A Fuzzy EWMA Attribute Control Chart to Monitor Process Mean

Conventional control charts are one of the most important techniques in statistical process control which are used to assess the performance of processes to see whether they are inor out-of-control. As traditional control charts deal with crisp data, they are not suitable to study unclear, vague, and fuzzy data. In many real-world applications, however, the data to be used in a control charting method are not crisp since they are approximated due to environmental uncertainties and systematic ambiguities involved in the systems under investigation. In these situations, fuzzy numbers and linguistic variables are used to grab such uncertainties. That is why the use of a fuzzy control chart, in which fuzzy data are used, is justified. As an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) scheme is usually used to detect small shifts, in this paper a fuzzy EWMA (F-EWMA) control chart is proposed to detect small shifts in the process mean when fuzzy data are available. The application of the newly developed fuzzy control chart is illustrated using real-life data.


Introduction and Literature Review
Process performance and proficiency can be enhanced by decreasing variability.This can be attained with the assistance of statistical process control (SPC) methods.The aim of a statistical process control method is to achieve stability and to improve the efficiency of a process by reducing the variability involved.Conventional control charts are one of the tools to achieve this objective.Conventional control charts, also known as Shewhart control charts, are used to detect shifts in a process.The mostly used Shewhart control charts when a variable quality characteristic is monitored include "x-bar and range" and "x-bar and s(standard deviation)" control charts.However, these charts are not able to detect small shifts.Another problem is that these charts are not independent of each other.In order to detect small shifts in the process mean or in the process variation, an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) scheme is used.Nonetheless, the construction method and the interpretation involved in a traditional Shewhart chart are different from the ones in an EMWA control chart.In other words, the plot of a Shewhart control chart shows independent data points and follows the law of the sampling distribution of the statistic.However, in an EWMA or in a cumulative sum (CUSUM) scheme, a statistic corresponding to a parameter is estimated directly.When a process monitored using an EWMA or a CUSUM control chart goes out-of-control, the data moves gradually to the next level.Otherwise, the chart will show a discrepancy about the centerline with small variations when the process is in-control [1].In addition, the EWMA and the CUSUM control charts are usually used to detect small shifts in a process.Yang et al. [2] proposed a new EWMA control chart to monitor the mean of a process with a variable quality characteristic.It can be applied in a situation when the distribution of the available process data is either unidentified or non-normal.Although their chart was shown to have a very good performance, the Arcsine-EWMA control chart developed also by Yang et al. [2] performed better.To monitor processes with attribute characteristics, however, the p and the c charts are the most widely employed schemes.
A control chart consists of three lines; the center (average) line, the upper, and the lower control limits (lines).The strength of any chart can be judged by its ability to identify the shifts and the irregularity of a process.This strength is directly related to the choice of its control limits when the chart is designed.This also applies to fuzzy control charts introduced by Raz & Wang [3] for the first time, when they suggested the use of two approaches: a probabilistic approach and a membership approach.Ever since, this type of chart has gained much interest in the literature.The control charts are recommended by Kanagawa [4] for linguistic terms obtained by experts' opinion and regarded as fuzzy data are different from the one proposed by Wang [5].It monitors not only the process average but also the process variability.In order to decrease the emergence of false alarms, as well as to enhance the speed to identify actual errors, El-Shal [6] used fuzzy logic to amend SPC rules.Rowlands & Wang [7] proposed a fuzzy SPC evaluation and control method which combined the traditional statistical process control methodology with an intelligent system approach.Gülbay & Ruan [8] recommended α-cut control charts to monitor attribute data to adjust the stiffness of the inspection using triangular fuzzy numbers.Cheng [9] developed a fuzzy control chart to deal with a process that gives fuzzy outcomes.He designed two fuzzy control charts to directly observe the fuzzy results in order to determine the process quality.A direct fuzzy approach was introduced by Gülbay [10] as a substitute to fuzzy control charts.This approach can be applied on fuzzy attribute data obtained by vague events.To control process mean, Faraz [11] developed a fuzzy control chart with a warning line alongside an upper control limit.Erginel [12] presented the theoretical structure of fuzzy individual and moving range control charts with α-cuts using α-level fuzzy median transformation techniques.
Sentürk [13] designed fuzzy ( X − R ) and ( X − S) charts with α-cuts using α-level fuzzy midrange transformation techniques.They used triangular fuzzy membership functions with fuzzy numbers (a, b, c).Later, Sentürk [14] proposed a fuzzy regression control chart.Fuzzy variable control charts deal with fuzzy variable data, for example, fuzzy measurement (length, width, height).On the other hand, fuzzy attribute control charts study qualitative data which cannot be expressed in numbers, for example, fuzzy attributes (defective, nonconformities).While some fuzzy variable control charts include ( X − R ) and ( X − S), fuzzy attribute control charts include ( p, c, u).If the quality-related characteristics cannot be represented in arithmetic form, such as characteristics for appearance, softness, color, and so forth, then control charts for attributes are used.Product units are either classified as conforming or nonconforming, depending upon whether or not they meet specifications, or the number of nonconformities (deviations from specifications) per unit is counted.There are four major types of control charts.The first type, the x-chart (and related x-bar, r-, and s-charts), is a generic and simple control chart.The x-chart is designed to be used primarily with variable data, which are usually measurements, such as the length of an object, processing time, or the number of objects produced per period.The other types of control charts are the p-charts, which are used with binomial data, the c-charts, which are used for Poisson processes, and the u-charts, generally designed for counting defects per sample when the sample size varies for each inspection.According to Kaya & Kahraman [15] when the value is given as "around" and "approximate", a triangular fuzzy number is mostly used, and when the value is given as "between", two trapezoidal fuzzy numbers are used.The examples of a triangular fuzzy number and trapezoidal fuzzy numbers are approximate speed (20 km) and speed between (25 km to 30 km).If the vertex of a trapezoidal fuzzy number has taken a common value, it is transformed into a triangular fuzzy number.
Sentürk et al. [16] introduced fuzzy u control charts to monitor fuzzy attribute data.Kaya [15] designed fuzzy control charts for fuzzy measurements of the related quality characteristics.A fuzzy multivariate exponentially weighted moving average (F-MEWMA) control chart was suggested by Alipour [17] to be implemented on a process in the food industry.Sentürk [18] suggested a fuzzy EWMA (F-EWMA) control chart to study fuzzy univariate process data using α-cuts.The design of this scheme is based on using triangular fuzzy numbers and the fuzzy midrange technique to study fuzzy data by converting it into scalar form.Their future recommendation was to apply the same technique on conventional control charts to make them able to work in fuzzy environment.Khademi [19] developed two fuzzy approaches to design control charts observing fuzzy averages and ranges.These approaches that are based on fuzzy mode and fuzzy base rules are better in the sense they do not use a defuzzification method and are more informative than the existing fuzzy control charts.They demonstrated the performance of their charts with the help of a real-life example.Recently, Kahraman [20] introduced two fuzzy control charts to monitor fuzzy outcomes in order to see whether a process is in-control or out-of-control.It should be mentioned that the capability of a process can also be measured with the help of a fuzzy control chart to check whether a process is in-or out-of-control [15].
The recommendation provided by Sentürk [18] is utilized in the current paper on another conventional scheme proposed by Yang et al. [2] to design a new fuzzy EWMA chart that can be used to detect small shifts on the mean of a process in a fuzzy environment.This makes the newly design chart more applicable, more flexible, and more informative in real-life quality control problems.It gives practitioners an opportunity to study intermediate values of fuzzy parameters that is not possible with crisp parameters in a fuzzy environment.Although Yang et al. [2] used approximate values in their example, they are treated as fuzzy numbers in the current work, based on which a fuzzy form of his chart is proposed.This newly developed fuzzy chart will be applied on real-life data collected from the food industry.
The structure of the remainder of the paper is as follows.A brief background on the fuzzy variable and attribute control charts and the fuzzy transformation approaches is given in Section 2. The conventional EWMA chart proposed by Yang et al. [2] is described in Section 3 in detail.The fuzzy EWMA chart to monitor the process mean in a fuzzy environment is designed in Section 4. The application of the proposed chart is investigated in Section 5 using cooking oil filling data.Finally, the conclusion and recommendation for future studies are given in Section 6.

The Fuzzy Attribute and Variable Schemes
Fuzziness and ambiguity may have several reasons including lack of knowledge, chance, imprecision, incompetence to perform adequate measurements, and inborn fuzziness in the process.Fuzziness in humanistic systems is dealt with in a mathematical way with the help of fuzzy sets [21].The fuzzy set theory provides an opportunity to study human subjectivity in a scientific manner with the assistance of fuzzy sets [22].

Fuzzy Transformation Approaches
When fuzzy data are used, it is essential to represent the fuzzy sets linked with the linguistic data in the sample by some scalar (transformation) numbers for additional calculations.There are four fuzzy measures of central tendencies in the literature used to calculate transformed numbers.These measures include (1) fuzzy mean, (2) fuzzy median, (3) fuzzy mode, and (4) fuzzy midrange ( [3,5]).

Some Fuzzy Formulae
The formula to compute the fuzzy average is [21]: To determine the fuzzy median, the curve under the membership function is divided into two halves.As a result, the fuzzy median becomes The fuzzy mode is the value of the base variable where the membership function equals 1.Thus, The fuzzy mid-range is the mean end points of the α-cut as According to [18], there are no solid reasons to decide which technique is better to use, but most researchers applied the α-level fuzzy midrange technique in their works due to its simple form of formula.

Triangular Fuzzy Number
A triangular fuzzy number A is a fuzzy number with its membership function defined by three numbers a 1 < a 2 < a 3 where the base of the triangle is the interval [a 1 , a 3 ] and the vertex is at X = a 2 .
Example.In the following Figure 1, there is triangular number defined by three numbers (a 1 = 2, a 2 = 3, a 3 = 4), where the base of the triangle is the interval [2,4] and the vertex is at X = 3.The fuzzy mode is the value of the base variable where the membership function equals 1.Thus,  =  ∕  () = 1 .
The fuzzy mid-range is the mean end points of the α-cut as  = ( +  ).
According to [18], there are no solid reasons to decide which technique is better to use, but most researchers applied the α-level fuzzy midrange technique in their works due to its simple form of formula.

Triangular Fuzzy Number
A triangular fuzzy number  is a fuzzy number with its membership function defined by three numbers  <  <  where the base of the triangle is the interval  ,  and the vertex is at  =  .
Example.In the following Figure 1, there is triangular number defined by three numbers (a1 = 2, a2 = 3, a3 = 4), where the base of the triangle is the interval 2, 4 and the vertex is at  = 3. .Hence, the control limits of the fuzzy  chart are [20]: The basic forms of the variable and the attribute fuzzy control charts were given in [20].The attribute control charts are p-chart, n p-chart, c-chart, and u-chart, while the variable charts include ( X − R) and ( X − S) schemes.Fuzzy forms of these charts make them more flexible, sensitive, and informative.A fuzzy variable quality characteristic in m samples, each with the size of n was represented using a triangular fuzzy number denoted by X i = (X ia , X ib , X ic ), where i = 1, 2, 3, . . ., m.In addition, each sample in a fuzzy attribute chart, for example, the n p control chart developed to study the number of nonconforming units in a fuzzy environment, was presented by a triangular fuzzy .Hence, the control limits of the fuzzy n p chart are [20]:

The EWMA Control Chart to Monitor Process Mean
A new version of the conventional EWMA control chart, initially presented by Montgomery [23], was proposed by Yang et al. [2] to monitor small shifts in a process mean.The details of this chart are given as follows.A random sample of size n including the random variables X 1, X 2, X 3, . . ., X n is taken from a process with a mean µ in subgroup i.Let In a subgroup, define a Bernoulli random variable as Let S be the total number of Y j > 0.Then, S = ∑ n j=1 I j would follow a binomial distribution with the parameters (n, p) for an in-control process with p = P Y j > 0 as the probability of having a positive difference (X ij − = X) > 0, in which = X is the estimate of the process mean µ.Although the S statistic in Yang et al.'s EWMA chart [2] follows a binomial distribution, the difference with the conventional np chart is that the binomial variable is not the count of non-conforming units in the sample, rather the number of X i values in a sample that are above the in-control process mean.This chart is designed to detect small shifts rapidly and effectively.
The EWMA statistics in Yang et al.'s EWMA chart [2] is defined as where S i represents the value of S in the ith subgroup.The initial value of this statistic is EW MA Si = np.
As the mean of the statistic is E(EW MA Si ) = np and the variance is then depending on the number of the subgroup in which a sample is drawn, the EWMA chart proposed by Yang et al. [2] is designed by the control limits in Equations ( 7)-( 9) and ( 10)-( 12) for a large and a small number of subgroup, respectively.
When the subgroup number is large: When the subgroup number is small: This version of the EWMA chart is used in the current work to design a fuzzy EWMA chart in Section 4.However, before proposing the chart, a brief background is provided in the next section to describe an existing fuzzy EWMA chart.

The Existing Fuzzy EMWA Control Chart
In the fuzzy EWMA scheme proposed by Sentürk [18], z t is the tth exponentially weighted moving average, x t indicates the sample mean, 0 < λ < 1 is a real constant, X is the overall sample mean, m is the number of samples, t = 1, 2, 3 . . .m is the sample number, and z 0 = = X.Assuming x i s to be independent random variables with a known variance σ 2 n , the variance of z t becomes σ where n. is the sample size.Then, when t is small the control limits in the traditional EWMA control chart are as follows: However, as t increases σ 2 zt tends to a limiting value σ 2 zt = σ 2 n ( λ 2−λ ).As such, the control limits in the traditional EWMA control chart become On the other hand, the control limits of the fuzzy EWMA scheme proposed by [18] when σ is known and t is small are However, when t is large, the control limits become In case σ is unknown and t is small, the control limits are Finally, when σ is unknown and t is large the control limits are Note in Equations ( 25)-(30) that R a , R b , and R c are ranges.

The Proposed FEWMA Scheme Based on the np chart
Based on the background provided in Section 3, the control limits of the new fuzzy EWMA scheme to detect small shifts in the process mean when fuzzy process data are available are proposed as follows.Similar to the limits shown in the existing fuzzy EWMA chart, assuming an unknown standard deviation of the process, the case that mostly happens in practice, the limits are provided depending on whether t is small or large.

σ Is Unknown and t Is Small
The control limits, in this case, are proposed as (31) which can be written in the following forms: CL EW MA S = (np a , np b , np c ) (35) In Equations ( 34) and (36), the parameter K is chosen such that the chart exhibits a desired in-control average run length.

σ Is Unknown and t Is Large
The control limits in this case are CL EW MA S = (np a , np b, np c ) (38) which can be rewritten as CL EW MA S = (np a , np b , np c ) (41) Then, depending on the fuzzy measures of central tendencies used for the fuzzy transformation approach discussed in Section 2.2, the following limits are obtained.

The Control Limits in the α-Cuts Fuzzy EWMA Control Chart
The control limits in this fuzzy transformation approach are 4.4.The Control Limits in the α-Cut Fuzzy Median EWMA Scheme The control limits of the proposed fuzzy EWMA scheme when this type of fuzzy transformation approach is used are shown in Equations ( 46)-(48).

The Application
In this section, the application of the proposed fuzzy EWMA chart is demonstrated using fuzzy observations obtained from a cooking oil filling process involved in the food industry in Pakistan.In this example, fuzzy data are collected from the process, where fuzzy observations are treated as triangular fuzzy numbers (x ai , x bi , x ci ) in each sample taken at different times.In addition, the proportion of the values above a given threshold (zero) will be treated as a triangular fuzzy number (p ai , p bi , p ci ).The data consist of 10 samples, each with 10 fuzzy observations, and the proportion is obtained from each sample based on the given threshold.
In this application, the chart parameters used are K = 2.58, λ = 0.2, n = 10, p a = 0.35, p b = 0.48, α = 0.65, and p c = 0.64.Here, the parameter setting K = 2.58, λ = 0.2, and P = 0.65 is obtained using a simulation approach described in the next section.In addition, p a = 0.35 shows the proportion of "a" above its given mean, p b = 0.48 implies the proportion above the mean of "b", and p c = 0.64 indicates the proportion above the mean of "c".This is done due to the fact that each value is being used as a triangular fuzzy number.The control limits are calculated as However, when the α-cut fuzzy median EWMA scheme is used, the control limits based on Equations ( 46)-(48) are obtained as