Lower Ultra-High Frequency Non-Deployable Omnidirectional Antenna for Nanosatellite Communication System

The concept of the nanosatellite comes into play in launching miniaturized versions of satellites or regarding payloads with minimizing cost and building time. The economic affordability of nanosatellites has been promoted with a view to launching various nanosatellite missions. The communication system is one of the most important aspects of a satellite. The antenna is a key element for establishing a communication link between the earth and the nanosatellite. The antenna and solar panel of the nanosatellite are two of the most vital components that profoundly impact antenna type and design. This paper proposes a non-deployable lower ultra-high frequency (UHF) antenna, strategically mounted on the satellite body, to address the constraints of deployment complexity and solar panel integration. The antenna was fabricated and performances measured with a 1U nanosatellite structure, which achieved resonance frequency at 401 MHz frequency bands with 0.672 dBi realized gain. The overall antenna size is 0.13λ × 0.13λ × 0.006λ. The major challenges addressed by the proposed antenna are to design a nanosatellite-compatible lower UHF antenna and to ensure solar irradiance into the solar panel to minimize input power scarcity.


Introduction
The development of nanosatellites or CubeSat provides a unique platform to explore space with a single unit structure of 10 × 10 × 10 cm 3 . Nowadays, numerous nanosatellite missions are launched into space for various applications, such as space education, space tethers, for commercial sectors and for remote sensing like weather forecasting, natural disaster monitoring, maritime tracking, and multispectral Earth imaging. Communication between satellite and earth is crucial for satellite communication, where an antenna plays a key role in the system. The operating frequency of the nanosatellite depends on its requirements and applications, and lower UHF are widely used bands in the nanosatellite communication system [1]. UHF antenna design is a challenging task for antenna researchers due to the inherent relation between antenna size and operating frequency, and nanosatellite standards [2]. Various antenna architectures have been studied and classified under two categories: non-deployable and deployable antennas [3]. Wire antennas, like monopoles and dipoles, are commonly used as the deployable antennas in the nanosatellite

Antenna Design
The antenna design process started by accumulating the design specification based on the UHF nanosatellite application and the commercially available 1U nanosatellite structure. The proposed antenna was designed considering the inverted F antenna technique to avoid the deployment complexity of the current nanosatellite antenna system [22,23]. The initial inverted F parameters and operating frequency were estimated using Equation (1), where h is the space between ground plane, c represents the velocity of light; and radiator patch, L1 and L2 are the patch length and height, respectively: The developed antenna addressed the inverse space accommodation relation between antenna and solar panel placement. The concept of the antenna over solar panels was adopted [24], and the antenna patch was modified to penetrate solar irradiance to the solar panel. The geometrical structure of the antenna was comprised of a rectangular-shaped patch with r 1 and r 2 net holes, two elliptical hollow spaces on the antenna patch, a shorting wall and a 50 Ω coaxial feed. The equivalent inductance introduced by the feeding probe and shorting wall was reduced by etching two elliptical slots and net holes. As a result, maximum uncovered surface area for sufficient solar penetration was achieved to mount the solar panel. Figure 1 depicts the antenna geometry and the final design parameters are tabulated in Table 1. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) standard was followed to design the 1U nanosatellite structure and the antenna mounted on the z-plane of the structure. A GaAs base solar panel was considered in the simulation. solar panel. The geometrical structure of the antenna was comprised of a rectangularshaped patch with r1 and r2 net holes, two elliptical hollow spaces on the antenna patch, a shorting wall and a 50 Ω coaxial feed. The equivalent inductance introduced by the feeding probe and shorting wall was reduced by etching two elliptical slots and net holes. As a result, maximum uncovered surface area for sufficient solar penetration was achieved to mount the solar panel. Figure 1 depicts the antenna geometry and the final design parameters are tabulated in Table 1. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) standard was followed to design the 1U nanosatellite structure and the antenna mounted on the z-plane of the structure. A GaAs base solar panel was considered in the simulation.

Results and Discussions
At first, the reflection coefficient of the proposed antenna was investigated and experimentally verified for an antenna without solar panels and with solar panel integration, as shown in Figure 2. It is shown in Figure 2

Results and Discussions
At first, the reflection coefficient of the proposed antenna was investigated and experimentally verified for an antenna without solar panels and with solar panel integration, as shown in Figure 2. It is shown in Figure 2   The surface current distribution of the proposed antenna with and without solar panel integration was analyzed to understand the effective electrical length of the antenna. From Figure 3a, it is seen that the maximum current was observed near the shorting wall and the current flowed towards the elliptical slots. Moreover, some strong current was also observed at circular slots of the radiating patch. Therefore, a larger electric path was formed to miniaturize the antenna structure, and about 60% of the surface was truncated for solar irradiance. Figure 3b also shows a similar pattern after solar panel integration. The surface current distribution of the proposed antenna with and without solar panel integration was analyzed to understand the effective electrical length of the antenna. From Figure 3a, it is seen that the maximum current was observed near the shorting wall and the current flowed towards the elliptical slots. Moreover, some strong current was also observed at circular slots of the radiating patch. Therefore, a larger electric path was formed to miniaturize the antenna structure, and about 60% of the surface was truncated for solar irradiance. Figure 3b also shows a similar pattern after solar panel integration. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 9 (a) (b) The radiation pattern of the proposed antenna was analyzed with 1U nanosatellite structure. Both 3D and the 2D radiation patterns are presented in Figure 4a,b. The antenna achieved 0.672 dB of realized gain at the 401 MHz frequency band, as seen in Figure 4a. Figure 4b shows that the antenna achieved a nearly omnidirectional radiation pattern in the azimuth plane. The radiation characteristics of the antennas were measured in Satimo's Star Lab near the field antenna measurement system at Laird Technologies (M) Sdn Bhd, Malaysia, as shown in Figure 4c. The simulation and measured radiation patterns showed a little discrepancy. This discrepancy arose out of the fact that the nanosatellite model used in the simulation and the fabricated model used in measurement were not exactly equivalent, due to differences in material properties of the nanosatellite structure. The antenna showed 70.88 % of total efficiency and 0.672 dB realized gain with 1U nanosatellite structure, as shown in Figure 5. The radiation pattern of the proposed antenna was analyzed with 1U nanosatellite structure. Both 3D and the 2D radiation patterns are presented in Figure 4a,b. The antenna achieved 0.672 dB of realized gain at the 401 MHz frequency band, as seen in Figure 4a. Figure 4b shows that the antenna achieved a nearly omnidirectional radiation pattern in the azimuth plane. The radiation characteristics of the antennas were measured in Satimo's Star Lab near the field antenna measurement system at Laird Technologies (M) Sdn Bhd, Malaysia, as shown in Figure 4c. The simulation and measured radiation patterns showed a little discrepancy. This discrepancy arose out of the fact that the nanosatellite model used in the simulation and the fabricated model used in measurement were not exactly equivalent, due to differences in material properties of the nanosatellite structure. The antenna showed 70.88% of total efficiency and 0.672 dB realized gain with 1U nanosatellite structure, as shown in Figure 5.  The radiation pattern of the proposed antenna was analyzed with 1U nanosatellite structure. Both 3D and the 2D radiation patterns are presented in Figure 4a,b. The antenna achieved 0.672 dB of realized gain at the 401 MHz frequency band, as seen in Figure 4a. Figure 4b shows that the antenna achieved a nearly omnidirectional radiation pattern in the azimuth plane. The radiation characteristics of the antennas were measured in Satimo's Star Lab near the field antenna measurement system at Laird Technologies (M) Sdn Bhd, Malaysia, as shown in Figure 4c. The simulation and measured radiation patterns showed a little discrepancy. This discrepancy arose out of the fact that the nanosatellite model used in the simulation and the fabricated model used in measurement were not exactly equivalent, due to differences in material properties of the nanosatellite structure. The antenna showed 70.88 % of total efficiency and 0.672 dB realized gain with 1U nanosatellite structure, as shown in Figure 5.        The solar panel output power with and without antenna integration was also investigated, shown in Figure 6. Solar simulator SML-2K1MV1 and pyranometer MS-802 were used in this measurement. Initially, the solar panels were placed satellite backplane board and output power was measured. Then, the antenna was placed upon the solar panel and solar panel output power was measured. The structural shadow effects were investigated for 0 • , 45 • and 60 • solar panel positions with respect to the simulator. The results are presented in Table 2.
Nanomaterials 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 9 The solar panel output power with and without antenna integration was also investigated, shown in Figure 6. Solar simulator SML-2K1MV1 and pyranometer MS-802 were used in this measurement. Initially, the solar panels were placed satellite backplane board and output power was measured. Then, the antenna was placed upon the solar panel and solar panel output power was measured. The structural shadow effects were investigated for 0°, 45° and 60° solar panel positions with respect to the simulator. The results are presented in Table 2.  A performance comparison with different types of recent UHF antennas is presented in Table 3. Most antennas suffer from different limitations, like larger size, occupied solar panel space and design complexity. Therefore, the proposed antenna facilitates a substantial trade-off between antenna performances and the size of 1U nanosatellite communication constraints.   A performance comparison with different types of recent UHF antennas is presented in Table 3. Most antennas suffer from different limitations, like larger size, occupied solar panel space and design complexity. Therefore, the proposed antenna facilitates a substantial trade-off between antenna performances and the size of 1U nanosatellite communication constraints.

Conclusions
This paper presents an omnidirectional lower UHF band antenna for the 1U nanosatellite communication system, which is highly reliable, with a simplified structure of 0.13λ × 0.13λ × 0.006λ. The antenna is free of deployment complexity and facilitates sufficient space for solar panel placement. An omnidirectional radiation pattern, 0.672 dB realized gain and verified measured results are the features of this antenna. Therefore, the proposed antenna is a potential solution for deployment free nanosatellite communication and allows satellite engineers to focus on other design criteria.

Data Availability Statement:
The data presented in this study are presented in this article.