Characterization of Electrospinning Prepared Nitrocellulose (NC)-Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN)-Based Composite Fibers

Nanoscale composite energetic materials (CEMs) based on oxidizer and fuel have potential advantages in energy adjustment and regulation through oxygen balance (OB) change. The micro- and nanosized fibers based on nano nitrocellulose (NC)-ammonium dinitramide (ADN) were prepared by the electrospinning technique, and the morphology, thermal stability, combustion behaviors, and mechanical sensitivity of the fibers were characterized by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), gas pressure measurement of thermostatic decomposition, laser ignition, and sensitivity tests. The results showed that the prepared fibers with fluffy 3D macrostructure were constructed by the overlap of micro/nanofibers with the energetic particles embedded in the NC matrix. The first exothermic peak temperature (Tp) of the samples containing ADN decreased by 10.1 °C at most compared to that of ADN, and the pressure rise time of all the samples containing ADN moved forward compared to that of the sample containing NC only. Furthermore, ADN can decrease the ignition delay time of NC-based fibers under atmosphere at room temperature from 33 ms to 9 ms and can enhance the burning intensity of NC-based fibers under normal pressure. In addition, compared to the single high explosive CL-20 or RDX, the mechanical sensitivities of the composite materials containing high explosive CL-20 or RDX were much decreased. The positive oxygen balance of ADN and the intensive interactions between ADN and NC can reduce the ignition delay time and promote the burning reaction intensity of NC-based composite fibers, while the mechanical sensitivities of composite fibers could be improved.


Introduction
Nitrocellulose (NC), fabricated by the nitrification of cellulose, has been widely used in military and commercial fields [1,2], such as for gun propellants [3], solid rocket propellants [4,5], explosives [6,7], lacquer [8], and coatings [9][10][11]. The reason for its extensive application in the military field is that NC possesses higher formation enthalpy (−2767.29 J/g for NC with nitrogen content 11.97%) than that of other polymers, such as GAP (142.8 J/g), BAMO (428.4 J/g) and AMMO (99.6 J/g) [12]. In addition to possessing high energy, having the controllable reaction rate and acceptable safety are another two requirements for energetic materials used in military ammunition [13]. The preparation of nanosized energetic materials has made it possible to achieve those targets, owing to the bigger surface to volume ratio and the higher reactivity that the nano-energetic materials have compared to common micro-energetic materials [14][15][16]. The higher reactivity of nanosized NC has great potential to improve the combustion performance of propellants or explosives [17,18]. In addition to that, as common NC fibers are downscaled to nanosized particles, the friction sensitivity can be improved substantially, with the simultaneous increase in the burning rate [19]. In particular, the nano-crystallization of spherical NC particles with diameter = 15-30 nm using the composite crystal method can significantly decrease the impact sensitivity by 44.6% [20]. In many methods of nanosized energetic

Preparation of the Spinning Solution
The NC solution with the concentration of 10 wt%, as the control sample, was prepared by dissolving certain dry NC fibers into acetone and oscillating for 40 h until it formed a transparent and homogenous solution. The RDX solution (40 wt%) and CL-20 solution (40 wt%) in acetone were prepared by dissolving the solutes in acetone, respectively. The precursor solutions for electrospinning were prepared as follows: 30 mg ADN were loaded in a 1.5 mL bottle, and 0.5 g NC solution (10 wt%) was added, then, the additives in the form of solutions were added in the as-prepared NC-ADN solution. All the precursor solutions were oscillated for 24 h before use. The components of each sample are listed in Table 1.

Electrospinning Process
The precursor solution was loaded into a plastic syringe with a needle inner diameter of 0.51 mm, and the syringe was fixed horizontally on a syringe pump. During the process of electrospinning, the high positive voltages 6 kV (for sample 1-3) and 12 kV (for sample 4) were imposed on the needle, respectively. Aluminum foil acted as the collector and was placed at about 5 cm away for sample 1-3 and 10 cm away for sample 4, under the needle and collected to the ground. The needle and the syringe were connected by Teflon tube with the outer diameter of 2.0 mm, and the flow rate was set at 2.5 mL/h.

Morphology Analysis
Filed emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with the model JSE-5800 and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with the model FEI Talos F200X were used to observe the morphology of the electrospun NC-based fibers.

DSC Tests
The thermal decomposition of the samples was investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC, Q200, TA instruments, Newcastle, USA), with the heating rate of 10 • C/min and the sample mass of 0.5 mg under a high-purity nitrogen atmosphere with the flow rate of 25 mL/min. All the tests were performed in curling alumina crucibles. In this section, the prepared samples and energetic materials, such as NC, ADN, RDX, CL-20, and the NC+ADN mixture (mass ratio 1/1), were made.

Gas Pressure Measurements of Thermostatic Decomposition
The gas pressure of thermal decomposition for each sample under thermostatic conditions was measured by a self-developed instrument with the diagrammatic sketch shown in Figure 1. The constant temperature of the furnace was kept to 100 ± 0.2 • C; the precision of the gas pressure measurement was about ±1%. About 16 mg of sample was put into a glass reactor which connected to the transducer through the adapter. Then, the as-prepared reactor was put into the heating hole in a thermostat. Simultaneously, the pressure was recorded by the data acquisition instrument as a pressure vs. time curve. The initial pressure was equal to the atmosphere. For comparison, the NC+ADN mixture (10 mg/6 mg, the same mass ratio as sample 3), prepared by simple mixing, was tested.

Combustion Tests
The combustion behaviors of the samples were characterized by a self-developed instrument with the schematic diagram shown in Figure 2; it was composed of a solid CO2 laser (SLC110, 10.6 μm), a photo detector, a high-speed camera, and a digital oscilloscope (TEK DPO4034). The ignition delay time was calculated by the difference between the moment the laser emitted and the moment that the light of the igniting sample reached the photo detector. Simultaneously, the combustion processes were recorded by the highspeed camera with 2000 fps. The sample with the dimensions of roughly 5 mm × 5 mm was pasted on the combustion cell, and each sample was tested three times with the average as the ignition delay time.

Mechanical Sensitivity
The impact sensitivity was measured on the WL-1 instrument with the hammer weight of 10 kg, the sample mass of 50 mg, and the drop height of 25 cm. Each sample was pressed into a pill by a tablet machine before the measurement. In total, 25 tests were

Combustion Tests
The combustion behaviors of the samples were characterized by a self-developed instrument with the schematic diagram shown in Figure 2; it was composed of a solid CO 2 laser (SLC110, 10.6 µm), a photo detector, a high-speed camera, and a digital oscilloscope (TEK DPO4034). The ignition delay time was calculated by the difference between the moment the laser emitted and the moment that the light of the igniting sample reached the photo detector. Simultaneously, the combustion processes were recorded by the high-speed camera with 2000 fps. The sample with the dimensions of roughly 5 mm × 5 mm was pasted on the combustion cell, and each sample was tested three times with the average as the ignition delay time.

Combustion Tests
The combustion behaviors of the samples were characterized by a self-developed instrument with the schematic diagram shown in Figure 2; it was composed of a solid CO2 laser (SLC110, 10.6 μm), a photo detector, a high-speed camera, and a digital oscilloscope (TEK DPO4034). The ignition delay time was calculated by the difference between the moment the laser emitted and the moment that the light of the igniting sample reached the photo detector. Simultaneously, the combustion processes were recorded by the highspeed camera with 2000 fps. The sample with the dimensions of roughly 5 mm × 5 mm was pasted on the combustion cell, and each sample was tested three times with the average as the ignition delay time.

Mechanical Sensitivity
The impact sensitivity was measured on the WL-1 instrument with the hammer weight of 10 kg, the sample mass of 50 mg, and the drop height of 25 cm. Each sample was pressed into a pill by a tablet machine before the measurement. In total, 25 tests were

Mechanical Sensitivity
The impact sensitivity was measured on the WL-1 instrument with the hammer weight of 10 kg, the sample mass of 50 mg, and the drop height of 25 cm. Each sample was pressed into a pill by a tablet machine before the measurement. In total, 25 tests were conducted for each sample, and the explosion probability was calculated as the last result in the form of an explosion percentage. The friction sensitivity was measured on the WM-1 instrument with the pressure of 3.92 MPa, a swing angle of 90 • , and the sample mass of 30 mg. Each sample was pressed into a pill by a tablet machine before the measurement. Similarly, 25 tests were conducted for each sample, and the explosion probability was calculated as the last result in the form of an explosion percentage.

Morphology Characteristics
The morphology of the electrospun NC-based composite fibers characterized by SEM and TEM is shown in Figure 3. The optical photographs of the electrospun NC-based composite fibers are shown in Figure 4. conducted for each sample, and the explosion probability was calculated as the last resul in the form of an explosion percentage. The friction sensitivity was measured on the WM-1 instrument with the pressure of 3.92 MPa, a swing angle of 90°, and the sample mass of 30 mg. Each sample was pressed into a pill by a tablet machine before the measurement Similarly, 25 tests were conducted for each sample, and the explosion probability was calculated as the last result in the form of an explosion percentage.

Morphology Characteristics
The morphology of the electrospun NC-based composite fibers characterized by SEM and TEM is shown in Figure 3. The optical photographs of the electrospun NC-based composite fibers are shown in Figure 4.   It can be seen in Figure 3 that all the NC-based composites were composed of crossed, overlapped fibers in the order of hundreds of nanometers, microscopically. Many fiber bundles can be found in the SEM images of samples 1-3 containing ADN, However, single fibers with a smooth surface can be seen in sample 4 without ADN. As shown in the TEM images in Figure 3, solid particles were found to be embedded in the NC matrix. Macroscopically, as shown in Figure 4a-c, NC-based composites with a fluffy 3D macrostructure were fabricated by the addition of ADN and had cotton-like shapes. However, the electrospun NC without ADN is just a 2D web ( Figure 4d). The vertical growth of fibers can be seen, and many tiny fibers were formed on the outside of the needle outlet ( Figure 4e).
Traditionally, the electrical field force overcame the surface tension and dragged the drops forward; then, the drops flew to the collector. In this process, as the solvents evaporated quickly, the gradually dried fibers reached the collector and overlapped layer by layer, forming a non-woven fabric. Although the mechanism of promoting the formation of a 3D macrostructure by the addition of ADN is still under exploration, the following points can be ascertained [36]. Firstly, the surface tension would be much reduced compared to the spun solution without the ADN addition. Furthermore, the surface charge would be much increased compared to the spun solution without the ADN addition. Last but not least, the solution conductivity would be improved a lot. Those factors synergistically improved the repulsion force on the liquid surface, which caused the difficult formation of the Tyler cone and the stable jet flow like in traditional electrospinning. Phenomenally, as shown in Figure 4e, the jet containing ADN preferred to disperse into many tiny jets at the needle outlet, which accelerated the vaporization of the solvent. The electrostatic repulsion on the jet surface and the gradually dried fibers made the jets and the fibers scatter haphazardly, which resulted in the complete solvent vaporization a long time before the fiber reached the collector; finally, they contributed to the formation of fluffy 3D macrostructure. It can be seen in Figure 3 that all the NC-based composites were composed of crossed, overlapped fibers in the order of hundreds of nanometers, microscopically. Many fiber bundles can be found in the SEM images of samples 1-3 containing ADN, However, single fibers with a smooth surface can be seen in sample 4 without ADN. As shown in the TEM images in Figure 3, solid particles were found to be embedded in the NC matrix. Macroscopically, as shown in Figure 4a-c, NC-based composites with a fluffy 3D macrostructure were fabricated by the addition of ADN and had cotton-like shapes. However, the electrospun NC without ADN is just a 2D web (Figure 4d). The vertical growth of fibers can be seen, and many tiny fibers were formed on the outside of the needle outlet ( Figure 4e).

Thermal Behaviors under Linear Heating Conditions
Traditionally, the electrical field force overcame the surface tension and dragged the drops forward; then, the drops flew to the collector. In this process, as the solvents evaporated quickly, the gradually dried fibers reached the collector and overlapped layer by layer, forming a non-woven fabric. Although the mechanism of promoting the formation of a 3D macrostructure by the addition of ADN is still under exploration, the following points can be ascertained [36]. Firstly, the surface tension would be much reduced compared to the spun solution without the ADN addition. Furthermore, the surface charge would be much increased compared to the spun solution without the ADN addition. Last but not least, the solution conductivity would be improved a lot. Those factors synergistically improved the repulsion force on the liquid surface, which caused the difficult formation of the Tyler cone and the stable jet flow like in traditional electrospinning. Phenomenally, as shown in Figure 4e, the jet containing ADN preferred to disperse into many tiny jets at the needle outlet, which accelerated the vaporization of the solvent. The electrostatic repulsion on the jet surface and the gradually dried fibers made the jets and the fibers scatter haphazardly, which resulted in the complete solvent vaporization a long time before the fiber reached the collector; finally, they contributed to the formation of fluffy 3D macrostructure.

Thermal Behaviors under Linear Heating Conditions
The thermal behaviors of samples 1-4 at linear heating rate of 10 • C/min were tested; the DSC curves are shown in Figure 5, and the peak temperature data of the main decomposition processes are listed in Table 2.  It can be seen in Figure 5 that the melting point of ADN and RDX disappeared for the NC-based electrospun samples, compared to the DSC curves of ADN and RDX, which can be attributed to the ADN and RDX particles that were embedded in the fluffy NC nanometric fibers (Figure 4). Compared to the pure NC, the thermal decomposition peak temperature (Tp) of the NC in sample 4 moved forward by 1.1 °C, much less than the decrement of electrospun NC fiber reported in [28]   It can be seen in Figure 5 that the melting point of ADN and RDX disappeared for the NC-based electrospun samples, compared to the DSC curves of ADN and RDX, which can be attributed to the ADN and RDX particles that were embedded in the fluffy NC nanometric fibers ( Figure 4). Compared to the pure NC, the thermal decomposition peak temperature (T p ) of the NC in sample 4 moved forward by 1.1 • C, much less than the decrement of electrospun NC fiber reported in [28], indicating that the thermal stability of the NC fibers obtained by traditional electrospinning can be retained. For samples 1-3 containing ADN, the T p of the ADN decreased from 189.0 • C to 178.9 • C, 184.5 • C, or 185.7 • C, respectively, compared to the pure ADN. The T p of NC decreased from 210.1 • C to 201.5 • C, 204.3 • C, or 202.1 • C, respectively, compared to the pure NC. The T p decrease indicated that reactions happened between ADN and NC in heating. It can be seen that the T p of NC+ADN decreased by 24.2 • C compared to the pure NC, and 3.1 • C compared to the pure ADN, which showed that the intensive interactions existed between ADN and NC. Comparing the DSC curves of sample 3 to that of the NC+ADN mixture, it can be seen that a unique T p of 185.9 • C appeared in the DSC curves of the NC+ADN mixture; however, two T p s, corresponding to ADN (185.7 • C) and NC (202.1 • C) appeared in that of sample 3. The difference between these two samples with the same components may be caused by the different NC/ADN mass ratio in the samples. The same phenomenon can be observed for samples 1 and 2. With the addition of ADN, the exact intensive interactions between ADN and NC were recognized as the main reasons for the T p decrease in ADN and NC in samples 1, 2, and 3. The T p of the RDX in the NC-based fibers (sample 1) decreased by 14.2 • C compared to the pure RDX. This large T p decrease in RDX in sample 1 can be ascribed to the following two aspects. The first one is that RDX was prone to decompose when the particle size was reduced from the micrometer to the nanometer scale [37]. The second one is the acceleration influence of ADN on the thermal decomposition of RDX. Similarly, the T p of CL-20 in the NC-based fibers containing CL-20 (sample 2) decreased from 251.3 • C to 235.4 • C, which is about 4.2 • C lower than that reported by Guo [38].

Thermal Behaviors under Thermostatic Conditions
The thermal behaviors of samples 1-4 at 100 • C were tested by the gas pressure measurement in the process of thermal decomposition, and the pressure curves are shown in Figure 6.

Thermal Behaviors under Thermostatic Conditions
The thermal behaviors of samples 1-4 at 100 °C were tested by the urement in the process of thermal decomposition, and the pressure c Figure 6. It can be seen in Figure 6 that the pressure of sample 4 containin change much in the whole heating process, which was much lower t 1, 2, and 3. Furthermore, the thermal decomposition can be accelerate for 1.5 h, 2.0 h, and 1.1 h for samples 1, 2, and 3, respectively, which than the initial pressure rise time of sample 4 containing NC alone. Th process for samples 1, 2 and 3 can be ascribed to the thermal decomp cause ADN decomposed ahead of NC, as shown in the DSC curves in F as ADN was introduced the thermal decomposition of the fibers was a due to the intense interactions between ADN and NC, as analyzed in t Comparing the pressure curve of sample 3 with that of sample 4, as the intensive interactions between ADN and NC can also be ascert energy compounds, CL-20 or RDX, were additionally added, the pre delayed a little. Apart from that, a comparative study on the decomp the NC+ADN mixture with that of sample 3 was conducted. In Figure the pressure of the NC+ADN mixture began to rise after heating for 30 28.9 h later than that of sample 3, which indicated that the more in between ADN and NC can be prompted by electrospinning. This It can be seen in Figure 6 that the pressure of sample 4 containing only NC did not change much in the whole heating process, which was much lower than that of samples 1, 2, and 3. Furthermore, the thermal decomposition can be accelerated after being heated for 1.5 h, 2.0 h, and 1.1 h for samples 1, 2, and 3, respectively, which were much shorter than the initial pressure rise time of sample 4 containing NC alone. The first pressure rise process for samples 1, 2 and 3 can be ascribed to the thermal decomposition of ADN because ADN decomposed ahead of NC, as shown in the DSC curves in Figure 5. Obviously, as ADN was introduced the thermal decomposition of the fibers was accelerated. This was due to the intense interactions between ADN and NC, as analyzed in the previous section. Comparing the pressure curve of sample 3 with that of sample 4, as shown in Figure 6, the intensive interactions between ADN and NC can also be ascertained. As the high-energy compounds, CL-20 or RDX, were additionally added, the pressure rise time was delayed a little. Apart from that, a comparative study on the decomposition behavior of the NC+ADN mixture with that of sample 3 was conducted. In Figure 6, it can be seen that the pressure of the NC+ADN mixture began to rise after heating for 30 h, which was about 28.9 h later than that of sample 3, which indicated that the more intensive interactions between ADN and NC can be prompted by electrospinning. This acceleration effect brought by electrospinning can be ascribed to better dispersion uniformity than simple mixing and the resulting large contact area between ADN and NC.

Combustion Performance
The ignition delay times of samples 1, 2, 3, and 4 were measured with the laser powers of 40 W and 67 W, respectively, and the results are shown in Figure 7. . The pure NC electrospun fibers had the longest ignition delay time under these two laser power irradiations. As ADN was added separately, the ignition delay time decreased the most. When CL-20 and ADN were added together to the NC-based matrix, the ignition delay time changed a little compared to that of the NC-based fibers containing and added alone, but decreased a lot compared to that of the pure NC electrospun fibers. The phenomenon was a little different when RDX and ADN were added together to the NC-based matrix. The ignition delay time changed a little under the laser power of 67 W and increased a lot under the laser power of 40 W compared to that of the NC-based fibers with ADN alone. Compared to the results reported by Wang [27] that the ignition delay time of the electrospun NC fibers containing RDX was higher than that of the NC fibers, it is easy to conclude that the addition of ADN can substantially reduce the ignition delay time of NC fibers containing RDX. Due to the laser ignition starting with the thermal decomposition of the material, the one with the lower thermal decomposition temperature was more inclined to ignite [39]. As shown in Figure 5, the first decomposition peak temperatures of the samples containing ADN (178.9 °C, 184.5 °C, and 185.7 °C for sample 1, 2, and 3, respectively) were much lower than that of sample 4 (209.0 °C); hence, the ignition delay time of samples 1-3 was shorter than that of sample 4. However, this was not true for the three samples 1-3 that contained ADN; for example, sample 1, with the lowest first decomposition temperature (178.9 °C), had the longest ignition delay time. The reason was that RDX had a retarding effect on the laser ignition process of the NC composite fibers [27], which was consistent with the reported results [40,41]. Secondly, the intensive interactions between ADN and NC made the ADN addition play the critical role in the igniting tests.
The combustion processes were captured with a high-speed camera during the laser ignition tests, and some of the corresponding snapshots are shown in Figure 8. [sample 1 (7.5 ms)] ≈ [sample 2 (7 ms)] ≈ [sample7 (6 ms)]. The pure NC electrospun fibers had the longest ignition delay time under these two laser power irradiations. As ADN was added separately, the ignition delay time decreased the most. When CL-20 and ADN were added together to the NC-based matrix, the ignition delay time changed a little compared to that of the NC-based fibers containing and added alone, but decreased a lot compared to that of the pure NC electrospun fibers. The phenomenon was a little different when RDX and ADN were added together to the NC-based matrix. The ignition delay time changed a little under the laser power of 67 W and increased a lot under the laser power of 40 W compared to that of the NC-based fibers with ADN alone. Compared to the results reported by Wang [27] that the ignition delay time of the electrospun NC fibers containing RDX was higher than that of the NC fibers, it is easy to conclude that the addition of ADN can substantially reduce the ignition delay time of NC fibers containing RDX. Due to the laser ignition starting with the thermal decomposition of the material, the one with the lower thermal decomposition temperature was more inclined to ignite [39]. As shown in Figure 5, the first decomposition peak temperatures of the samples containing ADN (178.9 • C, 184.5 • C, and 185.7 • C for sample 1, 2, and 3, respectively) were much lower than that of sample 4 (209.0 • C); hence, the ignition delay time of samples 1-3 was shorter than that of sample 4. However, this was not true for the three samples 1-3 that contained ADN; for example, sample 1, with the lowest first decomposition temperature (178.9 • C), had the longest ignition delay time. The reason was that RDX had a retarding effect on the laser ignition process of the NC composite fibers [27], which was consistent with the reported results [40,41]. Secondly, the intensive interactions between ADN and NC made the ADN addition play the critical role in the igniting tests.
The combustion processes were captured with a high-speed camera during the laser ignition tests, and some of the corresponding snapshots are shown in Figure 8. The combustion flames were weak in the whole process for sample 4 composed of pure NC, and the combustion flames became brighter as ADN, RDX, or CL-20 was added, as shown in Figure 8. This indicated that the burning became more violent as the composition became more energetic when high explosives were added into the NC matrix. This phenomenon was consistent with the ignition delay time results. The reason for the improvement in the burning intensity by adding ADN is that the energetic salt possesses positive oxygen balance [42]. From the ignition delay time and combustion flame in the burning process, it can be seen that the combustion performance of NC-based composite fibers can be improved significantly by the addition of ADN.

Mechanical Sensitivity
The impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity of samples 1, 2, 3, and 4 were tested and compared with those of pure ADN, RDX, and CL-20. The results are listed in Table 3.

Sample
Impact Sensitivity (%) Friction Sensitivity (%) 1 56 60 The combustion flames were weak in the whole process for sample 4 composed of pure NC, and the combustion flames became brighter as ADN, RDX, or CL-20 was added, as shown in Figure 8. This indicated that the burning became more violent as the composition became more energetic when high explosives were added into the NC matrix. This phenomenon was consistent with the ignition delay time results. The reason for the improvement in the burning intensity by adding ADN is that the energetic salt possesses positive oxygen balance [42]. From the ignition delay time and combustion flame in the burning process, it can be seen that the combustion performance of NC-based composite fibers can be improved significantly by the addition of ADN.

Mechanical Sensitivity
The impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity of samples 1, 2, 3, and 4 were tested and compared with those of pure ADN, RDX, and CL-20. The results are listed in Table 3. It can be seen that the impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity for samples 1 and 2 were much reduced compared to those of pure RDX and CL-20, which may be due to the synergistic effects of the decreasing particle size from micrometer to nanometer [43] and the NC coating over the sensitive particle [11,44]. Compared to samples 3 and 4, the addition of ADN can reduce the mechanical sensitivity, apart from the reasons mentioned above; another probable reason is that ADN can lubricate the NC matrix and adsorb heat in the melting process under impact or friction.

Conclusions
In this paper, we reported on the preparation of NC/ADN-based composite fibers by the electrospinning technique. The nanofiber structures were confirmed by SEM, TEM, and other tests. Based on the TG-DSC, pressure curves, and laser ignition tests, it was found that ADN could accelerate the thermal decomposition of NC-based composite fibers. The positive oxygen balance of ADN and the intensive interactions between ADN and NC reduced the ignition delay time and promoted the burning reaction intensity of the NC-based composite fibers. The mechanical sensitivities of the NC/ADN-based composite fibers containing CL-20 or RDX were reduced. Although the composite fibers with zero OB have not been fabricated due to the feasibility problem of electrospinning, the positive influence of the OB adjustment on the burning behavior of energetic materials can be seen, and the electrospinning was an effective way to prepare high-performance NC/ADN-based composite materials.