The Influence of New Hydrophobic Silica Nanoparticles on the Surface Properties of the Films Obtained from Bilayer Hybrids

Ultra-hydrophobic bilayer coatings on a glass surface were fabricated by sol–gel process using hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (C16TMS) and tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) (1:4 molar ratio) as precursors. After coating, silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) functionalized with different mono-alkoxy derivatives (methoxytrimethylsilane, TMeMS; ethoxydimethylvinylsilane, DMeVES; ethoxydimethylphenylsilane, DMePhES; and methoxydimethyloctylsilane, DMeC8MS) were added, assuring the microscale roughness on the glass surface. Influences of the functionalized SiO2 NPs and surface morphology on the hydrophobicity of the hybrid films were discussed. The successful functionalization of SiO2 NPs with hydrophobic alkyl groups were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The thermal stability of hydrophobic SiO2 NPs showed that the degradation of the alkyl groups takes place in the 200–400 °C range. Bilayer coating with C16TMS/TMOS and SiO2 NPs modified with alkoxysilane substituted with C8 alkyl chain (SiO2 NP-C8) has micro/nano structure. Hydrophobicity of functionalized SiO2 NPs-C8 and its higher degree of nanometer-scale roughness gave rise to ultra-hydrophobicity performance for bilayer coating C16TMS/TMOS + SiO2 NPs-C8 (145°), compared to other similar hybrid structures. Our synthesis method for the functionalization of SiO2 NPs is useful for the modification of surface polarity and roughness.


Introduction
To obtain highly hydrophobic surfaces, a large number of review-type studies have been designed.The main properties of highly hydrophobic surfaces are weak water adhesion and self-cleaning behavior in the presence of wetting phenomenon.In most cases, these surfaces are used in construction, dyes, windshield and window manufacturing, headlights, automobiles, solar panels, good thermal transfer pipe-lines, sensors, etc. [1][2][3][4].
A large and diverse number of methods to obtain highly hydrophobic surfaces have been reported, such as multi-step chemical methods and physical methods that create roughness [1,5,6].Various functional silane precursors-polymethylhydrosiloxane, poly(vinyl chloride), fluorinated methacrylate, and mercapto functional monomers were used in most situations of sol-gel method in order to fabricate superhydrophobic surfaces [7].
Thereby, functionalizing silica particles with trichlorosilanes led to the formation of surfaces whose hydrophobicity increase with increasing alkyl chain length.When n-octadecyltrichlorosilane (ODTS) was used for hydrophobic process, a contact angle (CA) of 162 • was achieved [12].Xiu et al. [13] report the effect of surface hydrophobicity on the measured contact angles on the rough surfaces.It was demonstrated that superhydrophobic surfaces can be obtained using silica nanoparticles functionalized with silanes containing different hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon chains.
Yilgor et al. [14] synthesized SiO 2 NP depositions with controllable hydrophobicity using mixtures of hydrophilic silica with hydrophobic silica (modified with trimethylchlorosilanes) onto the polymer surface.Another research group obtained superhydrophobic films using SiO 2 nanoparticles (synthesized with TEOS in emulsions containing toluene and a mixture of neutral and anionic surfactants) deposited on glass substrates [15].Superhydrophobic silica layers obtained by thermally treating a mixture that contained dual-sized polystyrene particles were reported [16].The final process of hydrophobization was accomplished in dodecafluoroheptyl-methyldimethoxysilane vapors, showing excellent superhydrophobic property of silica film.Additionally, a covalent bond between the two phases can represent a special way of ensuring the deposition of silica particles over a polymer matrix [17][18][19][20]."Layer-by-layer" (LBL) gradual deposition of dual-sized silica particles on glass functionalized with NH 3 + groups and modified with dodecyltrichlorosilane was shown in [21].
Similar CA values were obtained for LBL depositions [22] of SiO 2 NP dispersions over polymer layers with polyalkylamine hydrochloride.This paper will focus on the aspect of synthesis, size-dependent properties, and modification of silica nanoparticles (SiO 2 NPs) by sol-gel method using different alkoxysilanes (substituted with dimethyl and methyl, vinyl, phenyl, or octyl alkyl group) toward the preparation of bilayer coatings on a glass surface.The influence of the functionalized SiO 2 NPs with mono-alkoxy derivatives (methoxytrimethylsilane, TMeMS; ethoxydimethylvinylsilane, DMeVES; ethoxydimethylphenylsilane, DMePhES; methoxydimethyloctylsilane, DMeC 8 MS) on the hydrophobicity is studied.The comparative analysis brings new information regarding the interactions between the alkyl group from the functionalized SiO 2 NPs layer and hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (C 16 TMS)/tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) hybrid film.Our synthesis method is useful for the modification of surface polarity and wettability.The resultant coatings are characterized through various techniques, including dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and water contact angles (CA).

Results and Discussion
For increasing hydrophobicity, it is well known that the only method which does not involve any additional oligomerization reactions is the use of monochloro-or monoalkoxysilanes [4,5,23].In the case of functionalizing silica particles or dispersed layered silicates, silanes with two or three reactive groups can induce aggregation of the fillers due to the formation of multiple covalent bonds [24,25].The only difficulty when the functionalization is performed with monofunctional silanes is weak reactivity [23,26].In order to increase the reactivity, in this study, ultrasonication was used throughout the entire reaction and heating process [27].
The functionalization reaction was confirmed by measuring the average diameters of the silica particles dispersed in ethanol (Figure 1a) and methylene chloride (Figure 1b).The highest value was obtained for the silica functionalized with long alkyl chain (sample 5, Figure 1b).These results agree with previous results regarding mesoporous organized silica functionalization.When the auxiliary organic species are added to the reaction gel, they are solubilized inside the hydrophobic regions of material, causing an increase in the pore size of the final product [28].Experiments have shown that the SiO 2 NPs functionalized with short alkyl groups in the reaction mixture lead to a smaller particle size compared to pristine SiO 2 NPs only as a source of silica.These findings indicate that the addition of organosilane with short alkyl group affect the nucleation process and lead to a larger number of formed nuclei.Thus, smaller particle size is obtained (samples 2-4).The average particle size increased for sample 5 (see Figure 1b), and this effect can be caused by steric hindrance and is seen notably in branched chain (longer alkyl chain leads to lower hydrolysis rate).The stability of the particle dispersion can be achieved by steric stabilization, and is almost attained by proper particle surface functionalization.
Nanomaterials 2017, 7, 47 3 of 10 The functionalization reaction was confirmed by measuring the average diameters of the silica particles dispersed in ethanol (Figure 1a) and methylene chloride (Figure 1b).The highest value was obtained for the silica functionalized with long alkyl chain (sample 5, Figure 1b).These results agree with previous results regarding mesoporous organized silica functionalization.When the auxiliary organic species are added to the reaction gel, they are solubilized inside the hydrophobic regions of material, causing an increase in the pore size of the final product [28].Experiments have shown that the SiO2 NPs functionalized with short alkyl groups in the reaction mixture lead to a smaller particle size compared to pristine SiO2 NPs only as a source of silica.These findings indicate that the addition of organosilane with short alkyl group affect the nucleation process and lead to a larger number of formed nuclei.Thus, smaller particle size is obtained (samples 2-4).The average particle size increased for sample 5 (see Figure 1b), and this effect can be caused by steric hindrance and is seen notably in branched chain (longer alkyl chain leads to lower hydrolysis rate).The stability of the particle dispersion can be achieved by steric stabilization, and is almost attained by proper particle surface functionalization.The existence of alkyl groups on the silica surface is confirmed by FTIR spectra (Figure 2), in agreement with previously published data [12,27].For all samples, the Si-O-Si symmetric and asymmetric bands located at ~800 cm −1 and ~1100 cm −1 , respectively, and the band at 950 cm −1 corresponding to the Si-O group can be observed [29][30][31].The intensity of the C-H stretching bands (peaks observed at 2923 cm −1 and 2863 cm −1 , respectively) is highest for the silica modified with longest alkyl chains (C8) (sample 5).Substitution with a shorter alkyl chain is characterized by a change in the absorption maximum and a reduced intensity of the bands.This phenomenon can occur due to a different conformation of the alkyl chains [30] and a lower concentration [12] (samples 2-4).In the case of methyl group substitution (sample 1), no significant absorption can be observed in the mentioned wavelength domain.
Chemical modifications with monoalkoxysilanes after the reaction were outlined by the thermal degradation of the new reaction products.In Table 1, the TGA data are given for the three temperature steps.From previously published studies [12,27], the weight loss in the 25-200 °C interval corresponds to the vaporization of the solvent adsorbed on the particles [32,33].The thermooxidative degradation of the alkyl groups caused by a hydrophobic process takes place in the 200-400 °C range.The last degradation step-from 400 to 700 °C-corresponds to the condensation reaction of the OH groups from the partially modified silica surfaces [34].The existence of alkyl groups on the silica surface is confirmed by FTIR spectra (Figure 2), in agreement with previously published data [12,27].For all samples, the Si-O-Si symmetric and asymmetric bands located at ~800 cm −1 and ~1100 cm −1 , respectively, and the band at 950 cm −1 corresponding to the Si-O group can be observed [29][30][31].The intensity of the C-H stretching bands (peaks observed at 2923 cm −1 and 2863 cm −1 , respectively) is highest for the silica modified with longest alkyl chains (C 8 ) (sample 5).Substitution with a shorter alkyl chain is characterized by a change in the absorption maximum and a reduced intensity of the bands.This phenomenon can occur due to a different conformation of the alkyl chains [30] and a lower concentration [12] (samples 2-4).In the case of methyl group substitution (sample 1), no significant absorption can be observed in the mentioned wavelength domain.
Chemical modifications with monoalkoxysilanes after the reaction were outlined by the thermal degradation of the new reaction products.In Table 1, the TGA data are given for the three temperature steps.From previously published studies [12,27], the weight loss in the 25-200 • C interval corresponds to the vaporization of the solvent adsorbed on the particles [32,33].The thermo-oxidative degradation of the alkyl groups caused by a hydrophobic process takes place in the 200-400 • C range.The last degradation step-from 400 to 700 • C-corresponds to the condensation reaction of the OH groups from the partially modified silica surfaces [34].The morphology and size of the obtained particles have been examined by environmental scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.ESEM and TEM analyses (Figures 3 and 4) were performed to confirm the DLS measurements.For this purpose, dried pristine SiO2 NP (sample 1) and dried SiO2 NP modified with C8 (sample 5) dispersed in ethanol were analyzed.
For sample 1, it can be observed that not all particles are spherical, and some of them are irregular.SiO2 NPs with a size range of 140-170 nm were obtained.Synthesized silica nanoparticles functionalized with long alkyl chain are spherical in shape with diameter of ~150 nm (sample 5).The morphology and size of the obtained particles have been examined by environmental scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.ESEM and TEM analyses (Figures 3 and 4) were performed to confirm the DLS measurements.For this purpose, dried pristine SiO 2 NP (sample 1) and dried SiO 2 NP modified with C 8 (sample 5) dispersed in ethanol were analyzed.For sample 1, it can be observed that not all particles are spherical, and some of them are irregular.SiO 2 NPs with a size range of 140-170 nm were obtained.Synthesized silica nanoparticles functionalized with long alkyl chain are spherical in shape with diameter of ~150 nm (sample 5).The morphology and size of the obtained particles have been examined by environmental scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.ESEM and TEM analyses (Figures 3 and 4) were performed to confirm the DLS measurements.For this purpose, dried pristine SiO2 NP (sample 1) and dried SiO2 NP modified with C8 (sample 5) dispersed in ethanol were analyzed.
For sample 1, it can be observed that not all particles are spherical, and some of them are irregular.SiO2 NPs with a size range of 140-170 nm were obtained.Synthesized silica nanoparticles functionalized with long alkyl chain are spherical in shape with diameter of ~150 nm (sample 5).The wetting ability and surface roughness changes of the bilayer coatings were evaluated by contact angle (CA) measurement and AFM topography, respectively, and the results are as shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6. Figure 5 shows the contact angle (CA) of a 5 μL water droplet on the bilayer coatings.Comparing the CA values, a maximum value (145°) was obtained for bilayer coating with C16TMS/TMOS and 0.01 g of SiO2 NPs functionalized with DMeC8MS dispersed in 1 mL EtOH (coating C5).This observation means that the coated surface is rough on the micro/nanometer scale.For coatings C1-C4, the degree of roughness was not sufficient, and ultra-hydrophobicity was not achieved.This effect can be explained by considering the chemical reactivity of functionalized silica nanoparticles that were not strongly fixed to the first layer (C16TMS/TMOS).The surface hydrophobicity is in fact due to the presence of functional hydrophobic groups that start to adhere to the base silicate matrix.3).
Figure 6 shows AFM topographic images of C16TMS/TMOS monolayer hybrid film (coating C0), and of bilayer coating (C16TMS/TMOS + 0.01 g of SiO2 NPs functionalized with DMeC8MS dispersed in 1 mL EtOH, coating C5).As can be observed, the starting C16TMS/TMOS hybrid film surface is quite smooth.Sample 5 presents a rough surface, which is attributed to the adhesion between functionalized SiO2 NPs with long alkyl group and Si-O-groups from the C16TMS/TMOS substrate.The higher degree of nanometer-scale roughness gave rise to ultra-hydrophobicity.The wetting ability and surface roughness changes of the bilayer coatings were evaluated by contact angle (CA) measurement and AFM topography, respectively, and the results are as shown in Figures 5 and 6. Figure 5 shows the contact angle (CA) of a 5 µL water droplet on the bilayer coatings.Comparing the CA values, a maximum value (145 • ) was obtained for bilayer coating with C 16 TMS/TMOS and 0.01 g of SiO 2 NPs functionalized with DMeC 8 MS dispersed in 1 mL EtOH (coating C 5 ).This observation means that the coated surface is rough on the micro/nanometer scale.For coatings C 1 -C 4 , the degree of roughness was not sufficient, and ultra-hydrophobicity was not achieved.This effect can be explained by considering the chemical reactivity of functionalized silica nanoparticles that were not strongly fixed to the first layer (C 16 TMS/TMOS).The surface hydrophobicity is in fact due to the presence of functional hydrophobic groups that start to adhere to the base silicate matrix.The wetting ability and surface roughness changes of the bilayer coatings were evaluated by contact angle (CA) measurement and AFM topography, respectively, and the results are as shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6. Figure 5 shows the contact angle (CA) of a 5 μL water droplet on the bilayer coatings.Comparing the CA values, a maximum value (145°) was obtained for bilayer coating with C16TMS/TMOS and 0.01 g of SiO2 NPs functionalized with DMeC8MS dispersed in 1 mL EtOH (coating C5).This observation means that the coated surface is rough on the micro/nanometer scale.For coatings C1-C4, the degree of roughness was not sufficient, and ultra-hydrophobicity was not achieved.This effect can be explained by considering the chemical reactivity of functionalized silica nanoparticles that were not strongly fixed to the first layer (C16TMS/TMOS).The surface hydrophobicity is in fact due to the presence of functional hydrophobic groups that start to adhere to the base silicate matrix.3).
Figure 6 shows AFM topographic images of C16TMS/TMOS monolayer hybrid film (coating C0), and of bilayer coating (C16TMS/TMOS + 0.01 g of SiO2 NPs functionalized with DMeC8MS dispersed in 1 mL EtOH, coating C5).As can be observed, the starting C16TMS/TMOS hybrid film surface is quite smooth.Sample 5 presents a rough surface, which is attributed to the adhesion between functionalized SiO2 NPs with long alkyl group and Si-O-groups from the C16TMS/TMOS substrate.The higher degree of nanometer-scale roughness gave rise to ultra-hydrophobicity.  3).
Figure 6 shows AFM topographic images of C 16 TMS/TMOS monolayer hybrid film (coating C 0 ), and of bilayer coating (C 16 TMS/TMOS + 0.01 g of SiO 2 NPs functionalized with DMeC 8 MS dispersed in 1 mL EtOH, coating C 5 ).As can be observed, the starting C 16 TMS/TMOS hybrid film surface is quite smooth.Sample 5 presents a rough surface, which is attributed to the adhesion between functionalized SiO 2 NPs with long alkyl group and Si-O-groups from the C 16 TMS/TMOS substrate.The higher degree of nanometer-scale roughness gave rise to ultra-hydrophobicity.

Preparation of Silica Nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs)
The synthesis of hydrophobic modified SiO2 nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) was realized in two steps by a method adapted from a study published by Kulkarni et al. [11].
3.2.1.Synthesis of the Pristine Silica Nanoparticles TEOS (32.5 g) and 125 mL absolute ethanol (EtOH) were initially introduced in a three-neck round-bottom flask with a mechanical stirrer (400 rot/min) and a reflux condenser.Under stirring, a mixture of 75 mL NH4OH (25%) and 570 mL absolute EtOH was added for 2 h.After addition of ~100 mL of ammonia solution, the mixture turned opalescent.At the end of the addition of the ammonia solution, the mixture was kept under stirring for another two hours.The mixture was put in Petri dishes, and the volatile compounds were allowed to evaporate at ambient temperature and in vacuum at 60 °C.After drying, 9.33 g SiO2 NPs were obtained (sample 1) and used for their functionalization with various mono-alkoxy derivatives.

Functionalization of the Silica Nanoparticles with Various Mono-Alkoxy Derivatives
Different alkoxysilanes: methoxytrimethylsilane (TMeMS), ethoxydimethylvinyl silane (DMeVES), ethoxydimethylphenylsilane (DMePhES), and methoxydimethyloctylsilane (DMeC8MS) were used to functionalize the SiO2 NPs by sol-gel process.SiO2 (1.5 g, synthesized in Section 3.2.1)and 100 mL of toluene (dried on molecular sieves and deoxygenated with nitrogen) were added in a three-neck round-bottom flask provided with mechanical stirrer and reflux condenser.The entire

Preparation of Silica Nanoparticles (SiO 2 NPs)
The synthesis of hydrophobic modified SiO 2 nanoparticles (SiO 2 NPs) was realized in two steps by a method adapted from a study published by Kulkarni et al. [11].

Synthesis of the Pristine Silica Nanoparticles
TEOS (32.5 g) and 125 mL absolute ethanol (EtOH) were initially introduced in a three-neck round-bottom flask with a mechanical stirrer (400 rot/min) and a reflux condenser.Under stirring, a mixture of 75 mL NH 4 OH (25%) and 570 mL absolute EtOH was added for 2 h.After addition of ~100 mL of ammonia solution, the mixture turned opalescent.At the end of the addition of the ammonia solution, the mixture was kept under stirring for another two hours.The mixture was put in Petri dishes, and the volatile compounds were allowed to evaporate at ambient temperature and in vacuum at 60 • C.After drying, 9.33 g SiO 2 NPs were obtained (sample 1) and used for their functionalization with various mono-alkoxy derivatives.

Functionalization of the Silica Nanoparticles with Various Mono-Alkoxy Derivatives
Different alkoxysilanes: methoxytrimethylsilane (TMeMS), ethoxydimethylvinyl silane (DMeVES), ethoxydimethylphenylsilane (DMePhES), and methoxydimethyloctylsilane (DMeC 8 MS) were used to functionalize the SiO 2 NPs by sol-gel process.SiO 2 (1.5 g, synthesized in Section 3.2.1)and 100 mL of toluene (dried on molecular sieves and deoxygenated with nitrogen) were added in a three-neck round-bottom flask provided with mechanical stirrer and reflux condenser.The entire mixture was heated at 50 • C under continuous stirring.Then, 7.5 mmoles of mono-alkoxy derivatives substituted with dimethyl and methyl, vinyl, phenyl, octyl, and octadecyl were added to the heated mixture.The mixture was kept at 50 • C under ultrasonication (in an ultrasonic bath) for 4 h.Subsequently, the mixture was dried in air at room temperature (samples 2-5) (see Table 2).The resulting functionalized silica particles and corresponding coatings are described in Table 3.The glass substrates were firstly covered with acidic solution (prepared in a similar way to that previously reported [6]) containing hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (C 16 TMS) and tetramethoxysilane (TMOS).Then, 1.21 g of C 16 TMS and the amount of TMOS required to obtain a molar ratio of 1/4 were dissolved under continuous stirring in 8.04 mL EtOH and then heated at 40 • C. When the final temperature was achieved, 1.04 mL of HCl (0.1 N solution) was added.The solution was stirred for another 90 min.The molar ratios used for the reaction mixture were as follows: C 16 TMS:TMOS:EtOH:H 2 O:HCl = 1:4:50:19:0.03.The obtained hybrid solution was deposited onto a glass slide by draw down sample coating with the manual applicator.The resultant first layer was left to dry at room temperature for 24 h (coating C 0 ).

Preparation of the Second Coating Layer
A second solution (0.01 g of dried functionalized SiO 2 nanoparticles dispersed in 10 mL EtOH and mixed for approximately 2 h) was deposited over the first layer in order to obtain bilayer coatings (coatings C 1 -C 5 ).
The resultant functionalized silica particles and corresponding coatings are described in Table 3.

Characterization Methods
The initial solutions were examined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) to measure the particle diameters (Zetasizer, Malvern Nano ZS).The solutions were diluted in ethanol and methylene chloride (0.1 mL sample dissolved in 25 mL solvent and ultrasonicated 5 min.).

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The average particle size of pristine silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) and functional SiO2 NPs dispersed in: (a) ethanol and (b) methylene chloride.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The average particle size of pristine silica nanoparticles (SiO 2 NPs) and functional SiO 2 NPs dispersed in: (a) ethanol and (b) methylene chloride.

Table 3 .
Composition of functionalized silica particles and the corresponding coatings.Fabrication of the Bilayer Coatings on the Glass Substrate 3.3.1.Preparation of the First Coating Layer