO2 and SOF2 are detected, and a large amount of SO2 is detected in the test.Metal fluorides simultaneously formed [33].
When the temperature is between 700 to 900 K, SF6 gas in stainless steel, copper, and quartz tubes decomposes into SF4.For quartz tubes, SF4 reacts with SiO2 to form SiF4 and SOF2.For copper and stainless-steel tubes, SF4 is the main decomposition product.When the temperature reaches 1500 K, SF6 mainly decomposed into SF4, and its conversion to oxyfluoride depends on SF6 gas and impurities contained on the metal's surface, such as oxygen and moisture.SF6 gas decomposition products react with metals and insulating materials to form solid powders such as metal fluorides and fluorocarbons.

Experimental Detail
The opening and closing tests were conducted in the high-power test station (50MVA, Shandong Taikai High Voltage Switchgear Co., Ltd, Taian, China) with a high electrical life capacitor bank circuit breaker.The main diagram of the test circuit is shown in Figure  The static contact structure part in the arc's extinguishing chamber is supported and fixed by the insulator, and the static contact structure mainly comprises a static contact base, a static main contact, a static arc contact, and other structures.The overall voltage withstanding the capability of the circuit breaker is improved by increasing the insulation distance between the main conductor circuit part of the circuit breaker and the casing of the test device.The moving contact is mainly composed of a moving contact seat, a moving main contact, a moving arc contact, a cylinder, and a tie rod.The moving contact is connected with the insulating pull rod outside the tank body, and the opening and closing movement of the circuit breaker contact is driven by the transmission device connected with the contact.Since the discharge or high-temperature arc between the arc contacts during the test will ablate the contacts, the dynamic and static arc contacts are made of Coatings 2023, 13, 33 6 of 14 copper-tungsten alloy materials in order to improve the burning resistance of the arc contacts of the circuit breaker and to meet the requirements for multiple tests at different spacings [34][35][36][37].

Main Equipment for Sample Preparation
After the test was completed, the surface of the electrode was observed by using scanning electron microscopes (COXEM, Daejeon, Korea), and the elements on the surface of the electrode were analyzed.The equipment and main parameters used are shown in Table 1.The accelerating voltage 0.5 kV∼30 kV continuously adjustable 3 Magnification 5∼300,000 times, adjustable

Sample Preparation
An SEM analysis was carried out to obtain the characteristics of non-metallic adhesion on the electrode's surface [38].The result shows that the solid decomposition products collected inside the switchgear were mainly powder particles.The sample preparation method includes the direct dusting method, dispersant dispersion method, ultrasonic dispersion method, etc.For powder samples with different particle sizes, it is necessary to select an appropriate method to achieve the best observation effect.According to the requirements of SEM testing samples, the samples were prepared by using the direct dusting method, dispersant dispersion method, and ultrasonic method.The processing steps of solid samples were analyzed, and the sample preparation process of the solid decomposition products was proposed, as shown in Figure 2. It mainly includes (1) sampling, (2) physical cleaning to remove dirt and impurities on the surface of the sample, (3) drying treatments in which the cleaned sample should also be dried by using an appropriate method; (4) and fixing (using conductive tape to fix the pre-processed sample on the sample stage).( 5) Then, the sample with poor electrical conductivity needs to be sprayed with gold to coat the conductive film.The selection of gold spraying times and gold spraying currents should be determined according to the properties of the sample.Usually, the gold spraying time should not be too long, and the spraying current should not be too large in order to prevent damage with respect to the sample or change the shape of the sample.
OR PEER REVIEW 7 of 14 The high electrical life capacitor bank circuit breaker used in UHV engineering was subjected to breaking and closing tests at the high-power test station.After more than  The high electrical life capacitor bank circuit breaker used in UHV engineering was subjected to breaking and closing tests at the high-power test station.After more than 1300 tests, the circuit breaker failed to break.In order to analyze the reasons for the failure of the circuit breaker test, gas was collected from the equipment to analyze the composition of SF 6 gas decomposition products.
The output spectrum obtained by a pulsed discharge detector (PDD) is shown in Figure 3.The main components detected are CF 4 , C 2 F 6 , and C 3 F 8 .The content of each component is analyzed and there are high levels of carbide content, indicating the reaction generated between the SF 6 and the insulator in the GIS.

Sample Test Results in the Test Switch
The high electrical life capacitor bank circuit breaker used in UHV engineering w subjected to breaking and closing tests at the high-power test station.After more th 1,300 tests, the circuit breaker failed to break.In order to analyze the reasons for the fa ure of the circuit breaker test, gas was collected from the equipment to analyze t composition of SF6 gas decomposition products.
The output spectrum obtained by a pulsed discharge detector (PDD) is shown Figure 3.The main components detected are CF4, C2F6, and C3F8.The content of ea component is analyzed and there are high levels of carbide content, indicating the rea tion generated between the SF6 and the insulator in the GIS.Since the circuit breaker completed more than 1,300 breaking tests and the breaki tests failed, the gas's composition is analyzed in Table 2, and a large number of powde solid decomposition products were deposited in the arc-extinguishing chamber.T solid decomposition products were collected from the arc-extinguishing chamber Since the circuit breaker completed more than 1300 breaking tests and the breaking tests failed, the gas's composition is analyzed in Table 2, and a large number of powdery solid decomposition products were deposited in the arc-extinguishing chamber.The solid decomposition products were collected from the arc-extinguishing chamber for detection and analysis with an electron microscope.The tungsten filament scanning electron microscope in the laboratory was used to observe appearances and morphologies, and the results are shown in Figure 4.At the same time, the samples were detected and analyzed with a field emission electron microscope.
The typical element composition upon arcing contact is shown in Figure 4b at a single test point.gies, and the results are shown in Figure 4.At the same time, the samples were detected and analyzed with a field emission electron microscope.The typical element composition upon arcing contact is shown in Figure 4b at a single test point.Results comparing and analyzing the elemental composition at multiple analysis points are listed in Table 3.Because the contact that the circuit breaker makes participates in the reaction, Cu is detected as the main component, indicating that the proposed detection method is feasible.The field-emission electron microscope test method was used to detect the F, Al, and Cu, with different breaking tests until the electrode's surface is ablated.After being normalized, the three elements changing with operation times is shown in Figure 5. Element F increases and Cu decreases, and Al exhibits a slight increase.This indicates that Equation (1)'s reaction is persistent and obvious; after all, the arc was generated on the electrode's surface.Results comparing and analyzing the elemental composition at multiple analysis points are listed in Table 3.Because the contact that the circuit breaker makes participates in the reaction, Cu is detected as the main component, indicating that the proposed detection method is feasible.The field-emission electron microscope test method was used to detect the F, Al, and Cu, with different breaking tests until the electrode's surface is ablated.After being normalized, the three elements changing with operation times is shown in Figure 5. Element F increases and Cu decreases, and Al exhibits a slight increase.This indicates that Equation (1)'s reaction is persistent and obvious; after all, the arc was generated on the electrode's surface.

Element Transfer Test and Case Analysis under Electrical Heating Conditions
For the 550 kV gas-insulated circuit breaker, 20 electrical life tests with 100% rated short-circuit breaking current was conducted.The SF6 gas state data detected by a portable gas chromatograph and a detection tube are listed in Table 4.It can be seen that the decomposition contents in the equipment are all high, and CF4 and SO2 contents reached thousands to tens of thousands of uL/L.In order to analyze the influence of the number of short-circuits on the element transfer process, a comparative test was carried out with short circuit current 34.8 kA.The detection results of SF6 gas decomposition products are shown in Table 5.A small amount of SO2 and HF gas is detected and the arc discharge produces a large amount of SF6 gas decomposition product components SO2 and HF gas.Faulty switch equipment (1) Combined with research, the in-service 550 kV circuit breaker is analyzed.After the circuit breaker is overhauled, there is a short circuit on the line where it is located, and the circuit breaker is disassembled, as shown in Figure 6.

Element Transfer Test and Case Analysis under Electrical Heating Conditions
For the 550 kV gas-insulated circuit breaker, 20 electrical life tests with 100% rated short-circuit breaking current was conducted.The SF 6 gas state data detected by a portable gas chromatograph and a detection tube are listed in Table 4.It can be seen that the decomposition contents in the equipment are all high, and CF 4 and SO 2 contents reached thousands to tens of thousands of uL/L.In order to analyze the influence of the number of short-circuits on the element transfer process, a comparative test was carried out with short circuit current 34.8 kA.The detection results of SF 6 gas decomposition products are shown in Table 5.A small amount of SO 2 and HF gas is detected and the arc discharge produces a large amount of SF 6 gas decomposition product components SO 2 and HF gas.Faulty switch equipment (1) Combined with research, the in-service 550 kV circuit breaker is analyzed.After the circuit breaker is overhauled, there is a short circuit on the line where it is located, and the circuit breaker is disassembled, as shown in Figure 6.
The electrode's surface material was collected, and the SF 6 gas decomposition products were detected.The results are shown in Table 6.The high content of SO 2 gases indicates that a serious arc discharge fault occurred inside the equipment.Faulty switch equipment (1) Combined with research, the in-service 550 kV circuit breaker is analyzed.After the circuit breaker is overhauled, there is a short circuit on the line where it is located, and the circuit breaker is disassembled, as shown in Figure 6.(2) Another line where the 550 kV circuit breaker is located at exhibits differential protection, and the circuit breaker has an insulation discharge fault.The detection results of SF 6 gas decomposition products are listed in Table 7, indicating that the content of SO 2 gas components seriously exceeds the standard.The fault circuit breaker was disassembled and inspected, and it was found that there was a breakdown between the pressure-equalizing cover and the outer shell, and the discharge trace was located in the lower part of the tank.There are obvious arc discharge traces on the voltage-equalizing cover at the end of the resistor.The solid sample was analyzed by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer.The analysis report is shown in Figure 7.The main elements detected are the F content of 49.15% and the Al content of 32.32%.It can be seen that the solid sample comprises mainly metal fluoride.The electrode's surface material was collected, and the SF6 gas decomposition products were detected.The results are shown in Table 6.The high content of SO2 gases indicates that a serious arc discharge fault occurred inside the equipment.(2) Another line where the 550 kV circuit breaker is located at exhibits differential protection, and the circuit breaker has an insulation discharge fault.The detection results of SF6 gas decomposition products are listed in Table 7, indicating that the content of SO2 gas components seriously exceeds the standard.The fault circuit breaker was disassembled and inspected, and it was found that there was a breakdown between the pressure-equalizing cover and the outer shell, and the discharge trace was located in the lower part of the tank.There are obvious arc discharge traces on the voltage-equalizing cover at the end of the resistor.The solid sample was analyzed by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer.The analysis report is shown in Figure 7.The main elements detected are the F content of 49.15% and the Al content of 32.32%.It can be seen that the solid sample comprises mainly metal fluoride.Due to the discharge of the GIS busbar, the main metal materials of the high-voltage guide rod and the casing comprise aluminum and aluminum fluoride.It can be seen that the combination of using the scanning electron microscope and energy spectrometer can determine the elemental composition and relative content of the solid sample and determine the element transfer process on the surface of the SF6 environmental contact Due to the discharge of the GIS busbar, the main metal materials of the high-voltage guide rod and the casing comprise aluminum and aluminum fluoride.It can be seen that the combination of using the scanning electron microscope and energy spectrometer can determine the elemental composition and relative content of the solid sample and determine the element transfer process on the surface of the SF 6 environmental contact under the action of electric heat.
(3) Running switchgears As a comparison, the solid powder on the electrode surface of the 500 kV GIS equipment in stable operation was analyzed, and the relationship between the element composition of the solid decomposition products and the equipment status or failure was counted.The SO 2 gas content detected in the equipment gas chamber was all less than 1 uL/L.At the same time, the solid powder deposited in the arc-extinguishing chamber of the circuit breaker was collected, tested, and analyzed in lab, and they are sorted into Table 8 (1#-4#).(

) Analysis of test results
The solid powder samples collected from circuit breakers under different working conditions were compared and analyzed, and the elements contained in the detected solid samples were counted, mainly including F, Al, Cu, W, Fe, C, S, O, Si, etc.The detection results of the solid decomposition products of the above three types of equipment (eight circuit breakers) are listed in Table 8.F, Al, and Cu are the main elements, and the percentage of each element is shown in Figure 8. Corresponding to the equipment's working conditions, 1−4 in the figure are normal operation circuit breakers, 5−8 are fault circuit breakers, and 9−10 are test circuit breakers.It shows that the solid powder in the circuit breaker comprises mainly metal fluoride.
An analysis of the content of the main element components F, Al, and Cu in Table 8 shows that the content ratio of F, Al, and Cu in the solid powder in the switchgear varies with different equipment operating conditions and fault types.
(1) For equipment in normal operation, the detected element F content is low; Cu, W and C are detected less; Fe and S contents are low; Al, O, and Si contents are slightly higher.
(2) The switchgear was tested, and the arc discharge breaking test was carried out.The discharge energy was relatively large, which may involve the metal material in the contact and the insulating material inside the arc-extinguishing chamber.Large contents of elements F, Al, Cu, W, were detected and C, O, S and Si were less detected.
(3) After the failure of the equipment, a large amount of elements F and Al were detected.An arc discharge fault occurred inside the circuit breaker of the Jiangling converter station, involving copper or copper alloy materials in the contacts, and a high content of the element Cu was detected.The fault circuit breaker of Huojia substation is an internal insulation fault, the discharge energy is slightly smaller, and the detected elements Cu and W content are small, which may involve insulating materials, and element C is detected.An analysis of the content of the main element components F, Al, and Cu in Table 8 shows that the content ratio of F, Al, and Cu in the solid powder in the switchgear varies with different equipment operating conditions and fault types.(1) For equipment in normal operation, the detected element F content is low; Cu, W and C are detected less; Fe and S contents are low; Al, O, and Si contents are slightly higher.The above analysis shows that the F element in the gas-insulated equipment will gradually evolve into the metal to form metal fluorides; the F content of the normal operation equipment is low; the F content of the solid powder during multiple interruptions or in the fault circuit breaker is high.The Cu element is related to whether the circuit breaker is broken or not.A large amount of Cu content was detected in the solid powder when arc discharges occur during breaking, and the contacts are ablated.The Al element's content has little correlation with the breaking process, which characterizes the aluminum parts in the arc-extinguishing chamber, and elemental Al was detected in all circuit breakers due to long-term slow reactions with SF 6 gases or from adsorbents.Therefore, by detecting the content of F, Al, and Cu in the solid powder in the switchgear, it is possible to judge the operation status of the device and the type and degree of failure.

Conclusions
In this paper, based on GIS/GIL, the reaction process of SF 6 gas with the electrode's surface and insulating material was analyzed under superheated conditions, and the micromorphological characteristics and the element distribution of the material surface were obtained.By comparing the experimental and test results, the conclusions are as follows.
(1) Samples collected from the switch and field equipment were tested using the SEM method.The results show that after discharge heating, gas components such as CF 4 , CS 2 , and SO 2 increase in the gas's composition, indicating that the SF6 gas reacted with the insulator in the GIS.
(2) Comparing the breaking times, short-circuit currents, and element transfer processes under flashover fault conditions, it was found that the increase in breaking times and short-circuit current is an important factor affecting the conversion of F elements to the electrode, and the flashover current is the key factor for accelerating the transfer of F elements to the insulating material.
(3) Frequent breaking is the main factor for accelerating the transfer of F elements to the contact.The content of element Al has little correlation with the breaking process.This observation indicates that the long-term slow reaction between the aluminum parts in the arc-extinguishing chamber, the SF 6 gas or the effect of the adsorbent, and the type and degree of GIS failures can be identified by detecting F, Al, and Cu in solid powder in switchgear.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Sample preparation process and schematic diagram of the main components of the SEM.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Sample preparation process and schematic diagram of the main components of the SEM.

4 .
Evolution Characteristics of Electrode Surface Elements during the Experiment 4.1.Sample Test Results in the Test Switch

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Sample preparation process and schematic diagram of the main components of the SEM

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Morphological observation and composition analysis of solid powder in the test circuit breaker.(a) Appearance.(b) Component.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Morphological observation and composition analysis of solid powder in the test circuit breaker.(a) Appearance.(b) Component.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.The element on test electrode's surface.(a) is element changing of electrode surface with breaking tests (b) is surface morphology of the electrode.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.The element on test electrode's surface.(a) is element changing of electrode surface with breaking tests (b) is surface morphology of the electrode.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Contact photos of the test circuit breaker.Figure 6. Contact photos of the test circuit breaker.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Contact photos of the test circuit breaker.Figure 6. Contact photos of the test circuit breaker.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Inspection GIS solid samples with a scanning electron microscope and energy spectrum.(a) Microscopic morphology of surface material.(b) Element distribution.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Inspection GIS solid samples with a scanning electron microscope and energy spectrum.(a) Microscopic morphology of surface material.(b) Element distribution.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Elemental content analysis of solid powder in switchgear.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Elemental content analysis of solid powder in switchgear.

Table 1 .
Main parameters of the equipment.

Table 2 .
Gas composition of test circuit breaker samples.

Table 2 .
Gas composition of test circuit breaker samples.

Table 3 .
Comparison of sample test results of test circuit breakers.(a) Content detected by field emission electron microscope (%)

Table 3 .
Comparison of sample test results of test circuit breakers.(a) Content detected by field emission electron microscope (%).

Table 4 .
SF6 gas state detected in a 500 kV circuit breaker.

Table 5 .
Composition of SF6 gas in the circuit breaker during comparative tests.

Table 4 .
SF 6 gas state detected in a 500 kV circuit breaker.

Table 5 .
Composition of SF 6 gas in the circuit breaker during comparative tests.

Table 6 .
Test results of SF 6 gas composition of the 550 kV circuit breaker.

Table 7 .
Test results of SF 6 gas composition of 550 kV circuit breaker.

Table 6 .
Test results of SF6 gas composition of the 550 kV circuit breaker.

Table 7 .
Test results of SF6 gas composition of 550 kV circuit breaker.

Table 8 .
Detection results of solid decomposition products in different circuit breakers.
Note: a is the first test; b is the second test.