Reduction of Friction and Soil Adhesion of Medium Carbon Steel via Hard Coating and Surface Texture

Rapid development of mechanical cultivation demands satisfactory wear performance and lower soil adhesion on the soil-engaging components of terrain machinery. A thick 2Cr13 hard coating was used in conjunction with surface textures in this sector. The results showed that 2Cr13 coating and surface texture decreased the friction coefficient and wear rate enormously. The surface wettability of the coating was reduced by a dimpled-surface texture. The adhesion test suggested that dimples greatly decreased the adhesion force by decreasing the friction component and the decrement increased with the increase of dimple size. The adhesion force increased with the soil moisture and then decreased when exceeding the moisture content threshold.


Introduction
Efficient, low cost mechanical cultivation is an important component of modern agriculture. However, it makes high demands on the soil-engaging component of terrain machinery because of soil abrasion and soil adhesion. Soil abrasion can greatly induce weight loss, and lead to the passivated corner of soil-engaging components. The formation of passivated corner would degrade the cultivation quality and affect the crop yields. Soil adhesion to the surface of the soil-engaging component has two adverse effects: the increase of draft resistance and the change of the contour. These two problems could lead to an increase in power consumption and the degradation of tillage effect. According to the published data, soil adhesion can increase plowing resistance by more than 30% [1], raise the energy consumption of tillage machinery by 30%-50% [2], and decrease productivity by 30% [3,4].
To solve the problem of soil abrasion, materials strengthening and surface strengthening methods, such as heat treatment and surface coating deposition, were widely explored to increase wear resistance. Increasing the hardness of surfaces has been proved to be an effective strategy to increase wear resistance in both agricultural machinery and industrial applications [5]. In the research of Hao J.J. et al., a plasma surfacing layer Fe-Cr-C-V was prepared on a 65 Mn steel substrate and it was found that the weight loss as an indicator of wear resistance was significantly decreased by increasing the surface hardness with 65 Mn hardened steel. Strengthening the coating on the surface of the soil-engaging component of agricultural machinery is highly efficient, flexible and convenient technology [6]. For the problem of soil adhesion, many methods such as the synthesis of the hydrophobic surface, tool vibration, and the creation of a flexible structure have been used to reduce their effects, regardless of geometric shape. Lu-Quan Ren, et al. developed a rough surface and flexible parts to remove soil accretion on the soil-engaging components, based on soil-burrowing animals [7]. However, the tool vibration would consume extra energy and the flexible surface was not suitable for the cultivation of compact soil. Thus, surface modification was considered as the proper candidate to reduce the adhesion. Current surface modification research on the soil-engaging component include surface strengthening and surface bionic engineering.
Traditional surface strengthening technologies such as carburizing, nitriding, and nitrocarburizing enhance wear resistance by introducing carbides or nitrides into the surface layer.
However, studies revealed good adhesion of these coatings with soil as compared with substrate [8]. Saeed studied the effect of nano-coating materials on the reduction of soil adhesion and external friction. Results showed that nano-coated plates exhibited a much lower friction coefficient and less adhesion than steel because of hydrophobic surfaces and roughness in the nanoscale [9]. Studies on the plastic-coated furrower also revealed lower draft force and soil adhesion due to its self-scouring ability and low frictional characteristics [10]. The thickness of these coatings is less than 100 μm which is too thin for the abrasive wear caused by the hard abrasiveness of soil. In addition, the relatively low adhesion to the substrate is another limited factor for application in soil. Li J.W. manufactured a bionic structure according to the membranous leaf sheath of the grass root and reduced adhesion was achieved due to its hydrophobicity and special surface texture. [11] Hong L.J. et al. proved that the earthworm surface features could reduce the adhered soil mass by 36.7% [12]. Surface texture is widely used in industry to prepare a hydrophobic surface [13], enhance lubrication [14][15][16], and reduce the friction coefficient [17][18][19]. Under the starved-lubrication condition of oil or water, these textures act as traps to provide secondary lubrication to reduce the wear [20][21][22]. Coatings are often used to change the wettability for bacterial adhesion and self-cleaning applications [23,24]. Therefore, a combination of coating deposition with surface texture is an effective way to enhance the wear resistance and reduce the adhesion [25].
As described above, the effects of surface strengthening and bionic engineering on wear behaviors of soil-engaging components are studied separately. However, the soil adhesion properties are less focused because of the lack of testing equipment [26]. In addition, the combination of surface strengthening and surface bionic engineering has not been explored in soil-engaging components, and it is expected to increase the wear resistance and decrease soil adhesion simultaneously.
In this paper, the thick 2Cr13 hard coating and dimple-shape surface bionic structure have been applied in 45 steel which is the most popular steel used in agricultural machinery because of its excellent comprehensive mechanical properties. The combination of surface coating strength and surface texture is expected to increase the wear resistance and decrease the soil adhesion of the soilengaging components. The friction behavior and soil adhesion are explored to gain understanding of the mechanism of friction-reduction and adhesion-reduction of the surface texture.

Coating Preparation and Surface Texturing
Commercial 45 steel, a commonly used medium carbon steel in soil-engaging components, was used as the substrate with a size of 40 mm × 40 mm × 6 mm cut by electrical discharge machining. The composition of the substrate is listed as below, C: 0.42%~0.50%, Si: 0.17%~0.37%, Mn: 0.50%~0.80%, P: ≤0.035%, S: ≤0.035%, Cr: ≤0.25%, Ni: ≤0.30%, Cu: ≤0.25%. Then, the surface of the substrate was ground and polished to a mirror-like surface to enhance the adhesion between coating and substrate. The 2Cr13 coatings were deposited by electric spark with fixed pulse time of 50 ms and fixed current of 50 A, using D517 welding wires with a diameter of 1.6 mm. The chemical compositions of D517 mainly consisted of Fe, Cr~10%-16%, and C~0.25%. The high Cr content is expected to enhance the hardness by forming high density chromium carbides and to provide excellent corrosion resistance against the moisture corrosion of the soil. During the deposition process, argon gas was used to protect the coatings from oxidation with a flux of 10 L/min. After the deposition, samples were grounded to a mirror-like surface with a thickness of 3 mm retained. Then, the laser texturing process was applied by using a CO2 pulsing laser. Due to the lack of reports on texture applied in soil environments, the geometry, size, and distribution of micro-dimples were selected based on previous research about friction-reduction applications [14]. Various scan rates for the laser process were selected to develop micro-dimple textures with different diameters. The detailed parameters of these dimples are presented in Table 1. The bare steel sample and the coated samples are named as S and SC, respectively. The textured coated samples are named as SCT1, SCT2, SCT3, SCT4 corresponding to the dimple diameters of 100, 200, 300, 400 μm, respectively. The dimple area ratios of SCT1, SCT2, SCT3, SCT4, are 2.04%, 8.28%, 18.65%, 33.15%, respectively. The textured surface and dimples of SCT3 were revealed by optical microscopy and the scanning white light interferometry profiler (Bruker Contour GT-K), as shown in Figure 1a,c. The distance between two dimples is about 600 μm.

Microstructure Characteristic and Hardness Test of the Coating
The microstructure of 2Cr13 coating was evaluated by optical microscopy (OM) and ZEISS SIGMA field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The chemical compositions of the different microstructures were detected by an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS, EDAX genesis 7000 EDS system，Philadelphia, PA, USA). The cross section micro-hardness of the coated sample was measured by the hardness tester (HUA YIN, HV1000B, Lanzhou, China) from the coating to the substrate. The load of the micro-hardness test is 0.981 N with a holding time of 15 s. The hardness data was tested every 0.2 mm and each point was measured several times to get the average value.

Friction Test
The friction coefficients were evaluated on the ball-on-disk tester (Rtec MFT-5000) at room temperature and under atmospheric pressure. Si3N4 balls with a diameter of 6 mm were chosen as mated materials to simulate the friction of quartz sand, which is the main hard particle in soil. The reciprocating sliding test was carried out with a load of 150 N for 15 min. The frequency was 5 Hz and the sliding distance was 5 mm. The applied load of 150 N was selected to produce a contact pressure of nearly 2 MPa which is close to the soil compactness of argillite horizon. The paths of the ball were selected to cover these dimples (shown in Figure 1b) to obtain the reduction effects of dimples on friction coefficient. Each tested sample was weighed before and after the friction test to obtain the wear rate.

Soil Adhesion Test
As described in the introduction section, no uniform standard has been established for the soil adhesion test, leading to the lack of commercial equipment. Thus, the soil adhesion test was conducted by self-made equipment in this research. It is worth nothing that the accuracy of the test data in this research has been verified by testing each sample in two modes: the single side adhesion test and total buried resistance test. The single side adhesion test was carried out in a soil friction coefficient meter (Xiamen Yishite Instruments co., Ltd. ST-MXZ-1, Xiamen, China). Under the single side adhesion test, the tested side contacted to the soil reservoir and moved with a constant velocity.
The friction forces between the tested side of the metal sample and the soil in the contact area were recorded. The total buried resistance test was carried out in a self-made adhesion test system. The schematic of the equipment is shown in Figure 2. The soil bin was fixed at the end of the equipment with a slider inside. The slider was connected with an s-shaped precise load cell which could obtain the moving resistance. The motion of the sample was driven by a step motor. The sample was held at the end of the slider. A displacement sensor was fitted next to the slider to get the location of the slider during the test. Recorded motion resistance contained the adhesion of both sides and the force of breaking the ground induced by the thickness of the sample. The bare steel sample with the same size was also tested as a reference. The obtained adhesion forces of all coated samples were calculated by a deduction of the half value of the bare steel sample to get the adhesion force of the coated side. Even though the calculated data was higher than the real adhesion force with a fixed force of breaking ground involved, the variation trends of all samples in different moisture should be reliable. The soil for the adhesion test was taken from a citrus orchard in Huazhong Agricultural University located in central China. The moisture content was calculated by the weight loss ratio of the soil before and after drying which was conducted in an electric furnace at 107 degrees Celsius for 8 h.

Wettability Test
To explain the relationship between the change in adhesion force and the contact angle of water, the contact angles of the water on six samples were measured several times to get average values on the OCA25 data physics equipment. After the droplets were dropped on the surface under test with a handheld pipette, the moving sample table initially adjusted the droplets on the sample surface to the center of the optical system field of view, and after further focusing on the droplets, the average of the multiple sets of values measured by each sample was taken. Comparing six sets of data, the relationship between changes in the contact angle of water and changes in adhesion force was analyzed. We used a high-resolution camera to capture the images of liquid droplets, from which the contact angle can be calculated via the axisymmetric drop shape analysis (ADSA) method [27]. Figure 3 shows the microstructure of the deposited 2Cr13 coating. From the figures, no defects such as cracks and voids were observed, which indicated that the coatings were well-formed and electro-spark deposition was suitable to strengthen the surface in the soil-engaging component of the agricultural machine. Figure 3a shows that the coating was a typical dendritic structure composed of eutectic ledeburite and primary cementite. To further identify the microstructure of the coating and the chemical compositions of eutectic ledeburite and primary cementite, SEM and EDS were applied. Figure 3b shows that the primary cementite was about 4 μm. The compositions of eutectic ledeburite (point 9, 10) and primary cementite (point 8, 11) are listed in Table 2. The coating was composed of C, O, Si, Cr, Fe, Cu. The detected content of C was imprecise because of the limitation of EDS in detecting small number atoms. The small amount of O and Cu was from the oxidation of the coating and the welding electrode during preparation even under the protection of argon gas, respectively. The eutectic ledeburite phase also possessed a higher content of Fe and Cr than the primary carbides. The high content of Cr (over 20 at. %) was expected to form chromium carbides to enhance the hardness.

Micro-Hardness of 2Cr13 Coating
Hardness is an important indicator of the wear resistance and energy absorption under impact load. For this reason, the hardness of the coating and substrate was measured from the top surface of the coating to the bottom substrate (as shown in Figure 4). The hardness quickly decreased from 1016 HV to 235 HV. The observed high hardness over 1000 HV in the top surface was related to the fine crystallinity formed by the fast cooling rate. The coating presented a high hardness over 700 HV while the substrate presented a hardness under 235 HV, which suggested that the hardness nearly increased by three times. According to the calculated formula of wear volume under debris wear [28]: = , V is the wear volume and H is the hardness, the wear volume is inversely related to the hardness. It could be concluded that 2Cr13 coating greatly enhanced the wear resistance of the steel-made soilengaging component by decreasing the wear volume to a third. The decrease in hardness in a crosssectional direction was related to the heat effect. For the coating, the top surface possessed the largest cooling rate and formed fine grains which resulted in high hardness. As the distance to the top surface increased, the cooling rate decreased and led to coarse grains. Thus, the hardness of the coating decreased. However, the heat effect on the hardness in the substrate was different. The conducted heat from the coating to the near substrate led to the transformation of the hard phase which greatly increased the hardness of the substrate. These heat-affected zones of the substrate with higher hardness also could decrease the wear rate of the inner substrate.

Friction Behavior
The friction coefficient and weight loss of all coated samples are shown in Figure 5 and the substrate is also presented as a reference. From the wear coefficient curves, the friction curves of all samples revealed a similar trend as the friction time increased. The coefficient of friction (COF) firstly increases with time, then gradually decreases to a stable value. The increase in the friction coefficient is due to the debris generated by the wear and the increased contact area which increases the scratch resistance during the sliding of the ball [28]. When the contacted area reaches a dynamic balance, the COF becomes stable. All coated samples revealed a lower friction coefficient as compared with the bare steel substrate which suggested better wear resistance of the coating under a large load. It also could be concluded that samples with dimple textures in the surface reveal lower COF under 0.5 while that of the coating without dimple textures was above 0.55. The results suggested the microtexture could reduce the friction coefficient which has also been reported in YT15 cemented carbides [29]. The reason is considered to be related to the reduction of the actual contact surface area in the friction process. The COF also varies with the size of the dimple texture. A coating with a dimple size of 100 μm presents the lowest COF while that of other samples with 200, 300, 400 μm are almost the same. It has been reported that the dimple diameter and surface density have a great influence on the friction coefficient. The literature has suggested a reasonable dimple diameter can reduce the friction coefficient to the greatest extent: when the dimple diameter is too small, the dimple cannot capture the generated grinding to reduce the friction coefficient. Furthermore, larger dimples make the capture of the grinding a little later [30]. The weight loss of all samples during the friction test is listed in Figure 5b. The change in weight of all samples agreed well with the change of COF except for the sample with 300 μm dimples. The weight loss of the sample with dimples not only related to the COF, but also correlated with the contact area during the test. The way to measure the wear amount is to weigh the sample and record the data before doing the friction experiment. After the friction experiment is finished, the sample is cleaned with an ultrasonic wave, and the data is weighed and recorded again. The sample with 300 μm dimples presented the lower COF but possessed a larger contact area compared with the sample with 400 μm. Thus, a slight decrease in weight loss could be observed as the size of dimples increased from 300 to 400. Based on the above friction tests, the larger the size of the dimples (with a size lower than 400 μm), the lower the weight loss obtained. However, soil adhesion also should be considered in the application of surface engineering in soil-engaging components, besides the wear behavior.

Adhesion Resistance
The power consumption during the cultivation of soil is determined by the power needed for the breaking of soil and the power to overcome soil adhesion. The power for breaking soil is decided by the soil condition and the shape of the cutting edge, not the surface condition. Soil adhesion, which is greatly affected by the surface condition of the soil-engaging component, has been tested in this paper. The soil friction force between the functioning surface and the soil (FFSS) and the soil adhesion force (SAF) have been studied under different moisture contents by the commercial soil friction meter and the self-made adhesion test system, respectively. The results are shown in Figure 6a  According to the results, the soil friction force of the coated samples was lower than the uncoated sample under different moisture contents. Moreover, dimples on the coated surface could further decrease the FFSS. Thus, it could be concluded that the application of 2Cr13 coating and surface texture on the surface of the substrate of 45 steel is an effective method to decrease power consumption. The effects of moisture content on the FFSS of these coatings is revealed in Figure 6a. The FFSS of all samples firstly increased with the increase of moisture content and then decreased. The maximum FFSS was observed in 20% moisture content, which is about three times that of soil with a moisture content of 10%. A similar soil adhesion threshold has also been reported by other researchers. Similar changes of tangential adhesion under different moisture contents also have been observed by other researchers [31]. The reason has been attributed to the increase of the adhesion of soil meniscus [32]. Figure 6b presents the SAF of samples as a function of the size of the dimples. As the moisture content increased from 3.47% to 10%, the value of SAF slightly increased. Further increases in moisture content led to a significant increase in SAF. Samples tested in soil with 20% moisture content revealed the largest SAF which was about 2.5 times the second largest SAF observed in soil with 30% moisture content. The changed trends of SAF with the moisture content agree well with those of FFSS, which proves the accuracy of the measured data.
The effects of dimple texture on the SAF varied for samples tested in different moisture contents. Samples tested under 3.47%, 10%, and 30% moisture content revealed a similar trend in SAF as a function with the dimple size. The SAF has been greatly decreased by the synthesized dimples and slightly decreased as the size of dimples increased from 100 to 400 μm. However, the effect of dimples on SAF for samples tested under a moisture content of 20% was different from that of samples tested under 3.47%, 10%, and 30% moisture content. Under a moisture content of 20%, samples with 200 and 400 μm dimples showed higher SAF as compared with the coated sample without dimples, while samples with 100 and 300 μm dimples showed relatively lower SAF. Therefore, it could be concluded that the dimpled texture could efficiently decrease the friction force between the soil and metal substrate, as well as the soil adhesion force. Furthermore, the decrement of FFSS and SAF was closely related to the moisture content of the soil. To illustrate the adhesion results, the contact angle measurement of the coated samples was carried out. Figure 7 presents the contact angles of water on the surface of the steel substrate, the coated sample, and the textured surface coatings. Compared with the coated substrate without surface texture, the coated samples with dimples exhibited larger contact angles above 90°, which suggested that the coating surface transformed from tiny hydrophilic into hydrophobic after the laser drilling treatment. The coating with surface texture even revealed more hydrophobic properties as compared with the bare steel. The wettability of a surface is mainly related to its chemical nature, and surface structures [33]. The preparation of dimples on the surface by laser treatment also caused the oxidation of the materials around the pores. These oxides are the nanoscale structure which is more efficient in repelling the water film [34,35]. The main contribution to the lower wettability was from these micropores which entrapped air to provide upward pressure under the gravity load of soil [36]. The molecular dynamic study of Lei Chen pointed out that the micro surface texture could enhance the hydrophobicity of the surface by decreasing the surface characteristic energy [35]. The enhanced effect on the hydrophobicity increased with the size of the nanostructured texture. Lower wettability was reported as being helpful in decreasing soil adhesion, which was responsible for the observed lower soil adhesion of coated samples with dimples.

Influence Mechanism of Surface Texture on the Wear Behavior and Soil Adhesion
Abrasive wear, caused by hard abrasiveness in soil, and soil adhesion are the main limitations for the soil-engaging component of the soil tillage equipment. To extend the life of the soil-touching part and decrease energy consumption, a surface texture of dimples with different sizes was applied to the original substrate. The wear test and soil adhesion test were carried out to study the effects of dimples. According to the wear test, the friction coefficient and weight loss of samples with dimples in the surface were decreased. The results suggested that the application of dimples to the surface of the soil-engaging component could be an effective method to reduce abrasive wear. The reason for the decrease of friction coefficient and weight loss could be related to the decrease of the actual contact area and the storage of debris by the dimples [37,38]. The size of the dimples in these samples was under 400 μm which was smaller than the diameter of the ceramic friction ball. Thus, the actual contact area between the sample and ball could be greatly decreased and led to a decrease in the friction coefficient and a reduction in weight loss (an indicator of the wear rate) during the friction test. The larger the dimples, the smaller the friction coefficient and wear rate. Besides, the dimples could collect the debris produced by the friction process. According to tribology theory, debris has two effects on tribological behaviors [39]. First, the debris might collect in the wear track and hinder the motion of the friction pair, which leads to the increase of the friction coefficient. Second, this debris could be oxidized under the atmosphere when the temperature is increased by the friction heat. These hard oxides would lead to the additional abrasive wear. Thus, the storage of debris by these dimples could decrease the friction coefficient and the wear rate. The reduction effect increases with the size of dimples because more debris is captured. However, the size of a critical dimple also succeeded in reducing the COF and wear rate.
As revealed by the results of adhesion tests, the following conclusions could be drawn: 1. Adhesion increased with the soil moisture and then decreased when exceeding the moisture content threshold; 2. Coated samples with dimples revealed lower soil adhesion than samples without dimples; 3. The adhesion force decreased with the increase of the size of the dimples.
Based on the soil mechanics, the soil adhesion force Fq could be described with the formula below [40]: (1) f'm is the proportional coefficient between normal force and tangential resistance, Nm is the gravity force of the covered soil covered on the sample, S is the contact area between soil and metal surface, Nni is the normal adhesion, Nnj is the tangential adhesion, Ff is the viscous force between the water in the dimples and the soil and water mixed liquor film.
In this paper, the samples were cut into the same size to ensure the same value of Nm. The same test conditions for all samples also guaranteed the same f'm. The soil adhesion force of all samples could be affected by four factors, S, Nni, Nnj, and Ff. The tangential adhesion Nnj, consisting of Nnn, Nnm, and τn, which corresponded to the water viscous force of a soil water liquor film, negative capillary pressure suction, and the meniscus adhesion force of wet soil. The water viscous force of soil and a water mixed liquor film were the source of the friction resistance. The negative capillary pressure suction and meniscus adhesion force of wet soil made the main contribution to the adhesion. It is important to note that the value of Nnn, Nnm, and τn could be greatly affected by the moisture content in water [40]. Publications suggest that the water film area increases with the increase in moisture content and leads to a decrease in friction resistance because of the lubrication of water between the wet soil and the metal surface [41,42]. However, the increase of water in the soil could also result in an increase of the adhesion by enhanced negative capillary pressure suction and the meniscus adhesion force of wet soil. Hence, the soil adhesion continued to increase with the moisture content until the liquid moisture content limit was reached [40]. Under the liquid limit state, the soil possessed excellent plastic deformation ability to form an intact lubrication film and small friction resistance was obtained. Meanwhile, the liquid moisture content limit also brought the largest adhesion. With a further increase in moisture content, meniscus adhesion gradually disappeared and negative capillary pressure suction would diminish, which led to a decrease in soil adhesion. The variation of the adhesion with the moisture content could be related to the reason described above.
Among these four factors, Ff is closely related to the total area of dimples and relatively small as compared with the normal and tangential adhesion. Hence, the value of S, which is the proportional coefficient of the other three impact factors, could greatly affect the soil adhesion force. As Figure 8 illustrates , these dimples would be filled with soil and water mixed liquor because of the formation of negative cavity air pressure when the relative sliding happened between the wet soil and the textured surface [43]. Thus, the original metal/soil friction interface converted into liquid/soil interface and resulted in a great decrease in friction force, even before the lubricating soil and water mixed liquor film formed in the textured surface. The existence of the micro-texture could greatly decrease the contribution of ∑Nni and ∑Nnj to Fq and increase the value of Ff, while the increase of Ff could be ignored as compared to the decrement. This is the reason for the decrease of Fq for samples tested under a moisture content of 3.47%, 10%, and 30%. As the diameter of dimples increased from 100 to 200, 300, 400 μm, the total area ratio of dimples increased from 2.04% to 8.28%, 18.65%, 33.15% which suggests that the decrement of the friction force component of soil adhesion continued to increase. On the basis of the above study, the surface texture could decrease the friction coefficient, wear rate, and soil adhesion. However, the effect of dimples on the integrity of materials should be taken into consideration. The larger dimple means fewer materials retained in the surface and decreasing the strength of the surface. The significant decrease in the strength would also accelerate the wear rate during the soil abrasive wear. Therefore, the size of the dimples should be designed based on the consideration of tribological behavior, soil adhesion, and surface strength together.

Conclusions
In this study, dimples with four different sizes and 2Cr13 hard coatings were applied in 45 steel. The friction test and adhesion test were investigated. The friction results suggest that 2Cr13 coated samples reveal a lower friction coefficient and wear rate than the steel, due to its higher hardness. The dimples in the coating further decrease the friction coefficient and wear rate by decreasing the actual contact area. Based on the adhesion test under different moisture contents, it is concluded that adhesion increases with the soil moisture and then decreases when exceeding the liquid moisture content limit which provides a soil and water mixed liquor film between the metal surface and soil as a lubricant. The adhesion force is greatly reduced by the application of dimples on the surface because of the lower wettability and the conversion of the original metal/soil friction interface into liquid/soil friction interface. The conversion decreases the friction component before a soil and water mixed liquor film forms. The decrement of soil adhesion force increases with the increase of the dimple size under different levels of moisture content except at the liquid limit. These results could be helpful for understanding the mechanism of soil adhesion. Achieving a lower friction coefficient and adhesion between soil and a surface textured coating on the steel shows a potential application in soil-engaging components to reduce soil adhesion. However, the wear rate and soil adhesion should be calculated in soil tillage experiments in further research to explore the above-mentioned application.

Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.