Improved Photoelectrochemical Performance of MoS2 through Morphology-Controlled Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth on Graphene

The morphology of MoS2 nanostructures was manipulated from thin films to vertically aligned few-layer nanosheets on graphene, in a controllable and practical manner, using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The effects of graphene layer and MoS2 morphology on photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance were systematically studied on the basis of electronic structure and transitions, carrier dynamic behavior, and PEC measurements. The heterojunction quality of the graphene/vertical few-layer MoS2 nanosheets was ensured by low-temperature growth at 250−300 °C, resulting in significantly improved charge transfer properties. As a result, the PEC photocurrent density and photoconversion efficiency of the few-layer MoS2 nanosheets significantly increased upon the insertion of a graphene layer. Among the graphene/MoS2 samples, the few-layer MoS2 nanosheet samples exhibited shorter carrier lifetimes and smaller charge transfer resistances than the thin film samples, suggesting that vertically aligned nanosheets provide highly conductive edges as an efficient pathway for photo-generated carriers and have better electronic contact with graphene. In addition, the height of vertical MoS2 nanosheets on graphene should be controlled within the carrier diffusion length (~200 nm) to achieve the optimal PEC performance. These results can be utilized effectively to exploit the full potential of two-dimensional MoS2 for various PEC applications.


Introduction
The two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides, such as MoS 2 and WSe 2 , have recently emerged as promising photocatalysts of photoelectrochemical (PEC) watersplitting applications because of their excellent catalytic activity, high chemical stability, and earth abundance [1,2]. Two-dimensional MoS 2 is of particular interest because of its high carrier mobility (a few hundred cm 2 /V·s), high optical absorption, and eco-friendliness. The PEC efficiency of MoS 2 is significantly affected by the design and implementation of an appropriate heterostructure that can enhance the separation and subsequent transfer of photogenerated electron-hole (e-h) pairs using a built-in potential generated by the heterojunction [3][4][5]. Among various heterostructures, such as MoS 2 /TiO 2 , MoS 2 /ZnO, and MoS 2 /CdS [5][6][7][8][9], 2D MoS 2 nanostructures/graphene has attracted considerable attention as promising PEC cathode and anode material systems [10,11]. Graphene is considered the most fascinating conducting layer because it exhibits remarkable electron mobility (>15,000 cm 2 ·V −1 ·s −1 ) [12] and forms a favorable heterojunction with MoS 2 for efficient charge separation and transfer [13]. Chang et al. reported that graphene in MoS 2 /graphene-CdS composites improves the charge transfer ability and retards the recombination of e-h pairs, thereby enhancing photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reactions [13]. Yu et al. demonstrated a one-pot synthesis of CdS/MoS 2 /graphene hollow spheres for highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction [14]. Carraro et al. showed that the p-n for highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction [14]. Carraro et al. showed that the p-n heterojunction of MoS2/crumpled graphene enhances PEC hydrogen production [11]. Zhang et al. reported that the built-in electric field of 2D MoS2/reduced graphene oxide heterojunctions suppresses the recombination of e-h pairs and promotes PEC efficiency [15]. However, most MoS2/graphene composites exhibit randomly assembled structures of 2D MoS2 and graphene. The heterostructure of few-layer MoS2 nanosheets aligned vertically on graphene substrates has not been implemented by wet-chemical approaches.
The architecture configuration of few-layer MoS2 on electrode substrates is another important factor that can be leveraged to improve PEC efficiency because of its 2D layered structure comprised of a strong in-plane covalent bonding of S-Mo-S and a weak out-ofplane van der Waals interaction between neighboring S-S layers. The vertically standing 2D MoS2 structure has recently been reported to enhance PEC performance considerably, because the highly conductive edges of 2D MoS2 provide an efficient pathway for photoexcited carriers and have good electronic contact with the substrates [8,16,17]. He et al. demonstrated that the edge-on structure of MoS2 flakes/TiO2 nanowires improves the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution of MoS2 [16]. Recently, we reported the enhanced PEC water-splitting activity of few-layer MoS2 nanosheets vertically grown on indium-tin oxide (ITO) and TiO2 nanowires [17,18]. In addition, the morphology of MoS2 affected the adhesion behavior of as-formed gas bubbles. Lu et al. reported that a superaerophobic surface of vertically stacked MoS2 flake electrodes significantly improved PEC hydrogen evolution reactions [19].
The thickness controllability of 2D MoS2 nanosheets is also an important factor to maximize its PEC activity, because the bandgap energy is tunable from ~1.2 eV for the indirect gap of the bulk form to ~1.9 eV for the direct gap of the monolayer [20][21][22]. The theoretical limiting efficiency of single-junction cells can be achieved at a bandgap energy of 1.59 eV, which corresponds to that of few-layer MoS2. Velicky et al. revealed that fewlayer (5-10) MoS2 flakes provide a good compromise between large surface areas and sufficiently fast charge-carrier transport for energy storage and energy conversion applications [23]. However, information on morphology-controlled synthesis, including the thickness, size, and architecture of 2D MoS2 on graphene and its systematic electronic, optical, and PEC properties, is minimal. Herein, we report the controllable growth of fewlayer MoS2 nanosheets on graphene by using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) for PEC water-splitting applications. The morphology of MoS2 was successfully manipulated from thin film to vertically aligned few-layer nanosheets on graphene via a controllable and practical manner, that is, by varying growth temperature ( Figure  1). Furthermore, MoS2 was grown on graphene at relatively low temperatures (≤ 350 °C) in order to minimize the structural and chemical destruction of the graphene layer. The beneficial effects of the graphene layer were also systematically studied. For PEC watersplitting applications, the optimal structure of MoS2 on graphene, including PEC properties, electronic structures and carrier transfer properties across the graphene/MoS2 heterojunction, was determined by a systematic study.

Experimental
The Graphene was grown on Cu foils (Alfa Aesar) using inductively-coupled plasma chemical vapor deposition (ICP CVD) with CH 4 and H 2 gases at 950 • C for 5 min. The ICP power and growth pressure were fixed at 200 W and 1 Torr, respectively. The synthesized graphene on Cu was transferred on an ITO glass substrate ( Figure 1). The CVD growth and transfer procedures of graphene were described in further detail elsewhere [24]. MoS 2 was grown on ITO and ITO/graphene substrates at various temperatures (200 • C, 250 • C, 300 • C, and 350 • C) through MOCVD reaction with Mo(CO) 6 and H 2 S gas (5 vol% in balance N 2 ) as Mo and S precursors, respectively. Mo(CO) 6 was vaporized at 20 • C and carried into a quartz reaction tube with Ar gas of 25 standard cubic centimeters per minute (SCCM). The flow rate of H 2 S gas was 75 SCCM. The growth pressure and time were fixed at 1 Torr and 5 min, respectively.
The morphology and microstructure of MoS 2 were characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM: Hitachi S-4800, Tokyo, Japan) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM: Tecnai G 2 F30 S-Twin, Hillsboro, OR, USA). The crystal structure of MoS 2 was characterized by TEM and micro-Raman spectroscopy using an excitation band of 532 nm and a charge-coupled device detector. The optical properties were evaluated by ultravioletvisible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy (S-3100, SCINCO, Seoul, Korea) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy (excitation at 532 nm). The photo-excited carrier behavior was investigated by time-resolved PL (TRPL) measurements. The samples were excited using a 467 nm pulsed laser and the transient signal was recorded using a time-correlated single photon counting spectrometer (Horiba Fluorolog 3, Kyoto, Japan). The energy level of MoS 2 was evaluated via UV photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS; Thermo scientific, K-alpha + , Waltham, MA, USA).
PEC cells were fabricated on 1 × 2 cm 2 ITO and ITO/graphene substrates. The working area of the PEC cells was fixed at 0.5 × 0.5 cm 2 using nonconductive epoxy to cover undesired areas. PEC characterization was performed using a three-electrode system and an electrochemical analyzer (potentiostat/galvanostat 263A, HS Technologies, Gyeonggi-do, Korea). A Pt plate and KCl-saturated calomel (Hg/Hg 2 Cl 2 ) were used as counter and reference electrodes, respectively. The electrolyte solution was prepared with 0.3 M KH 2 PO 4 in KOH solution (pH 6.5). The light source used was a 150 W Xe arc lamp that delivered an intensity of 100 mW/cm 2 of simulated AM 1.5 G irradiation. The current density-voltage characteristics were recorded using a source meter (Keithley 2400, Cleveland, OH, USA). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement was performed under constant light illumination (100 mW/cm 2 ) at a bias of 0.6 V while varying the AC frequency from 100 kHz to 100 mHz.

Results and Discussion
The morphology of MoS 2 grown on graphene was crucially affected by the growth temperature of the MOCVD process. At 200 • C, an MoS 2 film with a thickness of~50 nm was formed, hereinafter referred to as G/MoS 2 -200 ( Figure 2a). When the growth temperature was increased to 250 • C, the MoS 2 morphology drastically changed to vertically aligned nanosheets with a height of~200 nm and length of~150-250 nm, hereinafter referred to as G/MoS 2 -250 ( Figure 2b). The MoS 2 nanosheets were vertically aligned and densely packed on the ITO/graphene substrate, which is ideal for PEC photoelectrode applications due to its high specific surface area of 2D MoS 2 catalytic edge sites. Theoretical and experimental results indicate that the strong catalytic activity of 2D MoS 2 arises from active S atom sites exposed along the edges [3][4][5]. The height of the vertically aligned MoS 2 nanosheets increased further to~250 nm at 300 • C, hereinafter referred to as G/MoS 2 -300 ( Figure 2c). However, above 350 • C, the morphology of MoS 2 changed back to a~130 nm-thick film, hereinafter referred to as G/MoS 2 -350 ( Figure 2d). The size of 2D layered MoS 2 nanosheets (S-Mo-S) seemed to be determined by the migration length of impinged Mo adatoms, which bonds two S anions in S-stabilized growth condition. The height of the G/MoS 2 -300 nanosheet was higher than that of G/MoS 2 -250 because of the enhanced migration length of Mo adatoms at a higher growth temperature. When the growth temperature was increased further, the ratio of Mo to S adatoms also increased due to the predominant desorption of S adatoms from the growth front surface. Under S-deficient conditions, impinged Mo adatoms tended to bond immediately with the nearest Mo adatoms. As a result, a thin film morphology composed of particles was observed at 350 • C [8,25,26].
Nanomaterials 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 10 G/MoS2-300 nanosheet was higher than that of G/MoS2-250 because of the enhanced migration length of Mo adatoms at a higher growth temperature. When the growth temperature was increased further, the ratio of Mo to S adatoms also increased due to the predominant desorption of S adatoms from the growth front surface. Under S-deficient conditions, impinged Mo adatoms tended to bond immediately with the nearest Mo adatoms. As a result, a thin film morphology composed of particles was observed at 350 °C [8,25,26]. The structures of MoS2 and graphene were investigated using Raman spectroscopy and TEM. The Raman spectrum of pristine CVD-grown graphene showed a low-intensity ratio of D to G band peaks (>0.15) ( Figure 3a). The light transmittance of 96.8 % at 550 nm ( Figure S1 in Supporting Information) corresponds to approximately one and a half layers of high-quality graphene [24]. The graphene layer was still present after the MOCVD growth of MoS2, as confirmed by the presence of characteristic G and 2D band peaks in the Raman spectrum ( Figure 3a). All the graphene/MoS2 samples exhibited the E 1 2g mode and A1g mode in Raman spectra ( Figure 3b). The E 1 2g and A1g modes are attributed to the in-plane vibration of Mo and S atoms and the out-of-plane vibration of S atoms, respectively. The number of MoS2 layers can be estimated from the positions and relative frequency difference (RFD) of the E 1 2g and A1g peaks [27,28]. For G/MoS2-250, the RFD value (22.3 cm −1 ) of E 1 2g (385.0 cm −1 ) and A1g peaks (407.3 cm −1 ) corresponds to a few layers of MoS2. The increased RFD value (24.0 cm −1 ) with a blue-shifted A1g peak (409.3 cm −1 ) of G/MoS2-300 indicates a slightly increased number of layers. The blue-shifted A1g mode is attributed to the increased restoring force of the interlayer S-S atoms due to the increased number of layers. The thin film samples (G/MoS2-200 and G/MoS2-350) exhibited further increased RFD values with more-blue-shifted A1g modes (inset in Figure 3b). The TEM images of G/MoS2-250 showed that the MoS2 nanosheets have a layered structure (Figure The structures of MoS 2 and graphene were investigated using Raman spectroscopy and TEM. The Raman spectrum of pristine CVD-grown graphene showed a low-intensity ratio of D to G band peaks (>0.15) ( Figure 3a). The light transmittance of 96.8 % at 550 nm ( Figure S1 in Supporting Information) corresponds to approximately one and a half layers of high-quality graphene [24]. The graphene layer was still present after the MOCVD growth of MoS 2 , as confirmed by the presence of characteristic G and 2D band peaks in the Raman spectrum ( Figure 3a). All the graphene/MoS 2 samples exhibited the E 1 2g mode and A 1g mode in Raman spectra (Figure 3b). The E 1 2g and A 1g modes are attributed to the in-plane vibration of Mo and S atoms and the out-of-plane vibration of S atoms, respectively. The number of MoS 2 layers can be estimated from the positions and relative frequency difference (RFD) of the E 1 2g and A 1g peaks [27,28].  The PEC activities of the MoS2 samples were evaluated by recording linear sweep voltammograms in the dark and under simulated AM 1.5 G illumination. Compared with ITO/MoS2-250, G/MoS2-250 showed significantly higher PEC photocurrent density through the measured potential range (Figure 4a), whereas the dark currents of the two samples were comparable to each other ( Figure S3). Therefore, G/MoS2-250 yielded approximately three times higher photoconversion efficiency (0.76% at 0.45 V) than ITO/MoS2-250 (0.22% at 0.7 V), as shown in Figure 4b. The photoconversion efficiency of G/MoS2-250 was comparable with various recently reported photoanodes, such as TiO2/MoS2 [9,29,30], ZnO/MoS2 [31], CoTe/MoS2 [32], and MoS2/α-Fe2O3 [33]. Moreover, the long-term stability of MoS2 flakes was significantly improved by forming a heterojunction with graphene ( Figure 4c). The photocurrent of G/MoS2-250 did not change significantly through 1 h of illumination, whereas the photocurrent of ITO/MoS2-250 decreased continuously. The decayed photocurrent of ITO/MoS2-250 can be attributed to the decomposition of MoS2, mainly the loss of S elements [8]. The improved stability can be attributed to the effective separation and transfer of the photogenerated e-h pairs in the heterojunction [8]. Among the graphene/MoS2 samples, the vertically aligned MoS2  (Figure 4a), whereas the dark currents of the two samples were comparable to each other ( Figure S3). Therefore, G/MoS 2 -250 yielded approximately three times higher photoconversion efficiency (0.76% at 0.45 V) than ITO/MoS 2 -250 (0.22% at 0.7 V), as shown in Figure 4b. The photoconversion efficiency of G/MoS 2 -250 was comparable with various recently reported photoanodes, such as TiO 2 /MoS 2 [9,29,30], ZnO/MoS 2 [31], CoTe/MoS 2 [32], and MoS 2 /α-Fe 2 O 3 [33]. Moreover, the long-term stability of MoS 2 flakes was significantly improved by forming a heterojunction with graphene ( Figure 4c) nanosheet samples (G/MoS2-250 and G/MoS2-300) yielded significantly higher photocurrent densities compared with the MoS2 thin film samples (G/MoS2-200 and G/MoS2-350). PEC activity was also significantly affected by the size of the few-layer MoS2 nanosheet. Despite its larger MoS2 nanosheet size, G/MoS2-300 yielded a lower photocurrent density than G/MoS2-250. Our previous study on MoS2 nanosheets on TiO2 nanowires demonstrated that for PEC applications, the optimum size of MoS2 nanosheets seemed to depend on the diffusion length of the carriers (~0.34 and ~0.24 μm for electrons and holes, respectively) [18]. To investigate the electronic transitions and charge transport properties of MoS2 nanosheet samples, systematic studies, including EIS, UV-Vis absorption, PL, and TRPL spectroscopy, were conducted. G/MoS2-250 and ITO/MoS2-250 showed nearly the same UV-Vis absorption spectra with two prominent peaks at approximately 607 nm and 663 nm (Figure 5a). The two peaks, known as excitons B and A, respectively, can be attributed to the direct excitonic transitions at the K point of the MoS2 Brillouin zone [8,34]. The absorption difference of the two samples resulted from only the optical absorption of the graphene layer (<5%).  rent densities compared with the MoS2 thin film samples (G/MoS2-200 and G/MoS2-350). PEC activity was also significantly affected by the size of the few-layer MoS2 nanosheet. Despite its larger MoS2 nanosheet size, G/MoS2-300 yielded a lower photocurrent density than G/MoS2-250. Our previous study on MoS2 nanosheets on TiO2 nanowires demonstrated that for PEC applications, the optimum size of MoS2 nanosheets seemed to depend on the diffusion length of the carriers (~0.34 and ~0.24 μm for electrons and holes, respectively) [18]. To investigate the electronic transitions and charge transport properties of MoS2 nanosheet samples, systematic studies, including EIS, UV-Vis absorption, PL, and TRPL spectroscopy, were conducted. G/MoS2-250 and ITO/MoS2-250 showed nearly the same UV-Vis absorption spectra with two prominent peaks at approximately 607 nm and 663 nm (Figure 5a). The two peaks, known as excitons B and A, respectively, can be attributed to the direct excitonic transitions at the K point of the MoS2 Brillouin zone [8,34]. The absorption difference of the two samples resulted from only the optical absorption of the graphene layer (<5%).  The dynamic behavior of photo-generated carriers was further investigated by TRPL spectroscopy (Figure 5c). The average carrier lifetimes were extracted by the PL decay kinetics fitted by a bi-exponential decay profile [35]. G/MoS 2 -250 exhibited the shortest carrier lifetime of 3.09 ns, whereas ITO/MoS 2 -250 showed the longest carrier lifetime of 4.23 ns (inset in Figure 5c). The reduced carrier lifetime indicates that the heterojunction of graphene/MoS 2 is beneficial to the efficient separation and transport of photo-generated carriers to the semiconductor/liquid interface [14]. In addition, the few-layer MoS 2 nanosheet samples (G/MoS 2 -250 and G/MoS 2 -300) exhibited shorter carrier lifetimes than the thin film samples (G/MoS 2 -200 and G/MoS 2 -350), suggesting that vertically aligned nanosheets provided more efficient carrier transport paths, i.e., they have highly conductive edges compared with the bulk form. Figure 6a shows the Nyquist plots of the EIS spectra of G/MoS 2 -250 and ITO/MoS 2 -250 in the dark and under illumination. G/MoS 2 -250 showed smaller EIS semicircles than ITO/MoS 2 -250, whose radius mirrors the charge transfer resistance (R ct ), indicating that the graphene layer significantly enhanced the charge transfer efficiency. The Nyquist plots can be fitted using a simplified Randles circuit (inset in Figure 6a (Figure 6b). The improved PEC activity and lower R ct can be attributed to the desirable vertically aligned architecture, which provided highly conductive edges as an efficient pathway for photogenerated carriers and better electronic contact with graphene substrates [16]. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 10 further investigated by TRPL spectroscopy (Figure 5c). The average carrier lifetimes were extracted by the PL decay kinetics fitted by a bi-exponential decay profile [35]. G/MoS2-250 exhibited the shortest carrier lifetime of 3.09 ns, whereas ITO/MoS2-250 showed the longest carrier lifetime of 4.23 ns (inset in Figure 5c). The reduced carrier lifetime indicates that the heterojunction of graphene/MoS2 is beneficial to the efficient separation and transport of photo-generated carriers to the semiconductor/liquid interface [14]. In addition, the few-layer MoS2 nanosheet samples (G/MoS2-250 and G/MoS2-300) exhibited shorter carrier lifetimes than the thin film samples (G/MoS2-200 and G/MoS2-350), suggesting that vertically aligned nanosheets provided more efficient carrier transport paths, i.e., they have highly conductive edges compared with the bulk form. Figure 6a shows the Nyquist plots of the EIS spectra of G/MoS2-250 and ITO/MoS2-250 in the dark and under illumination. G/MoS2-250 showed smaller EIS semicircles than ITO/MoS2-250, whose radius mirrors the charge transfer resistance (Rct), indicating that the graphene layer significantly enhanced the charge transfer efficiency. The Nyquist plots can be fitted using a simplified Randles circuit (inset in Figure 6a (Figure 6b). The improved PEC activity and lower Rct can be attributed to the desirable vertically aligned architecture, which provided highly conductive edges as an efficient pathway for photo-generated carriers and better electronic contact with graphene substrates [16]. To understand the carrier transport property across the heterojunction of graphene/MoS2, its electronic structure was studied via UPS. Figure 7a,b shows the UPS secondary electron cut-off and valence spectra of G/MoS2-250, respectively. The work function of MoS2 was 4.76 ± 0.15 eV, which can be determined by the difference between the photon energy of excited radiation (21.2 eV) and the spectrum width, which is measured from the valence band and secondary edges (16.44 eV, Figure 7a). The energy difference between the Fermi level and valence band edge (EF−EVB) was 1.50 eV (Figure 7b). Considering the bandgap energy of ~1.88 eV for MoS2 determined by the UV-Vis absorption and PL spectra, the electron affinity (χ) of MoS2 was approximately 4.38 eV, which is consistent with previously reported values (~4.3 eV) [36]. The estimated electronic structure of MoS2 nanosheets is shown in the inset of Figure 7b. The Fermi level of MoS2 is close to the Fermi level (~4.6-4.8 eV of work function) of pristine few-layer graphene [37], resulting in a small To understand the carrier transport property across the heterojunction of graphene/MoS 2 , its electronic structure was studied via UPS. Figure 7a,b shows the UPS secondary electron cut-off and valence spectra of G/MoS 2 -250, respectively. The work function of MoS 2 was 4.76 ± 0.15 eV, which can be determined by the difference between the photon energy of excited radiation (21.2 eV) and the spectrum width, which is measured from the valence band and secondary edges (16.44 eV, Figure 7a). The energy difference between the Fermi level and valence band edge (E F −E VB ) was 1.50 eV (Figure 7b). Considering the bandgap energy of~1.88 eV for MoS 2 determined by the UV-Vis absorption and PL spectra, the electron affinity (χ) of MoS 2 was approximately 4.38 eV, which is consistent with previously reported values (~4.3 eV) [36]. The estimated electronic structure of MoS 2 nanosheets is shown in the inset of Figure 7b. The Fermi level of MoS 2 is close to the Fermi level (~4.6-4.8 eV of work function) of pristine few-layer graphene [37], resulting in a small builtin potential barrier for electron transport (Figure 7c). Consequently, G/MoS 2 -250 exhibited a small positive water oxidation onset potential (~0.18 V, as shown in Figure 4a), which is generally defined by the potential at the intersection of the dark current and the tangent at the maximum slope of the photocurrent. By contrast, ITO/MoS 2 -250 showed a water oxidation onset potential of~0.49 V, implying a larger built-in potential barrier for electron transport (Figure 7c). The appropriately located Fermi level of graphene between the Fermi level of ITO and the conduction band edge of MoS 2 is another benefit of the graphene/MoS 2 heterostructure for the efficient extraction of electrons to the cathode (Figure 7d). built-in potential barrier for electron transport (Figure 7c). Consequently, G/MoS2-250 exhibited a small positive water oxidation onset potential (~0.18 V, as shown in Figure 4a), which is generally defined by the potential at the intersection of the dark current and the tangent at the maximum slope of the photocurrent. By contrast, ITO/MoS2-250 showed a water oxidation onset potential of ~0.49 V, implying a larger built-in potential barrier for electron transport (Figure 7c). The appropriately located Fermi level of graphene between the Fermi level of ITO and the conduction band edge of MoS2 is another benefit of the graphene/MoS2 heterostructure for the efficient extraction of electrons to the cathode (Figure 7d).

Conclusions
We demonstrated the successful manipulation of MoS2 morphology from thin film to vertically-aligned few-layer nanosheets on graphene in a controllable and practical manner using MOCVD. Desirable vertical few-layer MoS2 nanosheets were synthesized on graphene at relatively low temperatures (250-300 °C ). Low-temperature growth was beneficial to the formation of high-quality graphene/MoS2 heterojunctions, which not only significantly enhanced the charge transfer resistance but also exhibited cathodic-shifted water oxidation onset potential (~0.18 V) by lowering a built-in potential barrier for electron transport. As a result, G/MoS2-250 showed approximately three times higher photoconversion efficiency (0.76% at 0.45 V) than ITO/MoS2-250 (0.22% at 0.7 V). The best PEC performance of G/MoS2-250 resulted from the combined effect of (i) a favorable graphene/MoS2 heterojunction, through which photo-generated e-h pairs were efficiently separated and transported; (ii) a desirable architecture of vertically aligned few-layer

Conclusions
We demonstrated the successful manipulation of MoS 2 morphology from thin film to vertically-aligned few-layer nanosheets on graphene in a controllable and practical manner using MOCVD. Desirable vertical few-layer MoS 2 nanosheets were synthesized on graphene at relatively low temperatures (250-300 • C). Low-temperature growth was beneficial to the formation of high-quality graphene/MoS 2 heterojunctions, which not only significantly enhanced the charge transfer resistance but also exhibited cathodicshifted water oxidation onset potential (~0.18 V) by lowering a built-in potential barrier for electron transport. As a result, G/MoS 2 -250 showed approximately three times higher photoconversion efficiency (0.76% at 0.45 V) than ITO/MoS 2 -250 (0.22% at 0.7 V). The best PEC performance of G/MoS 2 -250 resulted from the combined effect of (i) a favorable graphene/MoS 2 heterojunction, through which photo-generated e-h pairs were efficiently separated and transported; (ii) a desirable architecture of vertically aligned few-layer MoS 2 nanosheets, which provided highly conductive edges that serve as efficient carrier pathways and better electronic contact with the graphene substrate; and (iii) a controlled height of few-layer MoS 2 nanosheets within the diffusion length of the carriers. These results not only provide the optimal morphology of MoS 2 for exploiting the full potential of 2D MoS 2 for various PEC applications, but also demonstrate a practical large-scale and controllable 2D MoS 2 synthesis approach on graphene.