Optimization and Experiment of a Disturbance-Assisted Seed Filling High-Speed Vacuum Seed-Metering Device Based on DEM-CFD

: In disturbance-assisted seed ﬁlling vacuum seed-metering devices, the suction hole causes difﬁculty in quickly and stably sucking seeds when used for high-speed seeding and the large working negative pressure demand is used. To address this difﬁculty, this study’s authors designed a seed disk hole with a variable cross-section structure, and the groove depth, which has the function of assisting seed ﬁlling, was optimized. Using the combined method of Fluent numerical analysis and an orthogonal experiment, the inﬂuence of the shape, inlet diameter, and length of the seed disk hole on the pressure difference of the seed disk hole was analyzed. The working process of the vacuum seed meter was simulated and analyzed by the Discrete Element Method and Computational Fluid Dynamics coupling method. It was found that with the increase of the diameter of the seed disk hole, the pressure difference decreased, and the length of the seed disk hole had little effect on the pressure difference. The best diameter of the seed disk hole was 5.4 mm, and the length was 5 mm. It was found that the pressurization effect of the arc-shaped seed disk hole is better. With the increase of groove depth, the leakage rate shows a trend of ﬁrst decreasing and then increasing, which was determined to be 1.5 mm. The veriﬁcation experiment proved that the working performance of the optimized seed metering device is better than that of the original one. The results show that when the working negative pressure was 4 kPa and the working speeds were 8~14 km · h − 1 , the qualiﬁed rate was not less than 95.0%, and the seed ﬁlling performance was relatively stable. The optimized vacuum seed metering device can be applied to high-speed seeders, while ensuring the requirements of high-speed sowing operations.


Introduction
Maize is one of the world's most important crops and can be used as an industrial raw material.At present, China's urbanization process is accelerating, and agricultural production labor is in short supply, which affects the yield of maize.In order to adapt to the development of modern agriculture, new seeding technology is urgently needed [1,2].High-speed precision seeding technology is an engineering technology with remarkable yield-increasing effect.It is characterized by saving seeds, saving labor, and increasing production, which is conducive to promoting the further development of the rural economy [3].High-performance, high-speed precision seeding equipment is the basis for realizing advanced seeding technology [4][5][6][7][8].The Vacuum Seed metering device relies on negative pressure to pick up one seed and carry it out of bulk.It is then discharged into a seed tube.At this point, the single hole carrying two or more seeds is defined as multiple seeds, and the single hole carrying zero seeds is defined as missed seeds.When the airflow passes through the seed disk hole, a part of the pressure will be lost.When the working negative pressure is the same, and the plant distance is 20 cm, with the working speed is 8-14 km/h, the rotational speed of the seed disk increases and the seed filling time decreases, increasing the leakage rate, compared with the operating speed less than 8 km/h.Generally, the qualified seed filling rate can be ensured by increasing the working negative pressure, but at the same time, the fan's energy consumption will be increased [9].Therefore, it is necessary to improve the structure of the seed disk hole, reduce the pressure loss and make the airflow establish a stable velocity field and pressure field in the seed disk hole to ensure that the adsorption pressure increases when the working negative pressure is the same.At the same time, the auxiliary seed filling structure must be increased to improve the seed-filling performance of the seed metering device.
Researchers have successfully used the two-phase flow coupling method with the combination of the Discrete Element Method (DEM).Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has be used to quantitatively study the particle-breaking process in a jet mill [10], the movement process of airflow transported seeds [11,12], the filling process of the pneumatic seed metering device [13][14][15][16][17], the design of seed feeding devices and horizontal seed supply pipe of the air-assisted centralized metering system [18,19], and it has also been used as a tool for optimizing the design of the machine structure [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28].Shi et al. analyzed the main factors affecting the filling performance at each stage of the filling process at a microscopic scale.By using a gas-solid coupling simulation, the seed-metering device was optimized by taking the seed adsorption stabilization time, seed removal resistance and local porosity at the shaped hole as the experiment indices [29].Ding et al. analyzed the pressure of each area of the seed-metering device based on DEM-CFD gas-solid coupling simulation and designed the air inlet of the seed-metering device [30].Han et al. used the DEM-CFD gas-solid coupling analysis to conduct simulation experiments with the installation position of the gas nozzle, working negative pressure and forward speed of the machine as the experiment factors to determine the installation structure parameters of the gas nozzle [31].Given the problem that the Vacuum Seed metering device is prone to miss sowing and suction during high-speed work, the researchers solved the problem by changing the structure and position of the air inlet and adding an auxiliary seed filling structure to the vacuum meter seed disk.However, there are relatively few studies on seed disk holes.
To further improve the seed-filling performance of the disturbance-assisted high-speed maize air-suction seed-metering device, this paper firstly analyzed the airflow field flowing through the seed disk hole with the help of Ansys Fluent 18.0 software (American ANSYS company, which is located in Pittsburgh, PA, USA) and discussed the influence of the structure, length and entrance diameter of the seed disk hole on the pressure difference.Secondly, using the DEM-CFD coupled simulation analysis, the gas-solid two-phase flow simulation was carried out on the migration process of the seeds with the rotation of the seed disk.The effects of operating speed, working negative pressure, and groove depth on seeding performance were specifically studied.The underlying mechanisms were analyzed.Finally, the optimal working parameters of the seed meter were determined and verified by bench experiments.In this study, a new structural improvement method is provided to solve the problem of poor high-speed operation performance of the vacuum seed metering device, which can improve the operation accuracy of the seed metering device.

Overall Structure of Seed Metering Device
The structure model of the disturbance-assisted seed filling high-speed air-suction seed-metering device is shown in Figure 1.The vacuum meter seed disk, upper scraper and lower scraper are the core working components that directly contact the seeds.Their structural parameters directly affect the process of filling, seed-carrying and seeding, ultimately determining whether the seed-metering device can achieve single-seed sowing [2].The vacuum meter seed disk comprises a "zhong"-shaped seed disk hole, concave groove teeth, a seed disturbing post and the vacuum meter seed disk body.Please note that when the grooves were dug out on the seed disk, the seed disk hole and the remaining area are similar to the Chinese character "zhong", so it is named the "zhong"-shaped seed disk hole.The diameter of the seed disk is 200 mm, and there are 32 seed disk holes on it.The diameter of the circle where the center of the seed disk holes is located is 120 mm.It is known from the literature [32] that the maximum length of maize seed(L)is 12.82 mm.As shown in Figure 2. To satisfy the smooth entry of a single seed into the groove, the length and width of the groove should be larger than the length and width of the seed.Meanwhile, considering the convenience of making a seed disk, it was determined that r 1 was 67 mm, r 2 was 51 mm, and C was 14 mm.
The structure model of the disturbance-assisted seed filling high-speed air-suction seed-metering device is shown in Figure 1.The vacuum meter seed disk, upper scraper and lower scraper are the core working components that directly contact the seeds.Their structural parameters directly affect the process of filling, seed-carrying and seeding, ultimately determining whether the seed-metering device can achieve single-seed sowing [2].The vacuum meter seed disk comprises a "zhong"-shaped seed disk hole, concave groove teeth, a seed disturbing post and the vacuum meter seed disk body.Please note that when the grooves were dug out on the seed disk, the seed disk hole and the remaining area are similar to the Chinese character "zhong", so it is named the "zhong"-shaped seed disk hole.The diameter of the seed disk is 200 mm, and there are 32 seed disk holes on it.The diameter of the circle where the center of the seed disk holes is located is 120 mm.It is known from the literature [32] that the maximum length of maize seed(L)is 12.82 mm.As shown in Figure 2. To satisfy the smooth entry of a single seed into the groove, the length and width of the groove should be larger than the length and width of the seed.Meanwhile, considering the convenience of making a seed disk, it was determined that r1 was 67 mm, r2 was 51 mm, and C was 14 mm.

Working Principles
When the vacuum meter seed disk is about to rotate, the seeds to be adsorbed near the surface of the vacuum meter seed disk form a stable accumulation state under the action of gravity and the vertical pressure of the seed group [32] which increases the difficulty of adsorbing seeds.As shown in Figure 3, after the vacuum meter seed disk rotates, the grooves between the two seed disk holes will separate the seeds to be picked up, and then the grooves drag the separated seeds into the seed disk hole area.The quasi-adsorbed

Working Principles
When the vacuum meter seed disk is about to rotate, the seeds to be adsorbed near the surface of the vacuum meter seed disk form a stable accumulation state under the action of gravity and the vertical pressure of the seed group [32] which increases the difficulty of adsorbing seeds.As shown in Figure 3, after the vacuum meter seed disk rotates, the grooves between the two seed disk holes will separate the seeds to be picked up, and then the grooves drag the separated seeds into the seed disk hole area.The quasi-adsorbed seeds linger near the seed suction hole with an initial velocity v 0 .Then, the vacuum meter system pulls and holds seeds to the holes of the seed disk, and the seeds move in a circular motion with the seeding disc at a linear velocity v.After the seeds enter the clearing area, under the action of the upper and lower scrapers, the filling process of a single seed is completed; when the seeds reach the seeding area, the airflow is blocked, the seeds are separated from the seeding tray and fall into the seed trench through the seed delivery tube.It should be noted that the groove's depth directly affects whether it can smoothly drag the seeds.Assuming that the maize seed is a rigid body with uniform material, taking the quasi-adsorbed single maize seed as the research object, ignoring the friction between the seeds, the mechanical model of the concave groove stably dragging the seed is established, as shown in Figure 4.

Working Principles
When the vacuum meter seed disk is about to rotate, the seeds to be adsorbed near the surface of the vacuum meter seed disk form a stable accumulation state under the action of gravity and the vertical pressure of the seed group [32] which increases the difficulty of adsorbing seeds.As shown in Figure 3, after the vacuum meter seed disk rotates, the grooves between the two seed disk holes will separate the seeds to be picked up, and then the grooves drag the separated seeds into the seed disk hole area.The quasi-adsorbed seeds linger near the seed suction hole with an initial velocity v0.Then, the vacuum meter system pulls and holds seeds to the holes of the seed disk, and the seeds move in a circular motion with the seeding disc at a linear velocity v.After the seeds enter the clearing area, under the action of the upper and lower scrapers, the filling process of a single seed is completed; when the seeds reach the seeding area, the airflow is blocked, the seeds are separated from the seeding tray and fall into the seed trench through the seed delivery tube.It should be noted that the groove's depth directly affects whether it can smoothly drag the seeds.Assuming that the maize seed is a rigid body with uniform material, taking the quasi-adsorbed single maize seed as the research object, ignoring the friction between the seeds, the mechanical model of the concave groove stably dragging the seed is established, as shown in Figure 4.   To make the seed move in the concave groove, it should be satisfied that on the z y plane, the rotational torque on the y-axis is in a balanced state, as shown in Equation (1): where FN2 is the supporting force of the concave groove inclined surface to the seed, N; Q is the resultant force of the seed on the y-axis, N; l1 is the depth of the concave groove, m; l2 is the distance from the center of mass of the seed to the bottom of the concave groove, m.
where Ff1 is the friction between the concave groove and the seed, N; Fl is the inertial centrifugal force, N; G is seed gravity, N; Fσ is the vertical pressure of the upper seed on the To make the seed move in the concave groove, it should be satisfied that on the z-y plane, the rotational torque on the y-axis is in a balanced state, as shown in Equation (1): where F N2 is the supporting force of the concave groove inclined surface to the seed, N; Q is the resultant force of the seed on the y-axis, N; l 1 is the depth of the concave groove, m; l 2 is the distance from the center of mass of the seed to the bottom of the concave groove, m.
where F f1 is the friction between the concave groove and the seed, N; F l is the inertial centrifugal force, N; G is seed gravity, N; F σ is the vertical pressure of the upper seed on the lower seed per unit area N; h i is the distance between the seed layer of the particle and the uppermost seed, m; γ is the weight of the seed, kN/m 3 ; θ is the angle between centrifugal force and resultant force, • ; S is the contact area between the upper seed and the lower seed, m 2 .According to previous experiments [9], to solve the problem of high leakage rate when the air-suction seed-metering device works at 8~14 km/h (that is, the speed of the seed metering disc is 18.5 r•min −1 -32.5 r•min −1 ), it is mainly solved by increasing the working pressure to increase the pressure difference of the seed disk hole, thereby increasing the adsorption force.This solution shows that the structure of the seed disk hole affects the velocity and pressure of the airflow in the hole to a certain extent.In this paper, according to the one-dimensional variable cross-section tube steady isentropic flow theory of hydrodynamics [33], as shown in Figure 5, two seed disk holes with different structures were designed based on the original cylindrical seed disk hole structure.Based on the conical seed disk hole, drawing a tangent arc with the straight line EK as the chord length, where the arc is tangent to the straight line QE at point E, an arc with a radius r is obtained, as shown in Figure 5c.The main structural parameters are inlet diameter d 1 , outlet diameter d 2 and length L, as shown in Figure 5b,c.Because of the different shapes of maize seeds can be divided into horse-tooth sh ellipsoid cone shapes and spheroid [34,35].According to [36], it is known that th suction type seed metering device is the most difficult to suck horse-tooth shape seeds.From the formula of the diameter of the seed disk hole: d = 0.64 B~0.66 B [3 average width B of horse-tooth shape seeds is 8.5 mm [35], so it is determined th diameter d1 of the inlet of the suction hole is determined to be 5.4~5.6 mm and the sectional area of the seed disk hole entrance is 2.2 × 10 −5 ~2.5 × 10 −5 m 2 .The ratio velocity at a point in the flow field to the speed of sound at that point is called the Mach number [38]; the calculation of the Mach number in the one-dimensional pipe shown in Equation ( 4):

Materials and Methods
where c is the speed of sound, m/s; v is the speed of the gas, m/s.The previous experiments found that when the air-suction seed-metering de used to suck seeds under negative pressure, the airflow velocity is less than 80 m/ Ma = 0.235 can be calculated.According to the relationship between the internal Because of the different shapes of maize seeds can be divided into horse-tooth shapes, ellipsoid cone shapes and spheroid [34,35].According to [36], it is known that the airsuction type seed metering device is the most difficult to suck horse-tooth shape maize seeds.From the formula of the diameter of the seed disk hole: d = 0.64 B~0.66 B [37], the average width B of horse-tooth shape seeds is 8.5 mm [35], so it is determined that the diameter d 1 of the inlet of the suction hole is determined to be 5.4~5.6 mm and the cross-sectional area of the seed disk hole entrance is 2.2 × 10 −5 ~2.5 × 10 −5 m 2 .The ratio of the velocity at a point in the flow field to the speed of sound at that point is called the local Mach number [38]; the calculation of the Mach number in the one-dimensional pipeline is shown in Equation ( 4): where c is the speed of sound, m/s; v is the speed of the gas, m/s.The previous experiments found that when the air-suction seed-metering device is used to suck seeds under negative pressure, the airflow velocity is less than 80 m/s, and Ma = 0.235 can be calculated.According to the relationship between the internal cross-sectional area of a one-dimensional pipe and the Mach number in fluid mechanics, from the Isentropic flow aerodynamic function table, it is known that the cross-sectional area ratio of the outlet to the inlet is 2.6 and then the diameter d 2 of the seed disk hole is 8.5~9.1 mm.When high-speed air flows through the pipe, the airflow is also affected by friction.The thickness of the existing vacuum meter seed disk is generally 1.5 mm [37].Since the depth of the groove is set to be 0.5~2.5 mm in this article, combined with the setting requirements of the orthogonal test parameters, the thickness of the vacuum meter seed disk is 3~7 mm.
The authors used Fluent software to carry out the simulation experiment.The pressure difference between the two sides of the seed disk hole directly determines the ability of the seeding disk to carry seeds stably.So, the pressure difference of the seed disk hole is used as the evaluation index.Combined with theoretical analysis, it can be seen that the form of the seed disk hole and the diameter of the inlet directly determine the size of the pressure difference, thus taking the form of the seed disk hole.Accordingly, an orthogonal experiment was arranged with the inlet diameter d 1 of the seed disk hole and the length L of the seed disk hole as the experimental factors.According to the test results, the influence of the structural parameters of the seed metering device on the performance of the seed metering device was evaluated.In Fluent, the inlet pressure was set to −4 kPa, the angular velocity of the seeding disk was 3 rad/s, and the L9 (3 4 ) orthogonal experiment table was selected for the simulation experiment.The experimental factors and levels are shown in Table 1 [39].

Simulation and Optimization Experiment of Groove Depth
According to the analysis in Section 2.2, the grooves between the seed disk holes play an auxiliary role in seed filling.The depth of the groove directly affects the seed filling performance of the vacuum meter seed disk.Therefore, the DEM-CFD coupling method was used to study the effect of the groove depth on the seed filling time and leakage rate under five working speeds and working negative pressures.The level of experimental factors is shown in Table 2.

Simulation Model Construction
In this study, Space Claim Direct Modeler (American ANSYS company, which is located in Pittsburgh, PA, USA) was used to establish the fluid domain model of the Vacuum Seed metering device, and ICEM CFD 18.0 (American ANSYS company, which is located in Pittsburgh, PA, USA) was used to draw a hexahedron structured grid of the fluid domain and seed disk hole grid, as shown in Figure 6.The sliding grid method was used to set the seed disk hole as a moving region and set other fluid domains as a static region; the contact surface between the suction hole and the suction chamber, the suction hole and the seed storage chamber were defined as the interface.The data was transmitted between the moving area and the static area through the interface.The final calculation area had 336,597 grids and the minimum size of the grid model was 1.5 × 10 −5 m.The flow field model is shown in Figure 7.

Seed Model Construction
In the process of DEM-CFD coupling, in order to avoid the distortion of flow field calculation, it is necessary to ensure that the particle volume is smaller than the grid volume.In this article, the maize seed model was established by the Hertz-Mindlin Bonding model and API particle replacement method in EDEM.In the simulation, the Zheng-dan958 horse-tooth maize seed was chosen as the modeling object for the simulation particle.First, SolidWorks was used to draw the three-dimensional model of corn seeds and then used the cohesive particle model and particle replacement method in the EDEM software to obtain the corn seed model required for simulation.As shown in Figure 8, from left to right in the figure are the seed physical map, the three-dimensional model map and the particle bonding model map.In the simulation, according to the above method, 300 corn seeds were generated in the pellet factory.

Seed Model Construction
In the process of DEM-CFD coupling, in order to avoid the distortion calculation, it is necessary to ensure that the particle volume is smaller than ume.In this article, the maize seed model was established by the Hertz-Min model and API particle replacement method in EDEM.In the simulation dan958 horse-tooth maize seed was chosen as the modeling object for the sim ticle.First, SolidWorks was used to draw the three-dimensional model of co then used the cohesive particle model and particle replacement method in th When the unidirectional airflow was simulated by Fluent, the gas flow was turbulent, and the standard k-ε turbulence model calculated the flow field of the continuous phase.The time step was set to 0.02 s.The number of steps was set to 20,000 steps.
In the DEM-CFD coupled simulation experiment, the Euler-Lagrange method was used, and the ratio of the time step of EDEM (engineering discrete element method) to that of Fluent was between 1:10 and 1:100 [40].The two software time-step settings must satisfy that the time step in Fluent is an integer multiple of the time step in EDEM, so that the two-way transmission and feedback of data can be realized between the software.Therefore, the time step in EDEM was set to 2 × 10 −6 , the time step in Fluent was set to 1 × 10 −4 , and the total simulation time was 5 s.The main parameter values required in the simulation experiment [41,42] are shown in Table 3.

Seed Model Construction
In the process of DEM-CFD coupling, in order to avoid the distortion of flow field calculation, it is necessary to ensure that the particle volume is smaller than the grid volume.
In this article, the maize seed model was established by the Hertz-Mindlin Bonding model and API particle replacement method in EDEM.In the simulation, the Zhengdan958 horsetooth maize seed was chosen as the modeling object for the simulation particle.First, SolidWorks was used to draw the three-dimensional model of corn seeds and then used the cohesive particle model and particle replacement method in the EDEM software to obtain the corn seed model required for simulation.As shown in Figure 8, from left to right in the figure are the seed physical map, the three-dimensional model map and the particle bonding model map.In the simulation, according to the above method, 300 corn seeds were generated in the pellet factory.

Seed Model Construction
In the initial working stage, the Vacuum Seed metering device relies o stably suck single seeds from the dense seed group, which belongs to the particle flow system [43].In the gas-solid coupling simulation, EDEM adopts interface mainly based on drag force and buoyancy force.When the volum the filling area accounts for more than 30%, the seeds cannot be adsorbed und working conditions as the real test.In order to improve the simulation accur culation of the pressure gradient force needs to be added to the coupling in The pressure gradient force is shown in Equation ( 5): / ( / ) where Fp is the pressure gradient force on the particle, N; Vp is the particle vo is the gas density, kg/m 3 ; g is gravitational acceleration, m/s 2 ; v is the speed o m/s; dp/dx is pressure gradient in a certain direction.

Bench Experiment
The DEM-CFD coupling method was used to optimize the structure of ance-assisted Vacuum Seed metering device.To verify the accuracy of the opt the DEM-CFD coupling method, a bench experiment was carried out betwe mized seed metering device and the original one.The experiment used 3D produce a conical seed disk hole with a groove depth of 1.5 mm.Zhengda tooth maize seeds were selected, with a moisture content of 13% and a tho mass of 375 g.Taking the working negative pressure and the working spee mental factors and the leakage rate, multiple rate and qualified rate as evalua the experiment was carried out on the 2PST planting experiment bench of Academy of Agricultural Mechanization, as shown in Figure 9.

Seed Model Construction
In the initial working stage, the Vacuum Seed metering device relies on airflow to stably suck single seeds from the dense seed group, which belongs to the dense phase particle flow system [43].In the gas-solid coupling simulation, EDEM adopts the coupling interface mainly based on drag force and buoyancy force.When the volume of seeds in the filling area accounts for more than 30%, the seeds cannot be adsorbed under the same working conditions as the real test.In order to improve the simulation accuracy, the calculation of the pressure gradient force needs to be added to the coupling interface [44].The pressure gradient force is shown in Equation ( 5): where F p is the pressure gradient force on the particle, N; V p is the particle volume, m 3 ; p f is the gas density, kg/m 3 ; g is gravitational acceleration, m/s 2 ; v is the speed of the gas, m/s; d p /d x is pressure gradient in a certain direction.

Bench Experiment
The DEM-CFD coupling method was used to optimize the structure of the disturbanceassisted Vacuum Seed metering device.To verify the accuracy of the optimization of the DEM-CFD coupling method, a bench experiment was carried out between the optimized seed metering device and the original one.The experiment used 3D printing to produce a conical seed disk hole with a groove depth of 1.5 mm.Zhengdan 958 horse-tooth maize seeds were selected, with a moisture content of 13% and a thousand-grain mass of 375 g.Taking the working negative pressure and the working speed as experimental factors and the leakage rate, multiple rate and qualified rate as evaluation indexes, the experiment was carried out on the 2PST planting experiment bench of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization, as shown in Figure 9.
mized seed metering device and the original one.The experiment used 3D printing to produce a conical seed disk hole with a groove depth of 1.5 mm.Zhengdan 958 horsetooth maize seeds were selected, with a moisture content of 13% and a thousand-grain mass of 375 g.Taking the working negative pressure and the working speed as experimental factors and the leakage rate, multiple rate and qualified rate as evaluation indexes, the experiment was carried out on the 2PST planting experiment bench of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization, as shown in Figure 9.

Experimental Index Calculation Method
In total, 120 seed disk holes were selected to calculate the number of leakage rate, as shown in Equation ( 6): where y 1 is the leakage rate, %; y 2 is the multiple rate, %; y 3 is the qualified rate, %; n 1 is the number of holes; n 2 is the number of multi-seed holes; n 3 is the number of single-seed holes; N is the number of theoretical seeding hole.The time interval from the particles that were not adsorbed to stably picked up indirectly reflects the filling performance of the seeding tray.Fifty seeds were selected to calculate the average picking-up time, as shown in Equation (7).
where t 1 is the moment when the angular velocity of the seed is zero, s; t 2 is the moment when the angular velocity of the seed is the same as the angular velocity of the seeding disk, s; t i is the picking-up time of a single seed, s.

Data Statistical Method
IBM SPSS Statistics 19 software (International Business Machines Corporation, which is located in Armonk, NY, USA) was used to analyze the variance of the experimental data, and the F test was used to judge the regression effect of the regression model, that is, to test whether the changes of the experimental factors have a significant impact on the observed values of the experimental results.In the analysis of variance table, the main reference is the significance (p) to analyze the significance of the influence of each factor on the index.

Analysis of Orthogonal Experimental Results
The results of the orthogonal experiment are shown in Table 4.The general linear regression analysis of the experimental data is carried out by using SPSS software (International Business Machines Corporation, which is located in Armonk, NY, USA), th; theults of analysis of variance are shown in Table 5.The analysis of variance showed that the form, entrance diameter and length of the seed disk hole had significant effects on the dynamic pressure of the seed disk hole (p < 0.05).The influence of various factors on the average pressure difference of the seed disk hole is in the following order: the form of the seed disk hole > the entrance diameter of the seed disk hole > the length of the seed disk hole.The larger the suction hole's average pressure difference, the better.Through the analysis of the experimental results, it is known that the optimal structure of the seed disk hole is an arc-shaped seed disk hole, the entrance diameter is 5.4 mm, and the length is 5 mm.Note: ** highly significant; * significant.

Influence of Seed Suction Structure on Air Pressure and Velocity
In terms of the conical-shaped, arc-shaped, one-dimensional variable section tube, as shown in Figure 10, it is assumed that the airflow travels in the x direction of the seed disk hole axis and the average velocity is v.When p is the average pressure on the crosssection perpendicular to the x-axis, Equation ( 8) can be obtained from the one-dimensional steady-flow Euler equation of motion. 1 By differentiating Equation ( 8) and dividing it by ρvA, we can obtain Equation (9).
where A is the area of the section perpendicular to the x-axis, m 2 ; ρ f is the gas density, kg/m3; v is the speed of the gas, m/s.In terms of the conical-shaped, arc-shaped, one-dimensional variable section tube, as shown in Figure 10, it is assumed that the airflow travels in the x direction of the seed disk hole axis and the average velocity is v.When p is the average pressure on the cross-section perpendicular to the x-axis, Equation ( 8) can be obtained from the one-dimensional steady-flow Euler equation of motion.Combining Equations ( 8) and ( 9) with the sound speed equation c 2 = dp/dρ, we can obtain Equation (10).
where c is the speed of sound, m/s.The experimental results showed that when the suction seed metering device was used to suck seeds under negative pressure, the airflow velocity was less than 80 m/s, which belongs to subsonic flow, so v 2 /c 2 −1 < 0. When the inlet diameter of the seed disk hole and the vacuum degree of the suction chamber are the same as those of the original cylindrical seed disk hole, when the seed disk hole adopts the expansion tube structure (dA > 0), the airflow flowing through the seed disk hole will decelerate (dv < 0) and increase pressure (dp > 0).
When the inlet diameter of the seed disk hole is 5.4 mm, and the length is 5 mm, the air pressure and velocity of the seed disk hole with different structures are shown in Figures 11 and 12, respectively.It can be found that the pressure distribution at the inlet of the suction hole is the same; after the airflow through the suction hole, the pressure decreases sharply, the velocity increases, and the pressure is the smallest at the outlet of the suction hole.Among the three shapes of the seed disk holes, the pressure distribution of the cylindrical and arc shapes is uniform, and the pressure distribution of the conical shape is not uniform.The average pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of the seed disk hole is from small to large: cylindrical, conical, arc.The more uniform the pressure distribution of the airflow in the seed disk hole, the greater the pressure difference and the better the adsorption effect on the seeds.Therefore, the structure of the arc-shaped seed disk hole is optimal.
Agriculture 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 20 By differentiating Equation ( 8) and dividing it by ρvA, we can obtain Equation (9).
where A is the area of the section perpendicular to the x-axis, m 2 ; ρf is the gas density, kg/m3; v is the speed of the gas, m/s.
where c is the speed of sound, m/s.
The experimental results showed that when the suction seed metering device was used to suck seeds under negative pressure, the airflow velocity was less than 80 m/s, which belongs to subsonic flow, so v 2 /c 2 −1 < 0. When the inlet diameter of the seed disk hole and the vacuum degree of the suction chamber are the same as those of the original cylindrical seed disk hole, when the seed disk hole adopts the expansion tube structure (dA > 0), the airflow flowing through the seed disk hole will decelerate (dv < 0) and increase pressure (dp > 0).
When the inlet diameter of the seed disk hole is 5.4 mm, and the length is 5 mm, the air pressure and velocity of the seed disk hole with different structures are shown in Figures 11 and 12, respectively.It can be found that the pressure distribution at the inlet of the suction hole is the same; after the airflow through the suction hole, the pressure decreases sharply, the velocity increases, and the pressure is the smallest at the outlet of the suction hole.Among the three shapes of the seed disk holes, the pressure distribution of the cylindrical and arc shapes is uniform, and the pressure distribution of the conical shape is not uniform.The average pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of the seed disk hole is from small to large: cylindrical, conical, arc.The more uniform the pressure distribution of the airflow in the seed disk hole, the greater the pressure difference and the better the adsorption effect on the seeds.Therefore, the structure of the arc-shaped seed disk hole is optimal.When the seed disk hole is arc-shaped, and the length is 5 mm, the air pressure and velocity of different inlet diameters are shown in Figure 13.As the diameter of the inlet o the seed disk hole increases gradually, the value of the inlet pressure increases, and th value of the outlet pressure decreases, resulting in the average pressure difference be tween the outlet and the inlet of result in decreases.When the diameter is 5.4 mm, th average pressure difference of the suction hole is the largest.Therefore, the inlet diamete of the seed disk hole should be chosen as 5.4 mm.When the seed disk hole is arc-shaped, and the length is 5 mm, the air pressure and velocity of different inlet diameters are shown in Figure 13.As the diameter of the inlet of the seed disk hole increases gradually, the value of the inlet pressure increases, and the value of the outlet pressure decreases, resulting in the average pressure difference between the outlet and the inlet of result in decreases.When the diameter is 5.4 mm, the average pressure difference of the suction hole is the largest.Therefore, the inlet diameter of the seed disk hole should be chosen as 5.4 mm.When the seed disk hole is arc-shaped, and the length is 5 mm, the air pressure and velocity of different inlet diameters are shown in Figure 13.As the diameter of the inlet of the seed disk hole increases gradually, the value of the inlet pressure increases, and the value of the outlet pressure decreases, resulting in the average pressure difference between the outlet and the inlet of result in decreases.When the diameter is 5.4 mm, the average pressure difference of the suction hole is the largest.Therefore, the inlet diameter of the seed disk hole should be chosen as 5.4 mm.When the seed disk hole is arc-shaped, and the inlet diameter is 5.4 mm, the average pressure difference under different lengths of the seed disk hole is shown in Figure 14.With the increase of the seed disk hole length, the change of average pressure difference is small.

Influence of Groove Depth on Leakage Rate
In order to explore the influence of groove depth on the working performance of the seed metering device, Figure 15a shows the leakage rate of the seed metering device when the working speed is 12 km•h −1 , the working negative pressure is 2.5~4.5 kPa, and the groove depth is 0.5~2.5 mm. Figure 15b shows the leakage rate of the seed metering device when the working negative pressure is 4 kPa, the working speed is 10~12 km•h −1, and the groove depth is 0.5~2.5 mm. Figure 16 shows the dynamic simulation process of the seed metering device adsorbing seeds under different groove depths.It can be seen from Figure 15a that when the working speed is constant and the working negative pressure is 2.5 kPa, the leakage rate decreases first and then increases with the increase of the groove depth.In combination with Figure 16a, we can see that the upper seed group has a greater pressure on the lower seed group when groove depth is small; the vacuum meter seed disk cannot effectively disturb and drag the seeds, which are near the surface of the metering disk.As the working negative pressure increases, the leakage rate decreases.When the groove depth is 2~2.5 mm, the leakage rate is relatively large at each working negative pressure level.Combined with Figure 16c, it is found that when the groove depth is too large, under the extrusion of the same layer seed group and the dragging of the highspeed rotating vacuum meter seed disk, the seeds cannot smoothly enter the seed disk hole area, but will be stuck in the grooves, resulting in the phenomenon of a stuck seed.When the working negative pressure increases, the seed disk holes will suck other particles from the nearby seed disk holes.The leakage rate is decreasing.

Influence of Groove Depth on Leakage Rate
In order to explore the influence of groove depth on the working performance of the seed metering device, Figure 15a shows the leakage rate of the seed metering device when the working speed is 12 km•h −1 , the working negative pressure is 2.5~4.5 kPa, and the groove depth is 0.5~2.5 mm. Figure 15b shows the leakage rate of the seed metering device when the working negative pressure is 4 kPa, the working speed is 10~12 km•h −1 , and the groove depth is 0.5~2.5 mm. Figure 16 shows the dynamic simulation process of the seed metering device adsorbing seeds under different groove depths.It can be seen from Figure 15a that when the working speed is constant and the working negative pressure is 2.5 kPa, the leakage rate decreases first and then increases with the increase of the groove depth.In combination with Figure 16a, we can see that the upper seed group has a greater pressure on the lower seed group when the groove depth is small; the vacuum meter seed disk cannot effectively disturb and drag the seeds, which are near the surface of the metering disk.As the working negative pressure increases, the leakage rate decreases.When the groove depth is 2~2.5 mm, the leakage rate is relatively large at each working negative pressure level.Combined with Figure 16c, it is found that when the groove depth is too large, under the extrusion of the same layer seed group and the dragging of the high-speed rotating vacuum meter seed disk, the seeds cannot smoothly enter the seed disk hole area, but will be stuck in the grooves, resulting in the phenomenon of a stuck seed.When the working negative pressure increases, the seed disk holes will suck other particles from the nearby seed disk holes.The leakage rate is decreasing.It can seen from Figure 16b that with the working negative pressure is 4 kPa as a fixed factor, when the forward speed of the machine is less than 12 km•h −1 , the leakage rate of the seed metering device is all lower.When the groove depth is 0.5~1 mm and 2~2.5 mm, with the increase of the forward speed of the machine, the leakage rate increases.To sum up, it can be seen the groove depth should be chosen as 1.5 mm.

Influence of Groove Depth on Picking Up Time
To further analyze the working influence of groove depth on the performance of the seed metering device, as shown in Figure 17, when the working speed is 12 km•h −1 , the average pinking up time of seeds is plotted under different working negative pressures and groove depths.It can be observed that when the groove depth is a certain value, and the working negative pressure is small, the seed picking-up time is long, as when the working negative pressure increases, the seed picking-up time is short.When the groove depth increases sequentially within 0.5~1.5 mm, the picking-up time is gradually shortened under each negative working negative pressure level.When the groove depth increases sequentially within 1.5~2.5 mm under each working negative pressure level, the It can seen from Figure 16b that with the working negative pressure is 4 kPa as a fixed factor, when the forward speed of the machine is less than 12 km•h −1 , the leakage rate of the seed metering device is all lower.When the groove depth is 0.5~1 mm and 2~2.5 mm, with the increase of the forward speed of the machine, the leakage rate increases.To sum up, it can be seen the groove depth should be chosen as 1.5 mm.

Influence of Groove Depth on Picking up Time
To further analyze the working influence of groove depth on the performance of the seed metering device, as shown in Figure 17, when the working speed is 12 km•h −1 , the average pinking up time of seeds is plotted under different working negative pressures and groove depths.It can be observed that when the groove depth is a certain value, and the working negative pressure is small, the seed picking-up time is long, as when the working negative pressure increases, the seed picking-up time is short.When the groove depth increases sequentially within 0.5~1.5 mm, the picking-up time is gradually shortened under each negative working negative pressure level.When the groove depth increases sequentially within 1.5~2.5 mm under each working negative pressure level, the picking-up time is gradually increased.When the groove depth is 1.5 mm, the picking-up time is shorter at each working negative pressure level.Therefore, the optimal groove depth should be designed to be 1.5 mm.picking-up time is gradually increased.When the groove depth is 1.5 mm, the picking-up time is shorter at each working negative pressure level.Therefore, the optimal groove depth should be designed to be 1.5 mm.When the forward speed of the seeder is 12 km•h −1, and the working negative pressure of the fan is 2.5~4.5 kPa, the work effect comparison between the optimized seed

Comparison of Experimental Results
When the forward speed of the seeder is 12 km•h −1, and the working negative pressure of the fan is 2.5~4.5 kPa, the work effect comparison between the optimized seed metering device and the original one is shown in Figure 18.It can be seen from Figure 18a that the leakage rate of the optimized seed metering device is significantly lower than that of the original one within the experimental value range.It can be seen from Figure 18b that the multiple rates of the two seed metering devices are basically the same.As can be observed from Figure 18c, when the working negative pressure is 4~4.5 kPa, the qualified rate of the optimized vacuum seed meter is not less than 96.48%, and the qualified rate of the optimized vacuum seed meter is more than 91%.Therefore, the qualified rate of seed filling of the original seed metering device is obviously lower than that of the optimized rate.This indicates that the optimized seed metering device was used.It is beneficial to increase the qualified rate of filling seeds.

Comparison of Experimental Results
When the forward speed of the seeder is 12 km•h −1, and the working negative pressure of the fan is 2.5~4.5 kPa, the work effect comparison between the optimized seed metering device and the original one is shown in Figure 18.It can be seen from Figure 18a that the leakage rate of the optimized seed metering device is significantly lower than that of the original one within the experimental value range.It can be seen from Figure 18b that the multiple rates of the two seed metering devices are basically the same.As can be observed from Figure 18c, when the working negative pressure is 4~4.5 kPa, the qualified rate of the optimized vacuum seed meter is not less than 96.48%, and the qualified rate of the optimized vacuum seed meter is more than 91%.Therefore, the qualified rate of seed filling of the original seed metering device is obviously lower than that of the optimized rate.This indicates that the optimized seed metering device was used.It is beneficial to increase the qualified rate of filling seeds.

Working Performance
When working in the field, the vibration will affect the working performance of the vacuum seed meter.To be close to the actual operation, according to the vibration data collected in [29], the operation performance test of the optimized seed meter was carried out under the simulation of normal working conditions.The working negative pressure of the experimental parameters was 4 kPa, and the working speed was selected as 8, 10, 12 and 14 km/h.The rotational speed of the seed disk was calculated with the theoretical grain distance of 20 cm.Three groups of experiments were repeated each time.The test results are shown in Table 6.To further explore the working performance of the optimized seed-metering device, a single factor test was carried out with the working negative pressure as 4 kPa and the forward speed of the machine as 8~14 km•h −1 .The test results are shown in Table 6.The test results show that at each speed level, the qualified rate of the seed metering device is more than 95%, the leakage rate is not more than 4.6%, and the multiple rate is less than 2.2%.All the test indicators showed better results than the national standard requires.

Discussion
Through the analysis of the average pressure difference of the seed disk holes, it is shown that as the diameter of the seed disk hole gradually increases, the average pressure difference of the seed disk holes decreases; when the seed disk holes are arc-shaped, the average pressure difference of the seed disk holes is the largest.It is proven that optimizing the seed disk hole can improve the working performance of the vacuum seed meter.In our analysis of the changes in the leakage rate and picking-up time under different groove depths, the working principle of the seed metering device was also analyzed from the perspective of the movement of adsorbed seeds.It shows that the groove has the function of auxiliary seed filling.
The comparative test results show that under the same working negative pressure, the optimized seed metering device can effectively suck seeds and reduce the leakage rate of seeds and the energy consumption of fans.The working performance experiments show that the optimized vacuum seed meter can measure individual seeds well from a seed hopper under real field conditions and sequentially deliver them to a seed delivery tube.The research results of this paper can provide a new design idea for optimizing the structure of air suction in a seed metering device and meeting the requirements of a high-speed sowing operation.

Conclusions
In this paper, the Fluent numerical analysis method was used to simulate the influence of the shape, inlet diameter, and length of the suction hole on the airflow field.In addition, the DEM-CFD coupling method was used to explore the effects of groove depth, working negative pressure and seeder forward speed on the working performance of the seed metering device, leading to the following conclusions were obtained: (a) The shape, inlet diameter and length of the seed disk hole had important effects on the airflow field.Increasing the inlet diameter of the seed disk hole led to a decrease in pressure difference within a certain range, and the seeds were not easily adsorbed.The length of the seed disk hole had little effect on the pressure difference.The structure of the arc-shaped seed disk hole was better, and the pressure difference of the seed disk hole was the largest.We conclude that when the seed disk hole adopts the structure of the expansion tube, the airflow through the seed disk hole can increase the pressure difference and then reduce the fan's energy consumption.
(b) The depth of the groove has an important influence on the process of sucking seeds.When the depth of the groove was large, the seeds easily became stuck in the grooves, resulting in the phenomenon of the stuck seed.When the depth of the groove is small, the seed cannot be dragged; the auxiliary filling effect cannot be achieved.When the groove depth was 1.5 mm, the seed could be dragged smoothly, and the auxiliary filling effect was better.
(c) The bench experiments proved that the DEM-CFD model can accurately evaluate the performance of the seed metering device as a reliable tool for the optimization of the seed meter.The qualified rate of the optimized seed metering device could reach 95% when the working negative pressure was 4 kPa, and the operating speed was 8~14 km•h −1 , with a good seed-filling performance.When the working parameters were the same, the qualified rate of the seed metering device designed in this article was increased by 3.4% compared with the vacuum seed metering device developed in [32].In future, the effect of seed adsorption posture on the seeding process will be studied so the vacuum seed metering device can be better applied in actual production.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Two-dimensional sketch of the seed disk.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Two-dimensional sketch of the seed disk.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Force analysis of maize seeds in the concave groove.(a) x-y plane; (b) z-y plane.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Force analysis of maize seeds in the concave groove.(a) x-y plane; (b) z-y plane.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Air pressure contours of different structures of the seed disk holes.(a) Cylindrical; (b) conical; (c) arc.

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Air pressure and velocity at different inlet diameters of the seed disk holes.4.1.4.Influence of the Seed Disk Hole Length on Average Pressure DifferenceWhen the seed disk hole is arc-shaped, and the inlet diameter is 5.4 mm, the averag pressure difference under different lengths of the seed disk hole is shown in Figure14With the increase of the seed disk hole length, the change of average pressure differenc is small.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Air velocity contours of different structures of the seed disk holes.(a) cylindrical; (b) conical; (c) arc.4.1.3.Influence of Inlet Diameter of the Seed Disk Hole on Airflow Pressure and Velocity

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Air velocity contours of different structures of the seed disk holes.(a) cylindrical; (b) conical; (c) arc.4.1.3.Influence of Inlet Diameter of the Seed Disk Hole on Airflow Pressure and Velocity

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Air pressure and velocity at different inlet diameters of the seed disk holes.4.1.4.Influence of the Seed Disk Hole Length on Average Pressure Difference

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Air pressure and velocity at different inlet diameters of the seed disk holes.4.1.4.Influence of the Seed Disk Hole Length on Average Pressure DifferenceWhen the seed disk hole is arc-shaped, and the inlet diameter is 5.4 mm, the average pressure difference under different lengths of the seed disk hole is shown in Figure14.With the increase of the seed disk hole length, the change of average pressure difference is small.

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.Influence of the seed disk hole length on the average pressure difference.

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.Influence of the seed disk hole length on the average pressure difference.

Figure 15 .
Figure 15.Influence of two-factor interaction on the leakage rate.(a) The machine's forward speed is 12 km•h −1 , (b) the working negative pressure is 4 kPa.

Figure 15 .
Figure 15.Influence of two-factor interaction on the leakage rate.(a) The machine's forward speed is 12 km•h −1 , (b) the working negative pressure is 4 kPa.

Figure 15 .Figure 16 .
Figure 15.Influence of two-factor interaction on the leakage rate.(a) The machine's forward speed is 12 km•h −1 , (b) the working negative pressure is 4 kPa.

Figure 16 .
Figure 16.Dynamic simulation process of the seed metering device sucking seeds under different groove depths.(a) 0.5 mm, (b) 1.5 mm, (c) 2.5 mm.Note: The black circle represents the sucked multiple seeds, and the green circle represents stuck seeds.

Figure 17 .
Figure 17.Influence of two-factor interaction on the seed picking-up time.

Figure 17 .
Figure 17.Influence of two-factor interaction on the seed picking-up time.

Figure 18 .Figure 18 .
Figure 18.Comparison of the working performance of the seed metering device.Figure 18.Comparison of the working performance of the seed metering device.(a) Lcakage rate; (b) Multiple rate; (c) Qualified rate.

Table 1 .
Factors and levels of orthogonal experiments.

Table 2 .
Factor level of experiment.

Table 5 .
Variance analysis of experiment results.