Spiritual Reports from Long-Term HIV Survivors: Reclaiming Meaning While Confronting Mortality
Abstract
:1. Introduction: Lifespan Spiritual Narratives of HIV-Positive Men
Have you ever watched your best friend die (what for)Have you ever watched a grown man cry (what for)Some say that life isn’t fair (what for)I say that people just don’t care (what for)They’d rather turn the other way (what for)And wait for this thing to go away (what for)Why do we have to pretend (what for)Someday I pray it will end—In this Life, Madonna 19921
I will say to God, my Rock, ‘Why have You forgotten me?Why should I walk in gloom under the oppression of the enemy?’With murder in my bones, my oppressors have reproached me bysaying to me all day long, ‘Where is your God?’—The 42nd Psalm, v. 10–11.2
How might people’s lives change if they heard their own stories with enhanced reflective awareness and if they heard others’ stories with a more generous sense of what makes these stories more viable representations of the lives those storytellers live?... Stories are representations not so much of life as it is, but of life as it is imagined, with that imagination shaped by previous stories. Storytelling is a dialogue of imaginations. This dialogue is real in its consequences for how people act.13
2. Lifespan Narratives of Belief, Sexuality, and Health: Presenting Findings
3. The Beginnings: Childhood Formation within Family and Faith Institutions
I felt like an outsider for a number of reasons. Being Jewish was only one of them. Every time there was a Jewish holiday, for example, when I was in elementary school, me and the other one or two Jewish kids would be asked to say a couple of words about, ‘What is Hanukkah,’ and, ‘Bring in the menorah for show-and-tell,’ and that sort of thing, but I always felt like they almost laughed at it. I didn’t feel like it was something that was appreciated as legitimate. But mostly, I felt different because I didn’t know what it was at the time, exactly. At about 12 years old, I figured out that I was gay and that most of my feeling different had to do with not being interested in girls, not being interested in sports, and being Jewish was only a piece of the puzzle.24
So, I actually grew up in Houston and we were pretty poor. I say ‘pretty poor’—we were really poor, but I was raised by my grandmother and my grandmother couldn’t read or write, so she couldn’t teach me those basic skills, but she taught me right and wrong... and one of the things that was right for her was religion.26
It’s like, ‘Okay. You’re going to be baptized here, and you’re going to do this, and you’re going to be an altar boy.’ I always felt pressured to be something that I didn’t know how to be because I only knew how to be me, and I didn’t realize that I was different. All I knew was that society was telling me that, ‘Boys are supposed to do this, girls are supposed to do this,’ and I just didn’t know that I wasn’t doing the right things.27
I lived my life without having the turmoil about me being gay—because when you’re surrounded by, ‘You’re going to hell if you do this,’ people get traumatized… [but] I didn’t have that turmoil even if I was going to church when I was growing up. It was almost like that safety of knowing I have my own personal connection with God, and I know I’m a good person, and I’m not hurting anybody, and whoever I am, this is what I am.29
Many of my uncles and people are like the stereotypes of the macho Mexican person that follows Christianity and Catholicism a lot and everything else is bad or wrong,... [but] the person that I adore most in my life, my grandmother—she was the best example of simply doing good or loving someone, and she was a very Catholic woman, but she was the most accepting woman of things. She was very Catholic with the rosary by her bed all the time, and I’m sure she was praying for me every day.30
If you’ve been in the Mormon Church, they do home visits weekly, and you have three hours of church plus your preparation for whatever your role [outside of Sunday church meetings, i.e., seminary, missions, etc.]… I mean, really, you do not get any time alone to even clear your head outside of the dogma that you’re being barraged with.32
My self-esteem was almost destroyed, I thought about suicide going through that reconditioning [LDS gay conversion therapy], how friends of mine have had these dark nights of the soul with their religion, being told they were these awful things—I don’t know why we [the church authorities] scare them so much. Part of what I think is this: to be a real dominator society, you have to be real machismo. I think we [gays] shine a light on what they can’t—that machismo is a weakness, that it’s too hard. It’s too rigid, it’s close-minded, and it needs to be more flexible.33
4. Understanding Sexuality: Discovery, Liberation, and Trauma
When I came out to my parents, my mother said, ‘Anybody that’s sick and is not willing to get help is not a part of this family,’ and that was very hurtful. We didn’t talk for a long time. And even after my HIV diagnosis, I didn’t disclose my diagnosis to my parents. Even though we were speaking again by that time, I didn’t disclose my diagnosis to my parents for 10 years... I told them, and the way that I said it was that I had HIV and, ‘I absolutely need to know if you’re going to be there for me.” And at that time, I had a boyfriend and I said, ‘Don is my partner. He is family, and if anything should happen to me if I were to get sick, I would certainly want you to be there, but if you can’t accept Don as my family, you would not be welcome.’ It took them a minute to digest this new piece of information, but they came around and really latched onto that unconditional love that really broke through whatever other feelings they might have had—and I think, ‘Wow.’ If I hadn’t disclosed that to them, how much love I would’ve cheated myself out of.34
I think that my parents’ experience with the Holocaust maybe doubly instilled in them that idea about how careful you have to be, and what things are okay, and the price that you pay for being anything other than what’s right, and so, they didn’t ever really want to know all the details about my test results and what I was experiencing; they just wanted me to be well.35
I thought, ‘I’m gonna be obedient, and maybe God will help me.’ Here I am on my mission. I start to get a crush on my companion, who was a Japanese Elder36. He was so sweet. The Japanese people are beautiful. About halfway through my mission, I lost my urge to push my message on others. I was getting more curious about them, observing how harmonious they are with nature, how considerate they are. I thought, ‘I could really pause a moment to understand them better before telling them what they need to know.’37
I’m going to these sermons and stuff and they’re telling me, ‘Now, your next mission is to find a fine young daughter of Zion and get married and fill the earth with your spawn—your children. That’s your next mission.’ (laughs) ‘Okay, but I’m not sure I’m really the one to do this.’ So, I submit myself to the reconditioning [conversion therapy], and it just destroys your self-esteem and just makes you numb.38
It was a film on TV called ‘That Certain Summer’ with Hal Holbrook, and Martin Sheen and Hope Lange, and it was about a gay couple living in San Francisco and one of them had previously been married and had a child, and the child comes to visit them, and they try to hide the fact that they’re gay, but the child somehow finds out, and gets scared and runs away, and they have to scour the city to find this little boy, and then, to bring him home and to explain to him that his father is gay, and what this all means, and that this is about love and this isn’t something to fear or to hate. It was not only the first real—the first time that there were real gay characters on a television movie, but the first time that gay characters were also portrayed in a positive light, and sitting there on the sofa with my parents in the living room in York, Pennsylvania, I realized that that’s who I am. But, I also learned that it’s something that I’m supposed to keep secret until I can move to the big city.39
5. The Onset of HIV: Personal and Collective Memories
I lived in West Hollywood, where there were huge numbers of gay people. I felt safe and sort of at home, and it really changed me... and then AIDS came along. I remember, in 1981, I used to go with a bunch of friends. We would work out together at a gym in West Hollywood, and then afterwards we’d all go to this local coffee shop and we’d eat. One night, somebody at that table—there was a group of eight of us that you see, and one guy that was at the table asked if anybody had seen the article in the New York Times about what was called the gay cancer. We talked about it and we all dismissed it as, ‘That couldn’t be. That’s impossible.’ It wasn’t plausible. That was in 1981, and I’m the only person, by the way, that was at that table that night who’s still alive.40
I read about it in the newspaper, I just remember that as the first time that it appeared on my radar, and then, slowly, you’d start to hear about people getting sick and dying in New York and in San Francisco. It seemed, at least, in my experience, that it happened in those places first, and then, all of a sudden, the first person I knew was sick. His name was Adam... I remember when we had to get into the hospital and we called the ambulance. As soon as the ambulance people knew that he had AIDS, they wouldn’t take him. They left him on the pavement, and so, we had to get him to the hospital another way and we really had to fight for him to get care—for people to even touch him, rather than just leave him in the hallway. At that time, when you visited an AIDS patient, there would be instructions on the door about how to visit an AIDS patient, and you’d have to put on a gown, and a mask, and gloves, and in some instances, that’s how people—that’s sometimes how family members found out that their son, their child, or their sibling had AIDS, because they arrived at the hospital and found those instructions on the door. And then, after Adam, soon, it was another one and another one and another one. That would’ve been, like, 1984, and then I got my own diagnosis in 1985.41
I felt the responsibility to tell this person that I was dating, ‘Hey, I got a positive diagnosis,’ but I had to do it quickly. I couldn’t just sit on that. I was like, ‘Oh, my God. What if I give it to him?’ That was my thought, and so, I told him after processing that, and he sort of cut me off and I just thought of myself as shit. That was probably the other reason why I felt like, ‘Okay. I can just go die now. It’s fine,’ because I’m 23 and I just affected someone else’s life, in my head.42
In those days there were many false positives and many false negatives, so I tried to do that test afterwards, like, four more times thinking it would come back negative... But no. It was positive, and that’s another part that, again, I don’t know—honestly, I don’t know how I did it because I keep asking, sometimes, people, ‘Man, what is worse: really be[ing] with a community and see all your friends and lovers die, or to know that you might die next day and have nobody to tell that you might die?’44
6. Expanding and Changing Worldviews in the Face of Mortality
6.1. Answering Tough Questions
I think that having lived with HIV/AIDS, and having lost so many friends, and having been through all of that—I think that I have a depth of compassion that I would not have had otherwise. In that respect, maybe it’s, in some ways, a gift. I mean, I would never wish it on anybody, but that is something that is—my depth of compassion, my capacity to have that kind of compassion is something that I really value and I genuinely don’t think I’d have had it without those experiences.
My dad thinks I’m antichristian, and I’m just antihypocrisy and I don’t like how Christianity has been appropriated by people who really don’t understand what it even is. So, anyway, I’m not against it. I just—I hate how it’s being used by an oppressive tribe right now to appropriate an authority and a power that doesn’t belong to them.45
So, I had a crush on one of my companions. I started to see some beautiful things, and one of them was embed[ed] in my companion: his love of nature. I remember spitting out some gum sometime. It was supposed to go into a grate and it missed, and he stopped us and he says—and went, and picked it up, and put it in his pocket in some paper and said, ‘We don’t do that here,’ and then, I look around and the country’s beautiful! It’s so clean and so natural, and it’s because they take care of it and they love it. I was like, ‘I need to learn from them.’46
When I graduated high school and left home… and got diagnosed, I think I had spent so much time warding off God like, “Fuck God. There’s no God. What are you talking about?” and being so angry at how I felt about myself as a result of this God that I was supposed to fear. Part of my guilt was linked to that too because I was like, “Well, maybe if I had just lived a more wholesome life, then—,” and I apologized to God. I did. I remember praying and apologizing, and I even felt ridiculous at the time because I was like, “You don’t owe me anything”, and I had a breakdown.47
This day and age, I am a very, very different person, and it’s the thing where I am very comfortable stating that I am not a religious person, and I am very comfortable talking about religion, and I respect those who have faith in a God or whoever or whatever deity they decide to meet. I think about 4 years after my diagnosis would be the time when I really started questioning like, ‘Okay. I’m here. I’m clearly not going to die. What can I learn? What can I teach? How can I change me? [How] can I heal myself of the anger that I felt that affected the space around me?’48
Because I stumbled into Kol Ami49 that day just to say a prayer for my father—I mean, what could’ve been more meant to be? So, the dots all seem to connect, sometimes, in a way that I think is with all of the good, as well as with all the things that have been horrible. It all seems to connect in a way that has sort of made my life meaningful, even with the things that have been terrible, and I think that’s really the full spectrum of a full life is that you have—maybe when you have the deepest of depths in despair and the heights of joy that—maybe having that full spectrum of experience is a really rich life. I tell myself that, anyway.50
My friends were the immediate crutch I needed to reassure me, and to be there for me and not be alone. I was opening up more and more. I’m 180 [degrees] of what [where] I started. I was close-minded, from a close-minded paradigm, from people that really didn’t know what spirituality was. They were just raised, ‘This is what you think and that’s the end of it.’ You don’t question because we just accept that by faith and we move on. The daily spiritual thing is that it is a continual discovery. It’s amazing and it’s so much more interesting than that journey, which was just kind of a dead-end, one-way street.51
Once you remove that ego block… and everything comes tumbling down, it’s all on the table, so then, when you start to build, the table is the foundation. So, if you’re picking from what’s on the table and actually learning about everything that’s on the table, nothing is beneath you. Just stand on the same foundation with everything else, and you can open your mind and the experiences you can have are limitless, and an experience doesn’t have to be something tangible.53 As queer theologians have asserted54, those standing at the margins profess that there was never anything wrong or evil about them, they who were labeled as “transgressors.” Rather than being intrinsically disordered, they affirm that they are whole and good from the start. But for many, like Ron, it was a long and arduous process to begin this discovery. For Ron, it is also thanks to healthy, loving, and equitable relationships that he ate of the good fruit he needed for a better spiritual story:
I’ve been with my husband now for 11 years… but for the first 3 years, we were rocky, and I was still trying to meet people, but I still had this sense of shame, and guilt and everything, so as I started to learn these things and started to try to apply some of the teachings [about Buddhist spirituality, selflessness, seeking understanding, etc.] to my life, I discovered that I started making more quality connections because I stopped looking for validation, or for attention, or for a lot of the things that we, as humans, look for.55
Why am I here and these people didn’t? [sic]. So, what I can tell you is I still feel... that I have to do good for others because I’m here, and I don’t have to, but it’s like part of me is like even if I suffer from chronic pain or whatever, I’m still here. I’m lucky to enjoy this view that I’m looking at. I’m lucky to be talking to you. I’m lucky.56
6.2. Cultivating New Spiritual Practices
This is when I was in college in my dorm room and I was at my desk, and just no one was there. It was a quiet moment… But, just all of a sudden, I saw... this beautiful, peaceful, interstellar nursery, so quiet and beautiful… and immediately was this rush that felt like a hug on my insides that just said—it didn’t say anything, but it was just like, ‘This is you. You are this everything. This is you. It’s all this. The stars just becoming what they are, and you’re it, and you just feel that love. That’s what it is.’ That’s one of my most sacred experiences, and I hate putting it into words because it was mostly the feeling of love that I got and you cannibalize it for parts when you put it into words, but it did change me. It started to open me up some more. I was so conservative from all that conditioning that when I heard—when I felt that, it exploded my mind a little bit, like, ‘I don’t know anything.’ And out of chaos, anything’s possible.57
I had always felt certain kinds of energies and certain kinds of things that happen around me, and through all my life… but about—I would say, maybe, about 6 years ago or something like that, many things happened. I was just arriving home. I was at the entrance in the building, and suddenly, this guy that was just passing by, he just told me, ‘You know you’re a shaman, right?’ and I just smiled and I thanked him, but then, I went to the person who has been my acupuncturist healer and I told her what happened, and she asked me the same question; ‘Didn’t you know that?’ I think many times, we know things, but it’s very different when you grab a word and you put it in yourself and you really do accept that responsibility and that concept of that. To be very honest with you, I have many times where I feel I forget my spiritual side because I get into the earthly things, (laughs) especially when you deal with chronic pain and things like that.58
Usually shamans are about being a healer or a warrior and still, even in this concept, you still have to decide who are you, and in my case, I have always felt that I’m not exactly neither of those two exact terms, and that’s how life works. It’s not just sometimes one little thing. For me, I always have felt that I am a bridge, a person that makes connections in many different ways between people and other ways of thinking or other kinds of people, and I love doing that maybe because I like it, maybe because it is part of me in my DNA.59
I started to learn about transcendental meditation… Every day, I still always try to at least take a few minutes to have my own praying, if you want to call it that way, and be thankful for things, and have a candle, and just relax for a moment and be one with it—whatever “it” is. In many other religions… faith is a very important part of what they do, and in my case, I think I do the opposite. I just like to recognize that [the presence] and I turn on a candle, I put some music, and I just kind of be with it. When I just start writing words, or poetry or whatever, and I don’t know where all these thinkings [sic] are coming from many times. I just write certain things… and then I go to people and I tell them, “You know something? I just have to tell you this,” and I just tell them things that I feel. I feel like if I can make them feel good for one second, that can create a wave of good things around, and for me, that’s very important. I do believe a lot that anything that you do is going to create a wave, one way or another.60
7. Coping Spiritually with Community Trauma
7.1. Coping with Collective Trauma
The White House was... at best, indifferent. And I remember once seeing something in a news broadcast that, ‘Well, maybe AIDS might spread to the mainstream population. Maybe now it’s time to pay attention,’ and I’m like, ‘Maybe? Now? Who are we? Who are we? Who are me and my friends? Why is it only now that it’s spreading to, maybe, straight people that it’s time to pay attention?’ Also, and this is something that, I mean, I still have a lot of anger in me about it, did you ever hear of Legionnaires’ disease? I don’t remember where it was, but it was, like, a half a dozen or maybe 10 straight people who came down with this disease and it was everywhere on the cover of every paper and every magazine! I mean, it was the hugest news imaginable—this disease that struck about 10 people! And AIDS was now—I mean, tens of thousands of people were dying and didn’t get that kind of attention, and clearly, because it wasn’t happening to straight people who had little families in small towns. It was happening to people who were—who could be marginalized, who could be dismissed, who were just expendable.62
That’s what was the source of my activism, at least, was I decided that it was a matter of life and death to put AIDS in the faces of people who didn’t want to know about it, to make noise, and to never shut up. And I remember when I started showing up for demonstrations and things like that, that many of the people that were there at those demonstrations—I mean, I could see on their faces that this was—it was too late for them. So many of those people were so sick that it was obvious that it was too late for them. They were doing this for somebody else. So, I don’t know how to describe the combination of anger, outrage, upset, sadness, and inspiration. I can never forgive the religious leaders and the government leaders who twiddled their thumbs and did nothing while my entire community died.64
Most of the hate that I have had pointed at me, religious-based hate, has come from people who call themselves Christian... this kind of hate in America, anyway, expressed in the name of Jesus, and that, to me, is sickening. And I have to say that to this day, there’s a lot of things that haven’t changed in that respect, but a lot of that fueled—and the coining of the expression ‘family values’, which, of course, meant—that was code language for hating people who didn’t live the way that they liked, the way they did; people who were gay or lesbian. ‘Family values’ was language that expressed hate for LGBT folks and this whole idea of AIDS being some kind of divine retribution punishment from God, and even at the time that then-president Ronald Reagan—he didn’t mention the word ‘AIDS’ for years, and when he did, it was in the context of, ‘This is something that people could avoid by living a moral lifestyle,’ so I not only—I mean, I had a lot of reasons for not, at that time, having any religious or spiritual activity in my own life because I only witnessed so much hate, so many expressions of hate coming from religions communities.66
All we knew was our friends were dying, and so, there was a lot of questioning, and certainly, when you’re harangued by religious fundamentalists who are saying, ‘It’s because God is killing you and for good reason, ‘yes, there will be people who abandon religion, and I can understand why that would be the case. That’s still the case today, not necessarily because of HIV, but there are still religious fundamentalists who oppress the LGBT community and because of that oppression, they walk away from any form of organized—especially Christian—religion, and all I can say is, ‘I understand.’69
So, I was about [21 years old] when I came out and—let’s see. That was early eighties, so AIDS was just starting to hit the news and people were scared, and I grew up—I did not know a time when we weren’t terrified of AIDS, and so, I immediately knew that it was dangerous, sex was dangerous, and that you had to protect yourself, and it was not to be messed with or trifled with. You were very careful [during sexual intercourse] and respectful of yourself and others.70
He didn’t tell me he had AIDS, but he was also very protective about what we did sexually... I remember when he finally told me when he couldn’t hide it anymore, how he just collapsed on the floor just riddled with shame, and guilt, and the horror of it all, and the fear that I would leave... We went through a marriage ceremony between friends, but, of course, it wasn’t legal. It was just something we did that we wanted to do with each other. And then, he died.71
‘How is it that you survived, and all these people didn’t?’ We didn’t, period. So, every day until 1996 or 1998, almost until 2000 when they could tell if medicines was better and everything, the reality is that we were still thinking, I might die tomorrow. People were getting sick of pneumonia, or some cancers, or this and that and die in a few days or weeks, sometimes, and I didn’t took [sic] medications for 15 years.72
7.2. Dealing with Personal Trauma
With the very first person I was with, I was very careful. We would get to an exciting point [in sexual intercourse] and he would act like he was going to do something, and I’d say, ‘No. Put a condom on,’ and then, we’d go back to kissing and getting excited, and I’d say, ‘Oh, you got to put the condom on,’ and then he acted like he put a condom on, and I thought everything was fine, but at the end of that session, he said, ‘I took you to the dark side.’ And so, I did not understand that. I just—I was in the afterglow—didn’t even think about it until a couple weeks later when I went for testing, and then, they told me, ‘Oh, you’re positive now.’73
I have no idea. I would like to know why. He was a beautiful, interesting man. I don’t know what inside him made him do that. I worry about how many other people whose lives he disturbed that way. I have no idea. I looked for him immediately—you know, ‘Why did you do this?’—and I could not find him. Passing through town on your mission of death? What the hell? (laughs) I thought I was going to die. I had just buried my partner.74
My first experience with a man was by force and I was nine, and so, that was a traumatic experience, and especially now, after living so much life, I realize that traumatic experiences are probably some of the things that shape us more so than anything else in our lives. I just sort of hid behind being a jock and being smart, and I figured as long as I presented that and not the other part, it’s going to be fine.75
I felt the responsibility to tell this person that I was dating, ‘Hey, I got a positive diagnosis,’ but I had to do it quickly. I was like, ‘What if I give it to him?’ So, I told him, and he sort of cut me off and I just thought of myself as shit… He died 2 years later, and the friends that introduced us told me that he was positive and he was never on medication, and they were very upset with him, but didn’t feel like it was their place to share that with me while he was alive. But, he didn’t take care of himself when he spiraled and didn’t take any medications, and they think that he was in a dark enough place to want to die and want to not do what he had done, apparently, to not just me, but other people. Here I was walking around and I was already processing my own anger issues, and here I am now, just learning that I didn’t affect someone else’s life, their life affected mine, and this asshole cut me off because he knew what he had done and he let me walk around thinking that I had done something to someone, and it was that same sense of guilt that you get from religion where you walk around thinking you’ve done something wrong to someone just by living.77
When I became HIV-positive, mijo, I didn’t have papers here. So, there was the amnesty happening in this country and they were doing the blood test to see if it will affect you for the amnesty, so I knew already I was HIV-positive and I will be thrown out of this country, so that was the first time ever that I had to come out to someone about me being HIV, and once again, I’m very thankful to this friend—he did his blood test for me because in those days HIV-positive people were not allowed to immigrate to this country.78
In other countries, the concept of family and group is higher than here. Here, it’s about the individual, and it’s a great thing. I learned a lot from that, coming from a society that family, sometimes, is too much, but it should not be one or the other. It should be a combination of both. And right now, again, this community of people growing older with HIV and survivors—they’re feeling left out.79
Especially because being Black and being from the ghetto… where you’re poor and the only thing you have to hold onto is faith, and religion, and everything—they stick to religion because that’s the one thing that they do know, and so, when you don’t follow what they see as the word, or the book, or his way or anything like that, you’re looked down upon: ‘Why am I in such fear of something that is supposed to be love, and good, and guide you?’82
So, coming from a marginalized community before I even knew what gay was, or what it meant, or that I was gay, I can say that you question everything. You question everything because you don’t trust.83
8. The Spiritual Project of Dealing with Loss and Death
The AIDS Quilt was started in San Francisco. The quilt is like—people create quilt panels three feet by six feet, which is about the size of a grave, with somebody’s name on it to commemorate the people that have died of AIDS and we wrote their name. Some people sew into these quilt panels personal effects and mementos or things that represent who that person was, and these panels are all stitched together, and so, they could be laid out by the tens of thousands. The last time it was displayed in Washington, it stretched from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial. It’s almost incomprehensible how huge this thing was.85
And so, when that last display of the quilt occurred in Washington in 1996, my dad drove from Pennsylvania to meet me at the quilt. So many of my friends are represented on the quilt. I mean, I lost, during those years, everybody from the closest friends, acquaintances; I lost track. I lost over 100 friends. When I went to the quilt as a volunteer, my dad drove from Pennsylvania to Washington to meet me there, which was about 100 miles, and that was—to be there to meet me—I told him how important it was for me, but that he drove there to the quilt to meet me was such a beautiful expression of support and love.86
“My dear son, I want you to know that I’m thinking of you every minute of the day and night and I’m praying that in the near future, there will be a total cure for this unfortunate sickness that is snuffing out the life of so many young and talented people in our country and the entire world. Michael, please be strong and make every effort to overcome all the odds, and I always pray that you will reach an old age, and when I’m not here anymore, you’ll tell everybody, ‘My father told me that.’”89
A local church in Hollywood, the Hollywood United Methodist Church—to this day, they have a big, big red ribbon on their building that’s been there for years, but when the AIDS quilt was established in the eighties, that church set up quilting workshops to help people make panels for the quilt and, more than that, to help people cope with just irreconcilable grief. I mean, what they did for many people—I’m getting choked up even thinking about it. What they did for so many people was so loving, and they were attacked by religious communities. They were attacked for reaching out to people who were grieving because of the losses from AIDS. They were attacked viciously because it was a church that reached out to people that didn’t fit in.90
In general, the response was either dead silence or it was thought to be God’s punishment to the gay community because at that time, most of the people that we know who were dying or who were infected were gay men, and also, the prostitutes and drug users were—it was showing up there too. The MCC church had been around since 1968, and so, what, maybe about 15 years or so before the actual—before HIV started showing up in the country, and I remember thinking that we believe within our guts that HIV was not a death sentence from God, but still, there was that thing of, ‘But what if? Why is this only happening to us?’ it seemed like. And so, HIV actually took a great toll on the MCC denomination, both within members of the church, as well as pastors. There are a great number of people who died in the early days of the epidemic. We became known as ‘The Church with AIDS’. We were the church with AIDS, and we embraced that identity, believing that we are the body of Christ and that Christ had AIDS at that time.91
I remember… whenever I would go into the hospital, for instance, to visit somebody, at that time, you couldn’t just walk into the room. You had to gown up and you had to put masks and everything on, and that had to take place in a changing room before you actually went into the room, so you would go into that changing room, you’d put on the gown, you’d put on the masks and everything, and then, you would go into the patient’s room. The first time that I ever did that, I realized that it was nonsense. I was not going to do that to the patient. I just threw it off, took off the gown and everything in the room. I also did full-body massages for a lot of the HIV patients; people who had lost touch—literally lost touch—with other human beings. Touching someone like that was considered a risk. I say all of this to answer your question. How did that affect my faith? I basically told God, ‘If you’re going to kill me, take me down, because I’m not doing wrong by doing this.’92
It instilled with me a stronger faith, I think, in a God who cared, and loved, and was on the side of the marginalized, and wanted us to do the same thing, so it really did inform my faith a lot. Also, spending time with people who were dying—I liked it. I was—I felt it to be a powerful experience, enough so that even now, I’m a hospice volunteer. You can’t spend time with somebody who’s facing their last days without also dealing with your faith in that, and more times than not, my faith was made stronger as I watched these people enter their last days, so it did have a strong impact on my faith.93
I mean, after having experienced so many expressions of hatred coming from communities of—quote, unquote—faith, to walk into a place that was so loving and welcoming, where there were so many other gay people—and when I say gay, I mean that all-inclusively LGBTQ, all the alphabet soup—and the rabbi, Denise Eger spoke so eloquently about things that were relevant for me, and what she did and still does, by the way—I still go to Kol Ami. I’ve been a member now there for over 20 years—what she still does is she makes everything relevant. All of her sermons, all of her—when we talk, when we pray or we read from the Torah, she explains what these things mean in a way that is relevant to my life, in a way that is relevant to our times, and in a way that sort of, I think, inspires me to consider, ‘What is my purpose? What am I called to do? What is my role in the world?’ which also is, of course, providing answers to all of those questions about, ‘Why am I still here?’94
She was an activist in the HIV community like me since the beginning, so she helps that I’m a member of a synagogue where there’s a rabbi who really understands my experience because she shares a lot of it. She did hospital visits, and she did funerals for many, many, many people during the worst of those AIDS years, so I know that when I—I mean, intuitively, that she gets it. She understands it completely. I feel supported in that by my synagogue that sort of embraces those kind of values of social awareness, activism, really using your voice, being called to make the world a more just place… That is at the core of my Jewishness.95
The things that were most important to me at the time were the things that made me feel a sense of family or belonging, and that was performing. I was a dancer. I performed, I went on tour with the drum corps, and I taught and performed in winter guard, and those were things that were seriously important to me, and so, my experiences of being able to go to different cities and meet different people from different regions of the world—those things were really important to me because those people accepted me for me because we had something in common, and there were no expectations placed on me other than to take care of my business in rehearsals and on the floor, and then we can all go and be the same tragic messes that we wanted to be together at the end of the day, so that was great for me.96
I have tried socially and everything to really focus in the areas of other people, HIV long-term survivors, and people growing older with HIV. By now, I am the founder of the HIV long-term survivors’ group in social media. It’s the largest group around the world. I just came back from the International Pain Summit in Los Angeles. I work in a local level, national level, and international level to try to keep motivating, and giving information, pass information, and to—at least that people can acknowledge the presence of this community of survivors that—and I’m one of them, but I’m considered, once again, one of the lucky ones that somehow is still able to travel, to go around, to work around. There’s so many people isolated and lonely in their homes that have kind of given up. There have been more suicides, and even through social media, we’ve been able to stop a few.97
It’s almost like if I just feel like I can send it, I can. I really can share it, and especially if I can feel—if I had those people sick around me or things like that, so that has been very important even in the International Pain Summit that everybody in the building was people with pain. It’s like even if I can make someone smile—or I’m very touchy-feely with a hug or even a just brief touch—like one of the ladies—she was like, ‘Oh, I’m taking all your energy,’ and I said, ‘No, I have enough. Don’t worry,’ because she was hugging me tightly.98
9. Hopes and Anxieties about the Future: From Spiritual Awakening to Ethical Healthcare
Our culture lost something really beautiful. (becomes emotional) We really lost a sense of community, because that pain really knit us together and there was—lesbians came and we were so together helping each other, and we really had a strong community based on caring. We had so much wisdom. We had the older gays that knew things and were passing it on helping each other, and we lost all that. I feel sorry that you didn’t get to have that, and that’s probably why I’m doing this because I want to share a little bit that you may not get anywhere else.99
It made us very strong because we had nothing to lose, and we also knew if we didn’t fight, that it was not going to happen. We had to do it. It made us strong and powerful. It was a terrifying and thrilling time to be in the gay community.100
I feel that we’re failing in [doing] the whole intergenerational thing. Youngsters nowadays don’t even know the history of what happened or how it happened. They just think that you can just take a pill and nothing is going to happen. The reality… we are the only proof of what might happen to you in 20 years. Everything that someone might tell you now—’No, nothing is going to happen,’—ask them to show you what is the proof of that. We should communicate more between generations, because otherwise—but it is part of that also, in this country, the ageism is pretty high in comparison with other countries. Here, as soon as you start losing your youth and beauty, then that’s like—it’s like ‘scene’, almost.101
Mijo, I’m not falling apart, but yes, I am an elder and I still have things to give to society. And also, on the other side, once again, don’t call the older people ignorant, or stupid, or that they don’t know what they’re doing or all these things. Come on! Really? There’s all kinds of people. Give a chance to every person. Now, with what’s going on politically and everything, things are getting worse for many people in many ways and many things in other countries are very bad to get medicines and other things. And just the last thing, mijo, is that we are doing, right now, with [the] opioids epidemic… becoming, once again, another area of stigma and we have to be very careful with those things because the HIV people—they know how it hurts when someone talks badly about you, or don’t want to touch you or don’t want to be with you, so whatever disease it is, just let’s be careful. Don’t go into judgment without knowing or with not separating that if somebody was a whore or if somebody was just a one-time deal—don’t judge too easily.102
I think that it’s important that queer people really start to expand upon those things so that we don’t fall into the trap of what so many people in religion do; you’re not allowed to question certain things. You’re not allowed to feel certain ways. You’re not allowed to process information in certain ways and lead with what you think. You’re supposed to go with this because you identify—I’m supposed to think, I’m supposed to go a certain way, I’m supposed to eat a certain places, shop at certain places, wear certain brands; I’m supposed to look a certain way because I identify as a gay man, and that, to me, is like, ‘No. Why?’ and it’s because someone felt strong enough at some point to ask questions, and then, present themselves as they saw fit. [During the AIDS crisis] men, women, in-between, all the way above saw their friends just perish and got to a point where they became numb, and so, now that we live in an age of technology and science and U=U is a thing104, traumatic experiences shaped the ideas in their approach to the subject, and so, it’s hard for me to present a new perspective that is less traumatic that is going to trump that traumatic experience and teach a new perspective.105
I think some churches are only willing to go so far in the conversation and no further, and so, how it would take place—I think, if we go back to the true meaning of the word ‘repentance’: repentance [is] a changing of direction and if we can really embrace that. I think the other thing is the churches need to stop waiting on everybody feeling comfortable before they make the move. The whole thing about stepping out of faith, doing what you know is right even if it’s uncomfortable, and then, moving into that comfort zone—if you’re waiting for everybody to feel all nice, and warm, and fuzzy about it, and then come out with your statement affirming LGBT, it ain’t never going to happen.106
It’s hard not to be really angry right now at the destruction of our biosphere and, really, the representation in our government… [but] there is hope. I realize there is a lot of good going on far more than we realize; far, far more than is represented [in media]. There is a lot going on that’s good in technology and mobilization of effort and resources. It is there. I really don’t think we can grasp what could be done that is—it could happen overnight. I do believe that. There is hope.107
10. Conclusions: The Spiritual Narratives of Long-Term HIV Survivors
When you fall from a great height, there is only one possible place to land: on the ground; the ground of truth… This was true of Gesar, the great warrior king of Tibet, whose escapades form the greatest epic of Tibetan literature. Gesar means ‘indomitable,’ someone who can never be put down. From the moment Gesar was born, his evil uncle Trotung tried all kinds of means to kill him. But with each attempt Gesar only grew stronger and stronger. It was thanks to Trotung’s efforts that Gesar was to become so great. This gave rise to a Tibetan proverb: Trotung tro ma tung na, Gesar ge mi sar, which means that if Trotung had never been so malicious and scheming, Gesar could never have risen so high.—The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying, Songyal Rinpoche.108
10.1. A Summary of Spiritual Narratives
10.2. Limitations and Objectives for Future Research
11. Materials and Methods
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Albert, Rebecca, Robert Goss, and Mona West. 2001. Take back the Word: A Queer Reading of the Bible. Cleveland: Pilgrim Press. [Google Scholar]
- Balogun, Amusa Saheed. 2010. Islamic Perspectives on HIV/AIDS and Antiretroviral Treatment: The Case of Nigeria. African Journal of AIDS Research 9: 459–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Baltes, Paul B., Ulman Lindenberger, and Ursula M. Staudinger. 2007. Life Span Theory in Developmental Psychology. In Handbook of Child Psychology. New York City: American Cancer Society. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Berger, Kathleen Stassen. 2017. The Developing Person through the Life Span. New York: Worth. [Google Scholar]
- Björklund, Elisabet, and Mariah Larsson, eds. 2018. A Visual History of HIV/AIDS: Exploring the Face of AIDS Film Archive. Baylor OneSearch, Summon 2.0. Abingdon upon Thames: Routledge, Available online: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bayloru/detail.action?docID=5446821 (accessed on 5 November 2020).
- Bluthenthal, Ricky, Kartika Palar, Peter Mendel, David Kanouse, Dennis E. Corben, and Kathryn Pitkin Derose. 2012. Attitudes and Beliefs Related to HIV/AIDS in Urban Religious Congregations: Barriers and Opportunities for HIV-Related Interventions. Social Science & Medicine 74: 1520–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Boisvert, Donald L., and Jay Emerson Johnson. 2012. Praeger. Queer Religion. Open WorldCat. Available online: http://ebooks.abc-clio.com/?isbn=9780313353598 (accessed on 5 November 2020).
- Brier, Jennifer. 2018. ‘I’m Still Surviving’: Oral Histories of Women Living with HIV/AIDS in Chicago. The Oral History Review 45: 68–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Broderick, Patricia C., and Pamela Blewitt. 2010. The Life Span: Human Development for Helping Professionals. Hongkong: Pearson. [Google Scholar]
- Byrd, Robert D. 2017. Race and sexuality: Whitewashing representation. In The Routledge Companion to Media and Race. Edited by Christopher Campbell. New York: Routledge, pp. 304–11. [Google Scholar]
- Carey, James. 2003. Longevity: The Biology and Demography of Life Span. Princeton: Princeton University Press. [Google Scholar]
- Chabad. 2020. Tehillim—Psalms—Chapter 42. Chabad: Texts and Writings, Retrieved 2 April 2020. Available online: https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/16263/jewish/Chapter-42.htm (accessed on 5 November 2020).
- Cheng, Patrick. 2011. Radical Love: An Introduction to Queer Theology. Journal of the American Academy of Religion 80: 272–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cleworth, Brandon. 2012. Ambivalent Blood: Religion, AIDS, and American Culture. Open WorldCat. Available online: http://hdl.handle.net/2286/ln6vaiqpoe8 (accessed on 5 November 2020).
- Corea, Gena. 1993. The Invisible Epidemic: The Story of Women And AIDS. New York: Perennial, First Printing. [Google Scholar]
- Cotton, Sian, Christina Puchalski, Susan Sherman, Joseph Mrus, Amy Peterman, Judith Feinberg, Kenneth Pargament, Amy Justice, Anthony Leonard, and Joel Tsevat. 2006. Spirituality and Religion in Patients with HIV/AIDS. Journal of General Internal Medicine 21: S5–S13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Courtenay-Quirk, Cari, Richard J. Wolitski, Jeffrey T. Parsons, Cynthia A. Gómez, and The Seropositive Urban Men’s Study Team. 2006. Is HIV/AIDS Stigma Dividing the Gay Community? Perceptions of HIV–positive Men Who Have Sex with Men. AIDS Education and Prevention 18: 56–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Derose, Kathryn, David Kanouse, David Kennedy, Kavita Patel, Alice Taylor, Kristin Leuschner, and Homero Martinez. 2010. Facilitators of and Barriers to FBO HIV/AIDS Activities. In The Role of Faith-Based Organizations in HIV Prevention and Care in Central America. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, pp. 51–72. [Google Scholar]
- Doenges, Marilynn, Alice Geissier-Murr, and Mary Moorhouse. 2014. Nursing Care Plans: Guidelines for Individualizing Client Care Across the Life Span. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. [Google Scholar]
- Doolittle, Benjamin, A.C. Justice, and David Fiellin. 2018. Religion, Spirituality, and HIV Clinical Outcomes: A Systematic Review of the Literature. AIDS and Behavior 22: 1792–801. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Downs, Alan. 2012. The Velvet Rage: Overcoming the Pain of Growing up Gay in a Straight Man’s World. New York: Hachette Book Group. [Google Scholar]
- Epstein, Steven. 1996. Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge. Berkeley: University of California Press. [Google Scholar]
- Erickson, Erik, and Joan Erikson. 1997. The Life Cycle Completed: A Review. New York: W.W. Norton. [Google Scholar]
- Frank, Arthur. 2011. Practicing Dialogical Narrative Analysis. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. [Google Scholar]
- Freud, Sigmund. 1949. Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. Albury: Imago Pub. Co. [Google Scholar]
- Giardino, Angelo, Elizabeth Datner, and Janice Asher. 2003. Sexual Assault: Victimization across the Life Span: A Clinical Guide. St. Louis: G.W. Medical Pub. [Google Scholar]
- Green, Edward. 2016. AIDS, Behavior, and Culture Understanding Evidence-Based Prevention. Abingdon upon Thames: Routledge. [Google Scholar]
- Grill, Katherine, Jichuan Wang, Yao Cheng, and Maureen E. Lyon. 2020. The Role of Religiousness and Spirituality in Health-Related Quality of Life of Persons Living with HIV: A Latent Class Analysis. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guest, Deryn. 2006. The Queer Bible Commentary. Houston: Religious Studies Review. [Google Scholar]
- Haddad, Beverley. 2011. Religion and HIV and AIDS: Charting the Terrain. Pietermaritzburg: University of Kwazulu-Natal Press. [Google Scholar]
- Johnson, Matthew. 2010. The Tragic Vision of African American Religion, 2010 ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan. [Google Scholar]
- Knauss, Stefanie, and Carlos Mendoza-Álvarez. 2019. Queer Theologies: Becoming the Queer Body of Christ. London: SCM Press. [Google Scholar]
- Kramer, Larry. 1985. The Normal Heart. New York: Samuel French, Inc. [Google Scholar]
- Kramer, Larry. 1997. Reports from the Holocaust: The Story of an AIDS Activist. New York: St. Martin’s Press. [Google Scholar]
- Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth. 1969. On Death and Dying. New York: Scribner. [Google Scholar]
- Kushner, Tony. 2013. Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes: Revised and Complete Edition. 20th Anniversary edition. New York: Theatre Communications Group. [Google Scholar]
- Litwinczuk, Kathleen, and Carla Groh. 2007. The Relationship Between Spirituality, Purpose in Life, and Well-Being in HIV-Positive Persons. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care 18: 13–22. [Google Scholar]
- Madonna. 1992. In this Life. Erotica. Hollywood: Warner Bros. [Google Scholar]
- Makkai, Rebecca. 2018. The Great Believers. New York: Viking/Penguin Random House. [Google Scholar]
- McNeill, William. 1998. Plagues and Peoples. New York: Anchor Books. [Google Scholar]
- Miles, Matthew, and Michael Huberman. 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. Southend Oaks: Sage Publications. [Google Scholar]
- Monette, Paul. 1998. Borrowed Time: An AIDS Memoir, 1st ed. Boston: Mariner. [Google Scholar]
- Moody-Ramirez, Mia, and Cassy Burleson. 2014. Sixteen Ain’t So Sweet: Jasper Dragging Longitudinal Study. Journal of the American Studies Association of Texas. Available online: https://www.academia.edu/12282357/Sixteen_Ain_t_So_Sweet_Jasper_Dragging_Longitudinal_Study (accessed on 5 November 2020).
- Murphy, Timothy. 1994. Ethics in an Epidemic: AIDS, Morality, and Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press. [Google Scholar]
- Murphy, Ryan, and Janet Mock. 2018–2019. POSE. 20th Television via Nextflix. Available online: https://www.netflix.com/ (accessed on 15 January 2020).
- O’Laughlin, Michael. 2020. Plague: Untold Stories of AIDS and the Catholic Church. America Magazine. Available online: https://www.americamagazine.org/plague (accessed on 5 November 2020).
- Pepin, Jacques. 2011. The Origins of AIDS. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Available online: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bayloru/detail.action?docID=805536 (accessed on 11 October 2019).
- Petro, Anthony Michael. 2015. After the Wrath of God: AIDS, Sexuality, and American Religion. Open WorldCat. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Piaget, Jean, and Miles Donald. 1977. Understanding Causality. New York: W.W. Norton. [Google Scholar]
- Pierce, Christine, and Donald VanDeVeer. 1988. AIDS: Ethics and Public Policy. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Pub. Co. [Google Scholar]
- Platt, C. Spencer, Darryl B. Holloman, and Lemuel Warren Watson. 2015. Boyhood to Manhood: Deconstructing Black Masculinity through a Life Span Continuum. Bern: Peter Lang. [Google Scholar]
- Pullen, Christopher. 2012. LGBT Transnational Identity and the Media: Post Colonial—Post Queer. ProQuest Ebook Central. London: Palgrave Macmillan Limited, Available online: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bayloru/detail.action?docID=868372 (accessed on 5 November 2020).
- Rinpoche, Sogyal. 2020. The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying: The Spiritual Classic & International Bestseller: 25th Anniversary Edition, 1st ed. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco. [Google Scholar]
- Ritchie, Donald. 2010. The Oxford Handbook of Oral History. In The Oxford Handbook of Oral History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rofes, Eric. 2012. Reviving the Tribe: Regenerating Gay Men’s Sexuality and Culture in the Ongoing Epidemic. Open WorldCat. Available online: http://site.ebrary.com/id/10813743 (accessed on 5 November 2020).
- Rosenberg, Charles. 1992. What is an epidemic? AIDS in historical perspective. In Explaining Epidemics and Other Studies in the History of Medicine. New York: Cambridge University Press, vol. 279. [Google Scholar]
- Rossi, Alice S., and American Sociological Association. 1985. Gender and the Life Course. Oxford: Aldine Pub. Co. [Google Scholar]
- Saleebey, Dennis. 2001. Human Behavior and Social Environments: A Biopsychosocial Approach (eBook, 2001) [WorldCat.org]. New York: Columbia University Press, Available online: https://www.worldcat.org/title/human-behavior-and-social-environments-a-biopsychosocial-approach/oclc/51628567&referer=brief_results (accessed on 20 November 2019).
- Schilts, Randy. 1987. And the Band Played on: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic, 2000 ed. New York: St. Martin’s Press. [Google Scholar]
- Shallenberger, David. 1998. Reclaiming the Spirit: Gay Men and Lesbians Come to Terms with Religion. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. [Google Scholar]
- Shomanah, Musa, and Musimbi Kanyoro, eds. 2005. Grant Me Justice!: HIV/Aids & Gender Readings of the Bible. New York: Orbis Books. [Google Scholar]
- Shore-Goss, Robert. 2013. Queering Christianity: Finding a Place at the Table for LGBTQI Christians. Westport: Praeger Publishers. [Google Scholar]
- Siegel, Karolynn, and Helen-Maria Lekas. 2002. AIDS as a chronic illness: Psychosocial implications. AIDS 16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silverman, Mervyn F., Selma K. Dritz, Donald I. Abrams, Marcus A. Conant, Andrew R. Moss, Arthur J. Ammann, Paul A. Volberding, Constance B. Wofsy, Donald P. Francis, Merle A. Sande, and et al. 2020. AIDS Oral History Project. San Francisco: UCSF Library, Retrieved 2 April 2020. Available online: https://www.library.ucsf.edu/archives/aids/oral-history-project/ (accessed on 5 November 2020).
- Slack, Ranger. 1996. Epidemics and Ideas: Essays on the Historical Perception of Pestilence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Google Scholar]
- Thompson, Mark. 1987. Gay Spirit: Myth and Meaning. New York: St. Martin’s Press, p. 206. [Google Scholar]
- Todd, Matthew. 2012. Straight Jacket: How to be Gay and Happy. New York: Penguin. [Google Scholar]
- Tonstad, Linn Marie. 2018. Queer Theology: Beyond Apologetics. Open WorldCat. Available online: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=1878390 (accessed on 5 November 2020).
- Trentaz, Cassie. 2012. Theology in the Age of Global AIDS & HIV: Complicity and Possibility. London: Palgrave Macmillan. [Google Scholar]
- Yep, Gust, and John Elia. 2012. Racialized masculinities and the new homonormativity in LOGO’s Noah’s Ark. Journal of Homosexuality 59: 890. [Google Scholar]
- Yi, Michael, Joseph Mrus, Terrance Wade, Mona Ho, Richard Hornung, Sian Cotton, Amy Peterman, Christina Puchalski, and Joel Tsevat. 2006. Religion, Spirituality, and Depressive Symptoms in Patients with HIV/AIDS. Journal of General Internal Medicine 21: S21–S27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
1 | (Madonna 1992). |
2 | (Chabad 2020). Adapted from the Hebrew text of Chabad.org online database. |
3 | See the following works on religion and AIDS/HIV and culture/history: (Schilts 1987; McNeill 1998; Slack 1996; Cleworth 2012; Bluthenthal et al. 2012; Derose et al. 2010; Pierce and VanDeVeer 1988; Haddad 2011; Trentaz 2012; Björklund and Larsson 2018; Brier 2018; Epstein 1996; Green 2016; Pepin 2011; Petro 2015; Silverman et al. 2020). |
4 | |
5 | |
6 | See the following for information on the Reagan administration and pharmaceutical corporations and the HIV/AIDS crisis: (Cleworth 2012; Haddad 2011; Rofes 2012; Pierce and VanDeVeer 1988; Green 2016; Saleebey 2001; Murphy 1994). |
7 | |
8 | (Makkai 2018). |
9 | See: And the Band Played On (Schilts 1987); Reports from the Holocaust: The Story of an AIDS Activist and The Normal Heart, (Kramer 1985); and Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes: Revised and Complete Edition, (Kushner 2013). |
10 | (Frank 2011). |
11 | Coming out of Latinx and Black liberation theology, feminist theology, and gay-lesbian liberation theologies, the late twentieth century discipline of queer theology has explored ways in which LGBTQ people, and other groups marginalized on the basis of sex and gender, find meaning, and purpose, and a true connection to faith. It rejects the teachings of “otherness” and “intrinsic disordered-ness” that some theologies and doctrines teach about queer people and human sexuality. Instead, it critically views doctrine and scripture as contextual; it is critical of authoritative works as being written by those in power to maintain the status quo. Queer liberation theology strives to reclaim the doctrines and practices that have been used to oppress and exploit, and instead reinterpret them in context. Queer/LGBTQ people, but also women and racial and ethnic “others” have been able to reclaim autonomy over the intrinsic goodness of their faith–whether in scriptures, traditions, practices, or their own spiritual understanding. See: (Shallenberger 1998; Guest 2006; Shore-Goss 2013; Alpert et al. 2001; Tonstad 2018; Cheng 2011; Boisvert and Johnson 2012; Knauss and Mendoza-Álvarez 2019). |
12 | (The Gospel according to John, 10:10). |
13 | |
14 | |
15 | |
16 | |
17 | (Freud 1949). |
18 | |
19 | |
20 | |
21 | Preserved at the Baylor Institute for Oral History, Baylor University, Waco, TX. Please see the Supplementary Materials on pg. 33. |
22 | |
23 | Michael Sugar, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, October 2, 2019, telephone interview between Los Angeles, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco, TX. |
24 | Michael Sugar, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, October 2, 2019, telephone interview between Los Angeles, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco, TX. Interview transcript page 4. |
25 | Ron Wilson, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 19, 2019, in Dallas, Texas, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. |
26 | Ron Wilson, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 19, 2019, in Dallas, Texas, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco |
27 | Ron Wilson, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 19, 2019, in Dallas, Texas, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco |
28 | Jesús Guillen, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, December 20, 2019, via telephone call between San Francisco, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. |
29 | Jesús Guillen, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, December 20, 2019, via telephone call between San Francisco, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. Interview transcript page 6–7. |
30 | Jesús Guillen, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, December 20, 2019, via telephone call between San Francisco, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. |
31 | Robb Ivey, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 20, 2019, Dallas, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. |
32 | Robb Ivey, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 20, 2019, Dallas, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco |
33 | Robb Ivey, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 20, 2019, Dallas, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. Interview transcript page 27. |
34 | Michael Sugar, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, October 2, 2019, telephone interview between Los Angeles, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco, TX. Interview transcript page 26. |
35 | Michael Sugar, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, October 2, 2019, telephone interview between Los Angeles, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco, TX. Interview transcript page 27. |
36 | A title for men in the Latter-day Saints Church polity. |
37 | Robb Ivey, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 20, 2019, Dallas, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. Interview transcript page 8–9. |
38 | Robb Ivey, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 20, 2019, Dallas, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. |
39 | Michael Sugar, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, October 2, 2019, telephone interview between Los Angeles, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco, TX. Interview transcript page 4. |
40 | Michael Sugar, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, October 2, 2019, telephone interview between Los Angeles, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco, TX. |
41 | Michael Sugar, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, October 2, 2019, telephone interview between Los Angeles, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco, TX. |
42 | Ron Wilson, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 19, 2019, in Dallas, Texas, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. From interview transcript page 12. |
43 | See Elisabeth Kübler-Ross’s book On Death and Dying (Kübler-Ross 1969). |
44 | Jesús Guillen, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, December 20, 2019, via telephone call between San Francisco, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. |
45 | Robb Ivey, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 20, 2019, Dallas, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. Interview transcript page 18. |
46 | Robb Ivey, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 20, 2019, Dallas, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. Interview transcript page 8–9. |
47 | Robb Ivey, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 20, 2019, Dallas, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. Interview transcript page 14–15. |
48 | Ron Wilson, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 19, 2019, in Dallas, Texas, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. From interview transcript page 15–16. |
49 | Kol Ami is a well-known LGBTQ-affirming Reform synagogue in Los Angeles, CA. It is among the first of its kind in the world. |
50 | Michael Sugar, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, October 2, 2019, telephone interview between Los Angeles, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco, TX. Interview transcript page 24. |
51 | Robb Ivey, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 20, 2019, Dallas, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. Interview transcript page 20. |
52 | Robb Ivey, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 20, 2019, Dallas, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. Interview transcript page 27. |
53 | Ron Wilson, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 19, 2019, in Dallas, Texas, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. From interview transcript page 18–20. |
54 | |
55 | Ron Wilson, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 19, 2019, in Dallas, Texas, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. From interview transcript page 19. |
56 | Jesús Guillen, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, December 20, 2019, via telephone call between San Francisco, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. Interview transcript page 18. |
57 | Robb Ivey, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 20, 2019, Dallas, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. Interview transcript page 28. |
58 | Jesús Guillen, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, December 20, 2019, via telephone call between San Francisco, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. Interview transcript page 1–2. |
59 | Jesús Guillen, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, December 20, 2019, via telephone call between San Francisco, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. Interview transcript page 2–3. |
60 | Jesús Guillen, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, December 20, 2019, via telephone call between San Francisco, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. |
61 | |
62 | Michael Sugar, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, October 2, 2019, telephone interview between Los Angeles, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco, TX. Interview transcript page 20–22. |
63 | See: Reports from the Holocaust (Kramer 1997). |
64 | Michael Sugar, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, October 2, 2019, telephone interview between Los Angeles, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco, TX. Interview transcript page 21–22. |
65 | In The Band Played On (1987), Schilts is explicit in his criticism of the Evangelical Church(es), Jerry Falwell’s empire, and the “Moral Majority” movement for their apathy toward the human suffering of the AID epidemic. A recent podcast from America Media, Plague: Untold Stories of AIDS & the Catholic Church (O’Laughlin 2020) tells the history of the relationship between the American Roman Catholic Church and HIV/ LGBTQ activism. Lastly, others, such as Mark Thompson in Gay Spirit: Myth and Meaning (Thompson 1987), have also noted a link between the harm organized religion constituted for HIV survivors and queer people, but also a newfound spiritual fervency and purpose discovered in queer activism, such as ACT UP. |
66 | Michael Sugar, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, October 2, 2019, telephone interview between Los Angeles, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco, TX. Interview transcript page 22. |
67 | Please see interview transcript corpus at Baylor Institute for Oral History database for information about participants’ self-identification. |
68 | Charley Garrison, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, October 29, 2019, in Waco, Texas, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. |
69 | Charley Garrison, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, October 29, 2019, in Waco, Texas, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. |
70 | Robb Ivey, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 20, 2019, Dallas, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. Interview transcript page 14. |
71 | Robb Ivey, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 20, 2019, Dallas, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco |
72 | Jesús Guillen, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, December 20, 2019, via telephone call between San Francisco, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. Interview transcript page 15. |
73 | Robb Ivey, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 20, 2019, Dallas, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. Interview transcript page 15. |
74 | Robb Ivey, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 20, 2019, Dallas, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. Interview transcript page 15. |
75 | Ron Wilson, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 19, 2019, in Dallas, Texas, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. From interview transcript page 7. |
76 | Psychologist Alan Downs has devoted much of his career meeting the needs of patients who were gay men coping with the trauma instilled in them by society, institutions, and family. One phenomenon he reports is that whereby some respond to tragedy and marginalization by becoming meaner and doing more harm to others–instead of having more compassion. See: The Velvet Rage (Downs 2012). |
77 | Ron Wilson, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 19, 2019, in Dallas, Texas, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. From interview transcript page 12. |
78 | Jesús Guillen, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, December 20, 2019, via telephone call between San Francisco, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. Interview transcript page 27. |
79 | Jesús Guillen, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, December 20, 2019, via telephone call between San Francisco, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. Interview transcript page 20. |
80 | See: Straightjacket: How to be Gay and Happy (Todd 2012). |
81 | See: The Tragic Vision of African American Religion (Johnson 2010). |
82 | Ron Wilson, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 19, 2019, in Dallas, Texas, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. From interview transcript page 6. |
83 | Ron Wilson, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 19, 2019, in Dallas, Texas, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. From interview transcript page 20. |
84 | |
85 | Michael Sugar, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, October 2, 2019, telephone interview between Los Angeles, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco, TX. Interview transcript page 12. |
86 | Michael Sugar, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, October 2, 2019, telephone interview between Los Angeles, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco, TX. Interview transcript page 13. |
87 | Michael Sugar, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, October 2, 2019, telephone interview between Los Angeles, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco, TX. |
88 | Michael Sugar, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, October 2, 2019, telephone interview between Los Angeles, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco, TX |
89 | From the words Michael shared in the audio interview, as transcribed by the Baylor Institute for Oral History. Quotes are used here to indicate that Michael spoke (read) these words during the interview. May be accessed at the Baylor Institute for Oral History. Michael Sugar interview transcript page 14. |
90 | Michael Sugar, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, October 2, 2019, telephone interview between Los Angeles, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco, TX. Interview transcript page 11. |
91 | Charley Garrison, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, October 29, 2019, in Waco, Texas, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. |
92 | Charley Garrison, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, October 29, 2019, in Waco, Texas, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. Interview transcript page 8. |
93 | Charley Garrison, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, October 29, 2019, in Waco, Texas, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. Interview transcript page 8. |
94 | Michael Sugar, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, October 2, 2019, telephone interview between Los Angeles, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco, TX. Interview transcript page 16–17. |
95 | Michael Sugar, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, October 2, 2019, telephone interview between Los Angeles, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco, TX. Interview transcript page 16–18. |
96 | Ron Wilson, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 19, 2019, in Dallas, Texas, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. From interview transcript page 8–9. |
97 | Jesús Guillen, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, December 20, 2019, via telephone call between San Francisco, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. Interview transcript page 18–19. |
98 | Jesús Guillen, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, December 20, 2019, via telephone call between San Francisco, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. Interview transcript page 24. |
99 | Robb Ivey, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 20, 2019, Dallas, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. Interview transcript page 21–22. |
100 | Robb Ivey, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 20, 2019, Dallas, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. |
101 | Jesús Guillen, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, December 20, 2019, via telephone call between San Francisco, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. Interview transcript page 20. |
102 | Jesús Guillen, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, December 20, 2019, via telephone call between San Francisco, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. Interview transcript page 27. |
103 | |
104 | U=U stands for “undetectable means untransmittable.” This means that people living with HIV, who maintain an undetectable viral load by taking an antiretroviral therapy drug, cannot sexually transmit the virus to others. Information obtained from National Institutes of Health (NIH). See (Courtenay-Quirk et al. 2006) for information about contemporary HIV stigma within the gay community, particular in reference to sex and relationships. |
105 | Ron Wilson, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 19, 2019, in Dallas, Texas, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. From interview transcript page 14. |
106 | Charley Garrison, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, October 29, 2019, in Waco, Texas, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. Interview transcript page 17. |
107 | Robb Ivey, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, September 20, 2019, Dallas, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. Interview transcript page 24–25. |
108 | |
109 | See page 3 for more information on queer liberation theology. |
110 | To access the corpus of audio recordings and transcripts for Kyle Desrosiers’s interviews, please visit the Baylor Institute for Oral History digital collection at https://digitalcollections-baylor.quartexcollections.com/special-libraries-collections/oral-history. |
111 | Michael Sugar, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, October 2, 2019, telephone interview between Los Angeles, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco, TX. Interview transcript page 26. |
112 | Jesús Guillen, interview by Kyle Desrosiers, December 20, 2019, via telephone call between San Francisco, CA and Waco, TX, transcript, Baylor University Institute for Oral History, Waco. |
113 | The Baylor University Institute for Oral History, located in Waco, Texas, is a freestanding research department within Baylor University’s Division of Academic Affairs. Please visit https://www.baylor.edu/oralhistory/ for more information, or contact the office at +1(254)-710-3437. Not all archives may be publicly available due to the labor intensive archival process and the ongoing global COVID-19 health crisis. All materials will be available upon request. |
114 | |
115 | (Ritchie 2010). |
116 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Desrosiers, K. Spiritual Reports from Long-Term HIV Survivors: Reclaiming Meaning While Confronting Mortality. Religions 2020, 11, 602. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11110602
Desrosiers K. Spiritual Reports from Long-Term HIV Survivors: Reclaiming Meaning While Confronting Mortality. Religions. 2020; 11(11):602. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11110602
Chicago/Turabian StyleDesrosiers, Kyle. 2020. "Spiritual Reports from Long-Term HIV Survivors: Reclaiming Meaning While Confronting Mortality" Religions 11, no. 11: 602. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11110602