Test and Analysis on Friction Characteristics of Major Cotton Stalk Cultivars in Xinjiang

: The friction characteristic parameters of cotton stalks are important basic physical parameters required to establish the crushing mechanics model and study the separation machinery of ﬁlm residue mixtures. In this paper, the friction characteristics of cotton stalks were studied using response surface methodology, and the inﬂuence of the variation in contact materials, sampling location, and moisture content on the static sliding friction coefﬁcient ( µ s ) and stable static rolling angle ( ϕ s ) were analyzed. The results show that the contact materials, sampling location, and moisture content signiﬁcantly inﬂuence the µ s and ϕ s . When the contact material is cotton stalk bark, the µ s and ϕ s values of cotton stalks are maximum. When the sampling location of the cotton stalk changes from top to bottom, the µ s increases and ϕ s decreases, respectively, while the moisture content has an opposite inﬂuence on the µ s and the ϕ s . The model coefﬁcient of the µ s and the ϕ s indicates that the inﬂuencing factors have a high degree of explanation for the inﬂuence on the µ s and ϕ s . This study on the friction characteristics of cotton stalks can provide theoretical references and basic parameters for the separation technology research and equipment development of ﬁlm residue mixtures.


Introduction
In the 1970s, plastic film mulch planting techniques were introduced to China and became popularized with rapid application in Xinjiang, China.The technique greatly increased crop yield and brought greater economic benefits to farmers [1,2], rendering Xinjiang the main cotton production area in China [3,4].The cotton planting area on which plastic mulch was used in Xinjiang was 2501.9 × 103 ha 2 in 2020, accounting for about 78.9% of China's total cotton planting area [5].Long-term continuous film-covering planting has promoted cotton production and income in Xinjiang at the cost of farmland residual plastic mulch pollution [6][7][8].In recent years, the mechanized recycling of plastic film has alleviated residual film pollution, but the recycled plastic film contains many cotton stalks and other impurities [9].As shown in Figure 1, the mechanically recovered film residue mixtures are characterized by the disordered distribution of film-stalk soil, complex filmstalk winding, and strong film-soil adhesion.Thus, it becomes difficult to carry out initial cleaning and resource utilization, giving rise to random dumping, landfill, and incineration of film residue mixtures and the tendency for secondary environmental pollution and waste of resources.Cotton stalks are primary components of film residue mixtures, whose friction characteristics are significant to studying the separation mechanism of the film residue mixtures, development of the separation machinery, design and improvement of working parts [10].The characteristic friction parameters are necessary for computer simulation of cotton stalk processing and film residue mixture separation [11].
incineration of film residue mixtures and the tendency for secondary environmental po lution and waste of resources.Cotton stalks are primary components of film residue mi tures, whose friction characteristics are significant to studying the separation mechanis of the film residue mixtures, development of the separation machinery, design and im provement of working parts [10].The characteristic friction parameters are necessary f computer simulation of cotton stalk processing and film residue mixture separation [11  In recent years, researchers have studied the friction characteristics of agricultur materials, achieving beneficial results.Shinners et al. [12] studied the influence of mo ture content, normal pressure, velocity, and surface type on alfalfa straw and chopp forage sliding friction coefficient, obtaining the friction coefficient range under differe conditions.Parde et al. [13] and Mani et al. [14] showed that the moisture content signi cantly affects the sliding friction coefficient of buckwheat straw and the friction coefficie of ground corn stover on a galvanized steel surface.Afzalinia et al. [15] determined t static coefficients of friction of alfalfa and wheat straw on the surface of polished steel, affected by plant material water content.Chevanan et al. [16] studied the variation law of friction characteristics of wheat straw and corn stalks, concluding that the size of t straw or stalk pieces had no significant effect on the friction coefficient.Li et al. [17] stu ied the friction characteristics between the main stalk and the lateral stalk of rape on separation sieve surface, and found that the friction coefficient of the rape stalk increas with the moisture content.Kallan et al. [18] analyzed the effect of moisture content on t sliding friction coefficient between wheat straw and contact materials.Fang et al. [19] d veloped a model of the sliding friction angle between soybean stalks with different mo ture content and contact materials via a single-factor friction test.Huo et al. [20] found t ranges of 0.49 to 0.55 and 0.58 to 0.60 for the maximum static friction coefficient for co stalks on stainless steel and rubber materials, respectively, for corn stalk pieces wi lengths of 0 to 10 mm.Zhang et al. [21] conducted friction tests on gorgon nuts and an lyzed the variation in the relationship between the maturity, contact surface roughne and stable static rolling angle.Lu et al. [22] measured the friction coefficient of whe straw and corn stalks on various contact materials, and analyzed the relationship betwe different contact materials, straw locations, soil moisture content, contact angle, and t friction coefficient.Wang et al. [23] measured the sliding friction coefficient of rice stra on steel-roll by orthogonal test and single-factor test and analyzed the influence of mo ture content of rice straw, positive compressive stress, and steel-roll linear speed on t sliding friction coefficient between rice straw and steel-roll.According to Kaliniewicz al. [24], the sliding friction coefficient of cereal kernels on steel plates increased wi roughness.In summary, researchers have studied the friction characteristics of stalks an In recent years, researchers have studied the friction characteristics of agricultural materials, achieving beneficial results.Shinners et al. [12] studied the influence of moisture content, normal pressure, velocity, and surface type on alfalfa straw and chopped forage sliding friction coefficient, obtaining the friction coefficient range under different conditions.Parde et al. [13] and Mani et al. [14] showed that the moisture content significantly affects the sliding friction coefficient of buckwheat straw and the friction coefficient of ground corn stover on a galvanized steel surface.Afzalinia et al. [15] determined the static coefficients of friction of alfalfa and wheat straw on the surface of polished steel, as affected by plant material water content.Chevanan et al. [16] studied the variation laws of friction characteristics of wheat straw and corn stalks, concluding that the size of the straw or stalk pieces had no significant effect on the friction coefficient.Li et al. [17] studied the friction characteristics between the main stalk and the lateral stalk of rape on a separation sieve surface, and found that the friction coefficient of the rape stalk increased with the moisture content.Kallan et al. [18] analyzed the effect of moisture content on the sliding friction coefficient between wheat straw and contact materials.Fang et al. [19] developed a model of the sliding friction angle between soybean stalks with different moisture content and contact materials via a single-factor friction test.Huo et al. [20] found the ranges of 0.49 to 0.55 and 0.58 to 0.60 for the maximum static friction coefficient for corn stalks on stainless steel and rubber materials, respectively, for corn stalk pieces with lengths of 0 to 10 mm.Zhang et al. [21] conducted friction tests on gorgon nuts and analyzed the variation in the relationship between the maturity, contact surface roughness, and stable static rolling angle.Lu et al. [22] measured the friction coefficient of wheat straw and corn stalks on various contact materials, and analyzed the relationship between different contact materials, straw locations, soil moisture content, contact angle, and the friction coefficient.Wang et al. [23] measured the sliding friction coefficient of rice straw on steel-roll by orthogonal test and single-factor test and analyzed the influence of moisture content of rice straw, positive compressive stress, and steel-roll linear speed on the sliding friction coefficient between rice straw and steel-roll.According to Kaliniewicz et al. [24], the sliding friction coefficient of cereal kernels on steel plates increased with roughness.In summary, researchers have studied the friction characteristics of stalks and granular agricultural materials on various materials [25][26][27][28][29].However, few studies have been conducted concerning the friction characteristics of stalks of the major cotton cultivars in Xinjiang.Cotton stalks, as primary impurities in the film residue mixtures of mechanical harvesting, contain all parts of the cotton stalk despite their nonuniform length and poor integrity.When the film residue mixtures are broken and separated, friction contact will be produced between cotton stalks and different contact materials, and the friction characteristic parameters of the cotton stalk are important basic physical parameters required to establish the crushing mechanics model and study the separation machinery of the film residue mixture.Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further research on the cotton stalk friction characteristics.
Previous studies have mainly involved the effect of a single factor on the friction characteristics of the stalk.Only a small amount of research on the interactions between multiple factors has been conducted.In this study, the friction test was conducted on major cotton cultivar stalks in Xinjiang.The influences of different contact materials, location of the stalk sample along the length of the cotton stalk, and stalk moisture content on the friction characteristics of cotton stalks were studied using response surface methodology.How single-factor terms and their interaction terms influence the friction characteristics of cotton stalks were explored, aiming to provide theoretical references for the research and design of stalk harvesting and processing, film residue mixture crushing, and separation technology and equipment of cotton cultivars stalks, and provide basic data for computer simulation of cotton stalks processing and equipment optimization design.

Test Materials and Instruments
Cotton stalk samples were selected from a cotton field at Shihezi University in Shihezi, China.The chosen cotton cultivar was Xinluzao series No. 80, with a plant height of 650 to 850 mm.The moisture content of the fresh cotton stalks was 46.13% to 69.8% wet basis.During the field sampling performed on 8 October, 2021, cotton plants with few branches, no damage, good straightness, and small variation in main stem diameter were selected as test samples.The cotton plants were cut along the ground surface with trimming pliers during sampling.After removing lateral branches and leaf buds, the cotton stalks were divided into three parts according to the height of plants, being the upper, middle, and lower parts.Samples with lengths of 50 ± 0.5 mm were cut from the center of each part to both sides (Figure 2), while stalk nodes were avoided during sample preparation.There were 20 samples in each group of stalk pieces, and the average diameters of cotton stalk samples prepared in the upper, middle, and lower parts were 5.82 ± 0.11 mm, 6.57 ± 0.20 mm, and 7.53 ± 0.12 mm, respectively.
the cotton stalk friction characteristics.
Previous studies have mainly involved the effect of a single factor on the characteristics of the stalk.Only a small amount of research on the interactions multiple factors has been conducted.In this study, the friction test was conducte jor cotton cultivar stalks in Xinjiang.The influences of different contact materials of the stalk sample along the length of the cotton stalk, and stalk moisture conte friction characteristics of cotton stalks were studied using response surface meth How single-factor terms and their interaction terms influence the friction chara of cotton stalks were explored, aiming to provide theoretical references for the and design of stalk harvesting and processing, film residue mixture crushing, a ration technology and equipment of cotton cultivars stalks, and provide basic computer simulation of cotton stalks processing and equipment optimization de

Test Materials and Instruments
Cotton stalk samples were selected from a cotton field at Shihezi Univ Shihezi, China.The chosen cotton cultivar was Xinluzao series No. 80, with a pla of 650 to 850 mm.The moisture content of the fresh cotton stalks was 46.13% to 6 basis.During the field sampling performed on 8 October, 2021, cotton plants w branches, no damage, good straightness, and small variation in main stem diame selected as test samples.The cotton plants were cut along the ground surface w ming pliers during sampling.After removing lateral branches and leaf buds, th stalks were divided into three parts according to the height of plants, being th middle, and lower parts.Samples with lengths of 50 ± 0.5 mm were cut from the each part to both sides (Figure 2), while stalk nodes were avoided during samp ration.There were 20 samples in each group of stalk pieces, and the average diam cotton stalk samples prepared in the upper, middle, and lower parts were 5.82 ± 6.57 ± 0.20 mm, and 7.53 ± 0.12 mm, respectively.The instruments and equipment in the test were as follows: XMTA-600 electrothermal blowing dry box (Yatai Instrument Co., Ltd., Yuyao, China), JMB5003 electronic balance (measuring accuracy: 0.001 g; Jiming Weighting and Calibration Equipment Co., Ltd., Yuyao, China) for measuring the mass of cotton stalks, DP-160 electronic goniometer (measuring accuracy: 0.01 • ; Jining Shance Instrument Co., Ltd., Jining, China) for measuring the angle, DL-91150 electronic digital caliper (measuring accuracy: 0.01 mm; Deli Group Co., Ltd., Ningbo, China), and a FASTEC-TS4 high-speed camera capable of 510 frames per second (Fastec Imaging, San Diego, CA, USA).The measurement device for determining friction characteristics is shown in Figure 3.

Test Methods
In the test, the cotton stalk samples were adjusted to the required moisture content by rehydration method by referring to GB/T 1931-2009 and the literature [30,31].When the moisture content of the cotton stalks was adjusted, the samples were placed in an electrothermal blowing dry box and dried at (103 ± 2) ℃ for 8 h.Then, the samples were weighed with a JMB5003 electronic balance, which was repeated after 2 h.Afterward, the two results were compared.If the relative error was no more than 0.5%, the moisture content of the sample was considered as 0. The dried samples were soaked in water for 24 h to absorb water to be in a saturated state.The moisture content of the samples was adjusted via an electrothermal blowing dry box at (45 ± 2) ℃ according to the set moisture content gradient before they were stored in an artificial climate chamber at 30 °C with a relative humidity of 95%.The moisture content of cotton stalks was calculated by Equation (1).<!--MathType@Translator@5@5@MathML2 (no namespace).tdl@MathML2.0 (no namespace)@ --> <math display='block'> <semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mstyle mathsize='140%' dis-playstyle='true'><mtext>M</mtext></mstyle> (1)

Test Methods
In the test, the cotton stalk samples were adjusted to the required moisture content by rehydration method by referring to GB/T 1931-2009 and the literature [30,31].When the moisture content of the cotton stalks was adjusted, the samples were placed in an electrothermal blowing dry box and dried at (103 ± 2) °C for 8 h.Then, the samples were weighed with a JMB5003 electronic balance, which was repeated after 2 h.Afterward, the two results were compared.If the relative error was no more than 0.5%, the moisture content of the sample was considered as 0. The dried samples were soaked in water for 24 h to absorb water to be in a saturated state.The moisture content of the samples was adjusted via an electrothermal blowing dry box at (45 ± 2) °C according to the set moisture content gradient before they were stored in an artificial climate chamber at 30 • C with a relative humidity of 95%.The moisture content of cotton stalks was calculated by Equation (1).
where M w is the wet-basis moisture content, m w is the mass of water, and m s is the mass of oven-dried cotton stalks.The force analysis of cotton stalk sliding on the contact material surface is shown in Figure 4a.Since the deformation of cotton stalks is very small without external force, the small deformation between cotton stalks and contact materials is ignored in this paper.To improve the accuracy of the static friction coefficient and stable static rolling angle between cotton stalks, the cotton stalk bark and film were evenly spread on the lifting plate to avoid wrinkles.Before testing the static sliding friction coefficients between cotton stalks and different contact materials, we placed the cotton stalk bark, plastic film, and stainless steel on the lifting plate.Moreover, the prepared samples were placed at a fixed position on the contact material surface.In order to avoid the rolling of a single cotton stalk, three cotton stalks adhered together.During the test, the handle was slowly rotated to raise the lifting plate at a constant speed, and a high-speed camera was used to record the images.The angle value displayed by the electronic goniometer was recorded when the sample began to slide, and the static sliding friction coefficient (µ s ) was calculated by Equation ( 2) when f 1 equaled f 2 .Each group of tests was repeated five times, and the average value was calculated.
where N and G are the normal force and weight caused by gravity, f 1 and f 2 are the friction force and tangential components of the sample weight, and θ is the angle of the lifting plate relative to the horizontal plane ( • ).
(a) (b)  The basic theoretical research on rolling friction characteristics showed that when the cotton stalk rolled on the contact material surface under the acting force F, if the contact surface deformed, a resultant force R would be applied on the cotton stalk [32].Therefore, the corresponding force analysis of the cotton stalk is shown in Figure 4b.Equation ( 3) is the moment equation of the cotton stalk at the action spot B: With slight contact material surface deformation and α ≈ 0, the rolling resistance of the cotton stalk can be expressed as Equation ( 4): where F is the rolling resistance (N), r is the radius of the cotton straw, α is the angle between the resultant force R and the gravity G ( • ), and e is the vertical distance from the action spot to gravity (mm).
According to Equation ( 4), the rolling resistance between the cotton stalk and contact material can be measured by the stable rolling angle.Based on the test results of the stable static rolling angle between cotton stalks and different contact materials, the operation steps and methods were the same as those of the static sliding friction coefficient test.As the cotton stalk started rolling on the contact material surface, the stable static rolling angle (ϕ s ) was the value displayed by the electronic goniometer.Each group of tests was repeated five times, and the average value was calculated.

Test Design
To study the influence laws of contact materials A, sampling location B, and moisture content C on the friction characteristics of cotton stalks, this study adopted the response surface methodology to determine the friction characteristics of cotton stalks by assuming the static sliding friction coefficient (µ s ) and stable static rolling angle (ϕ s ) as the test response indexes and different A, B, and C values as the test influence factors.The actual values and coded values of each test influence factor are shown in Table 1.The Box-Behnken module of the data processing software Design-Expert, a data processing software, was used to design the response surface test with three factors and three levels.By constructing the corresponding second-order response model based on test results analysis, this study analyzed the effects of single-factor terms and their interaction terms vs. the static sliding friction coefficient and stable static rolling angle of cotton stalks.The response surface test scheme and results are shown in Table 2.The µ s and ϕ s of the cotton stalk were tested in 17 groups, and the tests for each group were repeated ten times, making a total of 340 tests.

Results and Discussion
The friction characteristics of cotton stalks were tested according to the test scheme, and Table 2 shows the test results.An analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the test results was performed using Design-Expert, a data processing software.Effects of single-factor terms and their interaction terms on the friction characteristics of cotton stalks were analyzed.Polynomial regression equation was established, involving primary, quadratic, and interaction terms.The analysis results are shown in Table 3.

ANOVA of Static Sliding Friction Coefficient
As shown in Table 3, the F value of the model (119.26) and the low p-value (p < 0.0001) confirmed that the model was significant within the 95% confidence interval.The F value of the lack of fit is 1.35, which indicates that the lack of fit is not significant relative to the pure error.The p-value of the lack of fit is 0.378, greater than 0.05, indicating that the analysis model of test data is effective.The determination coefficient (R 2 = 0.99) and the adjusted coefficient of determination (R 2 adj = 0.99) are both close to 1, suggesting that the calculated model fits well with the test data.The coefficient of variation CV = 1.20%, which indicates the high-degree explanation of the factors A, B, and C in terms of their influence on the µ s .Furthermore, the regression variance analysis of the static sliding friction coefficient under different test conditions showed that the single-factor terms A (p = 1.4 × 10 −4 < 0.01), B (p < 0.01), and C (p < 0.01) were extremely significant factors affecting the µ s .The interaction terms AC (0.01 < p = 2.78 × 10 −2 < 0.05), BC (0.05 < p = 3.41 × 10 −2 < 0.01), and A 2 (0.01 < p = 4.77 × 10 −2 < 0.05) were significant factors affecting the µ s , while the other factors (p > 0.05) were not crucial.Therefore, according to the regression analysis, the importance ranking of the single-factor terms and their interaction terms on the µ s was:

ANOVA of Stable Static Rolling Angle
As shown in Table 3, The F value of the model (41.33) and the low p-value (p < 0.0001) confirmed that the model was significant within the 95% confidence interval.The F value of the lack of fit is 3.47, which indicates that the lack of fit is not significant relative to the pure error.The p-value of the lack of fit is 0.130 is greater than 0.05, indicating that the analysis model of test data is effective.The determination coefficient (R 2 = 0.98) and the adjusted coefficient of determination (R 2 adj = 0.96) are both close to 1, suggesting that the calculated model fits well with the test data.The coefficient of variation CV = 4.90% indicates the influencing factors A, B, and C have a high degree of explanation for the influence of the ϕ s of cotton stalks.

Influence of Single-Factor on Static Sliding Friction Coefficient
According to the above analysis, the contact materials (A), sampling locations (B), and moisture content (C) all influenced the static sliding friction coefficient and the stable static rolling angle of cotton stalks.In order to obtain the influence trend of each factor on the static sliding friction coefficient and the stable static rolling angle, any two factors were fixed at the center coding level 0 for the single-factor analysis, as shown in Figure 5.
was the minimum.Compared with the cotton stalk bark, the cotton stalks and the stai steel surface were multi-line contacts.The surface roughness and deformation of the s less steel and the sliding resistance of cotton stalks were all small, resulting in a s static sliding friction coefficient between the two materials.Lu et al. (2016) researche variation law of the sliding friction coefficient between corn straw and contact mate and the results showed that the μs between corn straw and wood, plastic, and Q23 creased in turn [22].The variation law of static sliding friction coefficient between c stalk and different contact materials obtained in this paper is the same as this conclu (a) (b) As shown by the II curve in Figure 5a, under certain conditions of A and C, wit level value of sampling location B changing from −1 to +1, curve Ⅱ showed an up trend, and the values of the μs (B) increased from the minimum value of 0.534 to 0 indicating that the static sliding friction coefficient between different sampling loca and cotton stalks was in the following order: Upper part > Middle part > lower par can be seen from the II curve, when the coding value of sampling location B chang the range of -1 to 0, the increasing trend of curve II is slow, while in the range of 0 t the increasing trend of curve II is obvious.When B was the upper and lower parts o ton stalks, the corresponding μs were at their lowest and the highest, respectively, w strongly correlated with the biological structure characteristics.When B changed from top to the bottom, the texture of the cotton stalk epidermis became complex, and the face roughness gradually increased, resulting in a larger sliding resistance as the c stalk was sliding on the contact materials and causing the increase in μs.The law is As shown by the I curve in Figure 5a, under certain conditions of B and C, with the level value of contact material A changing from −1 to +1, the µ s (A) decreased from the maximum value of 0.612 to 0.575, indicating the static sliding friction coefficient ranking between three different contact materials and cotton stalks: Cotton stalk > Plastic film > Stainless steel.When the cotton stalks contacted the bark, the static sliding friction coefficient was the maximum (0.612), probably due to the large surface texture and roughness of cotton stalks.When the coding values of contact material A were 0 and +1, the µ s (A) were 0.587 and 0.575, respectively.That is, when the cotton stalk group was contacted with plastic film and stainless steel, the sliding friction coefficients between contact materials were small and very close.The joint movement tended to be hindered, resulting in a large static sliding friction coefficient value between the two materials.However, the cotton stalks in the test were prone to deformation of the plastic film while sliding on the film surface, resulting in greater sliding resistance.The surface of the plastic film is smoother than the cotton stalk bark, which could be the reason for smaller coefficient values.When the cotton stalks contacted the stainless steel surface, the static sliding friction coefficient was the minimum.Compared with the cotton stalk bark, the cotton stalks and the stainless steel surface were multi-line contacts.The surface roughness and deformation of the stainless steel and the sliding resistance of cotton stalks were all small, resulting in a small static sliding friction coefficient between the two materials.Lu et al. (2016) researched the variation law of the sliding friction coefficient between corn straw and contact materials, and the results showed that the µ s between corn straw and wood, plastic, and Q235 decreased in turn [22].The variation law of static sliding friction coefficient between cotton stalk and different contact materials obtained in this paper is the same as this conclusion.
As shown by the II curve in Figure 5a, under certain conditions of A and C, with the level value of sampling location B changing from −1 to +1, curve II showed an upward trend, and the values of the µ s (B) increased from the minimum value of 0.534 to 0.648, indicating that the static sliding friction coefficient between different sampling locations and cotton stalks was in the following order: Upper part > Middle part > lower part.As can be seen from the II curve, when the coding value of sampling location B changes in the range of -1 to 0, the increasing trend of curve II is slow, while in the range of 0 to +1, the increasing trend of curve II is obvious.When B was the upper and lower parts of cotton stalks, the corresponding µ s were at their lowest and the highest, respectively, which strongly correlated with the biological structure characteristics.When B changed from the top to the bottom, the texture of the cotton stalk epidermis became complex, and the surface roughness gradually increased, resulting in a larger sliding resistance as the cotton stalk was sliding on the contact materials and causing the increase in µ s .The law is very similar to the influence of different sampling positions on the shear and compression mechanical parameters of cotton stalks [33].
As shown by the III curve in Figure 5a, the µ s (C) tended to increase with the moisture content C. In particular, when the moisture content rose from 10% to 30%, the µ s of cotton stalks increased more obviously.When the water content was 10% and 50%, the static sliding friction coefficient had a minimum value of 0.525 and a maximum value of 0.625.As C increased, the pressure and contact area between the cotton stalk and contact material grew, thus increasing the sliding resistance and the µ s .At the same time, when the moisture content was high, the adhesion could be enhanced between the cotton stalk and the surface of the contact material, increasing the sliding resistance, which could have led to the increase in the µ s .The static sliding friction coefficient was strongly correlated with the moisture content of cotton stalks, and Mani et al. presented relevant research results [14].Afzalinia et al. analyzed the static sliding friction coefficients of alfalfa and wheat straw.With the increase in moisture content, the sliding friction coefficient between straw and contact materials gradually increased, which was the same as the research results in this paper [15].Ma et al. researched the friction and infiltration characteristics of the desorbed materials generated during the rape harvest and also described this phenomenon [34].Therefore, the moisture content of cotton stalks should be kept at a lower level while designing the separation device of film residue mixtures to reduce the accumulation or adhesion of cotton stalks on different contact materials and accelerate the migration velocity of separation.

Influence of Single-Factor on Static Rolling Angle
As shown by the I' curve in Figure 5b, the influence trend of the cotton stalk bark on the µ s and ϕ s was slightly different.Under certain conditions of B and C, with the level value of contact material A changing from −1 to +1, curve I' showed a trend of first decline and then rise.When the coding level values of contact material A were −1 and 0, the maximum and minimum values of the ϕ s (A) were 15.07 • and 12.32 • , respectively.The influence of cotton stalks' stable static rolling angle between three contact materials selected in the test was in the following order: Cotton stalk > Stainless steel > Plastic film.Compared with curve I, the values of the µ s and ϕ s were both the maximum when the cotton stalk bark was the contact material.When the plastic film and stainless steel were contact materials, their influence on the µ s and ϕ s of the cotton stalk was the opposite, mainly because the stable static rolling angle was related to the roughness and rigidity of the contact surface.Additionally, surface roughness of the contact materials is the main cause of a large static rolling angle.With the cotton stalk bark as the contact material, the contact surface was staggered due to its uneven structure, while the rolling resistance coefficient became larger, which hindered the rolling of the cotton stalk.Considering that the surface of plastic film is smoother than that of the stainless steel, the corresponding rolling resistance was smaller, which might have resulted in a smaller stable static rolling angle between cotton stalks and plastic film.
According to the II' curve in Figure 5b, under certain conditions of A and C, with the level value of sampling location B changing from −1 to +1, curve II' showed a trend of obvious decline.When the sampling location B was the upper part (level −1), the maximum of the ϕ s was 14.85 • .When the sampling location B was the lower part (level +1), the minimum value of the ϕ s was 8.04 • .The influence ranking of the ϕ s between three sampling locations selected in the test was: Lower part > Middle part > Upper part.The influence of B on the ϕ s was the opposite.When B was the upper part, the ϕ s of cotton stalks had the maximum value, and the µ s was the minimum, mainly because the surface texture in the upper part of the cotton stalk was not obvious and relatively smooth.A linear contact was formed between the cotton stalk and contact materials during the test, increasing the rolling resistance.As the sampling location changed from the top to the root, the roughness of the cotton stalk bark increased, and a multi-point contact was exerted between the cotton stalk and the contact material surface, which reduced the rolling resistance on the contact surface.In addition, the cylindricity of the cotton stalk of the upper part was poorer than that of the middle and lower parts of the cotton stalk, which probably was the reason why the ϕ s was the maximum when the sampling location was the upper part.
According to the III' curve in Figure 5b, the influence of the moisture content C on the µ s was largely different from that on the ϕ s .With the continuous increase in C, the ϕ s tended to decrease.As C gradually increased to fit within the range of 30-50%, the ϕ s decreased significantly.With the increase in moisture content, the maximum static friction force decreased as cotton stalks rolled, so the stable static rolling angle was low.In addition, the change of moisture content improved the lubrication action between the cotton stalk bark and contact materials.When the moisture content was low, the lubrication action was low, and the static rolling angle of cotton stalks was large.With the increase in moisture content of cotton stalk, the water film formed between cotton stalk epidermis and contact materials changed, and the lubrication effect was obvious, thereby reducing the ϕ s , which might explain why the ϕ s decreased with the rise of moisture content.

Interaction Effect Analysis
As shown in Table 3, the regression variance analysis of the static sliding friction coefficient of cotton stalks showed that the interaction terms AC and BC were significant factors affecting the µ s (Figure 6a,b); the interaction term AB also was a significant factor influencing the ϕ s (Figure 6c).This study ignored other non-significant interaction terms and only analyzed the influence of AC, BC, and AB on the friction characteristics between cotton stalks and different contact materials.

Influence of Interaction Terms on Static Rolling Angle
As shown in Table 3, among the two-factor interaction terms, A and B interactions had a more significant influence on the φs than the other three interaction terms.Figure 6c shows the variation trend of interaction between A and B on cotton stalks when C was set at level 0 (30%).With the variation in B, the φs changed dramatically.When the level of B ranged from −1 to +1, which meant the sampling location of cotton stalks changed from top to bottom, the φs of cotton stalks tended to decrease gradually, consistent with the single-factor B analysis result.When the level of A ranged from −1 to +1, with cotton stalk bark, plastic film, and stainless steel as contact materials in turn, the φs of cotton stalks first decreased and then increased, which was the same as the influence law of singlefactor A on the μs.By comparing the contour plot, when A is taken to a smaller level value, the contour density is greater than that when A is taken at a larger value, indicating that when the roughness of the contact materials is large, the static rolling angle is greatly affected.And when B is taken to a smaller level value, the effect of B on the static rolling angle is more obvious than when A is taken to a larger value.

Influence of Interaction Terms on Static Sliding Friction Coefficient
Figure 6a shows the variation trend of interaction between contact materials A and moisture content C on the µ s with the test influence factor B set at level 0. When the level of C was −1, and the level of A ranged from −1 to +1, as the contact materials changed, the µ s of cotton stalks tended to decrease, the same as the influence law of single-factor A on the µ s of cotton stalks.When the level of C was +1, and the contact materials were cotton stalk bark, plastic film, and stainless steel, the µ s of cotton stalks first decreased and then increased, which was slightly different from the influence law of the single-factor A on the µ s .When the level of A was −1 and +1, C ranged from −1 to +1, which meant that as the moisture content of cotton stalks changed within the range of 10-50%, the µ s of cotton stalks would present an obvious increasing trend.As can be seen from Figure 6a, the slope of the C effect surface curve is steeper than the A direction, indicating that the effect of C on the static sliding friction coefficient is more significant than A.
Figure 6b shows the variation trend of the influence of interaction between B and C on the µ s of cotton stalks when the test influence factor A was set at level 0. When C was 30% and 50%, the level of B ranged from −1 to +1, proving that when the sampling location of the cotton stalk changed from top to bottom, the µ s tended to increase, consistent with the single-factor B analysis result.When the level of B was −1 and +1, the level of C ranged from −1 to +1, showing that as the moisture content of cotton stalks changed within the range of 10-50%, the µ s of cotton stalks showed an increasing trend, consistent with the single-factor C analysis results.It can be seen that the test factors B and C have the same law on the µ s , and the effective surface curve of B is the same as that of C, which indicates that the contribution of B to the static sliding friction coefficient is the same as that of C. Comparing Figure 6a,c, it can be concluded that the order of influence of the three factors on the static sliding friction coefficient is B = C > A, which is consistent with the ANOVA results.

Influence of Interaction Terms on Static Rolling Angle
As shown in Table 3, among the two-factor interaction terms, A and B interactions had a more significant influence on the ϕ s than the other three interaction terms.Figure 6c shows the variation trend of interaction between A and B on cotton stalks when C was set at level 0 (30%).With the variation in B, the ϕ s changed dramatically.When the level of B ranged from −1 to +1, which meant the sampling location of cotton stalks changed from top to bottom, the ϕ s of cotton stalks tended to decrease gradually, consistent with the single-factor B analysis result.When the level of A ranged from −1 to +1, with cotton stalk bark, plastic film, and stainless steel as contact materials in turn, the ϕ s of cotton stalks first decreased and then increased, which was the same as the influence law of single-factor A on the µ s .By comparing the contour plot, when A is taken to a smaller level value, the contour density is greater than that when A is taken at a larger value, indicating that when the roughness of the contact materials is large, the static rolling angle is greatly affected.And when B is taken to a smaller level value, the effect of B on the static rolling angle is more obvious than when A is taken to a larger value.

Conclusions
Friction tests were conducted on cotton stalks using response surface methodology, with contact material, sampling location with the stalk, and stalk moisture content as independent variables, and the static sliding friction coefficient and the stable static rolling angle of the cotton stalks as dependent variables.According to the regression variance analysis, the model coefficient (p), the determination coefficient (R 2 ), the corrected determination coefficient (R 2 adj ), and the coefficient of variation (CV) effectively reflected the influence laws of the contact materials, sampling location, and moisture content on the static sliding friction coefficient and the stable static rolling angle of cotton stalks.The results of the single-factor analysis showed that the contact materials, sampling location, and moisture content are extremely significant factors affecting the static sliding friction coefficient and the stable static rolling angle.The importance ranking of the single-factor terms on the µ s was B = C > A, and the importance ranking of the single-factor terms on the ϕ s was B > A > C. The interaction effect analysis showed that the interactions between contact materials and moisture content, and between sampling location and moisture content, significantly affected the static sliding friction coefficient, while that between contact materials and sampling location has a significant impact on the stable static rolling angle.When the contact material is cotton stalk bark, the static sliding friction coefficient and the stable static rolling angle values are maximum, and when the sampling location of the cotton stalk changes from top to bottom, the static sliding friction coefficient increases, and the stable static rolling angle decreases, respectively, while the moisture content has an opposite influence on them.This study on the friction characteristics of cotton stalks can provide theoretical references and basic parameters for the separation technology research and equipment development of film residue mixtures.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Film residue mixtures after harvesting with machinery.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Film residue mixtures after harvesting with machinery.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. (a) Force analysis diagram of cotton stalk sliding on plane; (b) Force analysis diagram of cotton stalk rolling on plane.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. (a) Force analysis diagram of cotton stalk sliding on plane; (b) Force analysis diagram of cotton stalk rolling on plane.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. (a) Trend of influence of single-factor on the static sliding friction coefficient; (b) Tre influence of single-factor on the stable static rolling angle.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. (a) Trend of influence of single-factor on the static sliding friction coefficient; (b) Trend of influence of single-factor on the stable static rolling angle.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.(a) Trend of influence of the interaction term AC on the μs value; (b) Trend of influence of the interaction term BC on the μs value; (c) Trend of influence of the interaction term AB on the φs value.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.(a) Trend of influence of the interaction term AC on the µ s value; (b) Trend of influence of the interaction term BC on the µ s value; (c) Trend of influence of the interaction term AB on the ϕ s value.

Table 1 .
Test factors and level code table.

Table 2 .
Test scheme and results.

Table 3 .
Variance analysis of the friction characteristics test results of cotton stalks.