A Real-World Multicenter Retrospective Observational Study on Polish Experience with Nintedanib Therapy in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: The PolExNIB Study

Nintedanib is a disease-modifying agent licensed for the treatment of IPF. Data on Polish experience with nintedanib in IPF are lacking. The present study aimed to describe the safety and efficacy profiles of nintedanib in a large real-world cohort of Polish patients with IPF. This was a multicenter, retrospective, observational study of IPF patients treated with nintedanib between March 2018 and October 2021. Data collection included baseline clinical characteristics, results of pulmonary function tests (PFTs), and a six-minute walk test (6MWT). Longitudinal data on PFTs, 6MWT, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and treatment persistence were also retrieved. A total of 501 patients (70% male) with a median age of 70.9 years (IQR 65–75.7) were included in this study. Patients were followed on treatment for a median of 15 months (7–25.5). The majority of patients (66.7%) were treated with the full recommended dose of nintedanib and 33.3% of patients were treated with a reduced dose of a drug. Intermittent dose reductions or drug interruptions were needed in 20% of patients. Over up to 3 years of follow-up, pulmonary function remained largely stable with the minority experiencing disease progression. The most frequent ADRs included diarrhea (45.3%), decreased appetite (29.9%), abdominal discomfort (29.5%), weight loss (32.1%), nausea (20.8%), fatigue (19.2%), increased liver aminotransferases (15.4%), and vomiting (8.2%). A total of 203 patients (40.5%) discontinued nintedanib treatment due to diverse reasons including ADRs (10.2%), death (11.6%), disease progression (4.6%), patient’s request (6.6%), and neoplastic disease (2.2%). This real-world study of a large cohort of Polish patients with IPF demonstrates that nintedanib therapy is safe, and is associated with acceptable tolerance and disease stabilization. These data support the findings of previously conducted clinical trials and observational studies on the safety and efficacy profiles of nintedanib in IPF.


Introduction
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible lung disease with an inevitable fatal prognosis. Its pathogenesis involves repeating microinjuries to the alveolar epithelium with subsequent aberrant wound healing resulting in progressive lung scarring. The natural history of IPF is outlined by a gradual decline in lung function, continuing physical activity limitation, significant impairment of quality of life, and premature death. The course of the disease is difficult to predict with heterogeneous trajectories; nevertheless, the median survival time is 3 to 5 years [1][2][3]. In the last decade, two disease-modifying agents, namely pirfenidone and nintedanib, have been approved for use in IPF. Both drugs have antifibrotic properties and have changed the management of IPF, providing improvements in clinical outcomes [4][5][6]. Currently, antifibrotics are recognized as a standard of pharmacological treatment of IPF [7,8]. However, the initial lack of reimbursement in Poland has led to significant limitations and delays in wide access to antifibrotic therapy for IPF patients [9]. Recent changes in reimbursement policy have resulted in the launch of pirfenidone for patients with IPF in Poland in January 2017 and nintedanib since March 2018 in the frame of the antifibrotic treatment program refunded by the National Health Fund (NHF).
In retrospect, the pharmacological treatment of IPF has evolved considerably. The initial concept of the disease pathobiology as being largely inflammatory led to the use of immunosuppressive treatment. However, the landmark PANTHER study evaluating the use of combination therapy with prednisone, azathioprine, and N-acetylcysteine in IPF highlighted that immunosuppressive therapy was associated with higher rates of hospitalizations and deaths compared with placebo [10]. The pivotal randomized clinical trials (RCTs) with antifibrotics in IPF provided crucial data on efficacy and safety, and led to their license for IPF providing hope for patients and changing the landscape of disease treatment [4][5][6]. However, the follow-up periods of RCTs with antifibrotics lasted only from 52 to 72 weeks [4][5][6]. Furthermore, precise and strict inclusion and exclusion criteria of RCTs limit the generalization of study results and findings to the real-world setting of clinical practice. Therefore, real-world data (RWD) studies provide additional pieces of valuable evidence on the long-term safety and efficacy of pharmacological intervention in broader patient populations.
PolExNIB was a multicenter, retrospective, observational study collecting clinical data of patients with IPF treated with nintedanib from March 2018 to October 2021 across 16 referral centers in Poland. The study aimed to provide the first long-term real-world Polish data on the safety and efficacy of nintedanib treatment in patients with IPF. This study is complementary to the recently published RWD study on the Polish experience with pirfenidone therapy in patients with IPF (the PolExPIR study) [26].

Study Population
The present work in general replicated the methodology applied in the recently published RWD study on the Polish experience with pirfenidone in IPF [26]. Briefly, a targeted population of patients with IPF treated with nintedanib in the setting of a therapeutic program reimbursed by the National Health Fund (NHF) for patients with the mild-to-moderate disease was evaluated. The main inclusion criteria for the NHF program were a multidisciplinary team diagnosis of IPF according to international guidelines [27], FVC ≥ 50% of predicted value, and transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide (TL CO ) above 30% of the predicted value. The main exclusion criteria from enrolment to the NHF therapeutic program were largely compatible with contraindications to nintedanib as per medicinal product characteristics and included hypersensitivity to nintedanib, to peanut or soya, or any of the excipients, pregnancy, breast-feeding, moderate or severe hepatic impairment, and severe renal impairment. Moreover, subjects with FVC < 50% of predicted value or TL CO ≤ 30% of predicted value were not eligible for enrolment. All patients starting nintedanib were followed up on regular basis with safety and efficacy assessments. A mandatory re-evaluation of pulmonary function tests (PFTs) every 6 months since drug initiation was demanded by the therapeutic program protocol and a disease progression defined as a significant FVC decline (≥10% of predicted value) over the first 12 months or consecutive 6 months intervals has been set as an exclusion criterion from a continuation of nintedanib therapy (drug stop rule). The PolExNIB study enrolled all IPF patients starting nintedanib at participating centers regardless of the duration of therapy. The patient enrolment period was from March 2018 to October 2021. The Ethics Committee of the Medical University of Lodz waived the requirement for approval, as the study was retrospective, and patients' data were anonymized (decision no. RNN/46/23/KE).

Data Collection
The PolExNIB study retrieved data of patients with IPF treated with nintedanib across 16 referral centers in Poland. The study investigators reviewed the medical records of all the patients receiving nintedanib at the participating sites. Clinical data collection included baseline characteristics, data on diagnosis and previous treatment for IPF, supplemental oxygen use, PFTs, and a six-minute walk test (6MWT). Longitudinal data on PFTs, 6MWT, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), treatment persistence, and survival were also collected up to 36 months post-inclusion. To avoid possible bias in PFT data interpretation related to the use of various reference equations and various reference values, the measurements of FVC and TL CO performed in participating centers were reported as absolute values and then expressed as the percentages predicted using the Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI) reference values [28,29].

Statistical Analysis
Data were analyzed using R software for MacOS (R Core Team, 2019, Vienna, Austria). The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality of data distribution. A mean with standard deviation (SD) describes continuous normally distributed data and a median with interquartile range (IQR) describes non-normally distributed data. Absolute numbers and relative frequencies are used to express categorical data. For the longitudinal analysis, all available data were included and analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. For the longitudinal efficacy assessment of the functional parameters (FVC, TL CO, and 6MWT) the difference between the initial and the last data available for the analysis was used. The dynamics of PFT results were analyzed as a difference between the timepoints specified for each comparison separately. Similarly to the PolExPIR study, an additional subanalysis of the functional parameter changes in the 6-month intervals was performed. For a subanalysis of efficacy data patients were divided based on the rate of changes in FVC% of predicted (∆FVC) in 6-month intervals into the following groups: significant improvement (∆FVC > 10%), marginal improvement (10% ≥ ∆FVC > 5%), stabilization (+5% ≥ ∆FVC > −5%), marginal decline (−5% ≥ ∆FVC > −10%), and significant decline (∆FVC ≤ −10%). In terms of the rate of changes in TL CO % of predicted (∆TL CO ) in 6-month intervals, patients were divided into the following groups: significant improvement (∆TL CO > 15%), stabilization (+15% ≥ ∆TL CO > −15%), and significant decline (∆TL CO ≤ −15%). The manuscript's graphs were prepared using GraphPad Prism 9 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA).

Baseline Characteristics
A total of 501 patients were enrolled in the study. Patients were followed on nintedanib treatment for a median of 15 months (7-25.5). Table 1 reports the baseline characteristics of the study participants. The median age of the participants was 70.9 years (65-75.7) with a marked predominance of males (69.6%). Most patients were active or ex-smokers (73.2%); moreover, about 8% of patients were still actively smoking at the time of enrolment for antifibrotic treatment. According to the multidimensional prognostic staging system for IPF, the median Gender, Age and Physiology (GAP) score was 3 (3)(4), and the majority of subjects were in stage I of the GAP index [30]. The median time from the first symptoms to IPF diagnosis was 12 months (6-28) and from diagnosis to the initiation of nintedanib treatment was 3 months (1-11). At baseline, the median FVC was 80.2% of predicted (68.5-95) and the median TL CO was 55.9% of predicted (42.2-69). The mean baseline distance covered in the 6MWT was 436.8 m (102.3) (n = 288) with a median of 5% desaturation (2-8) during the test. The majority of patients (75.2%) had not received any disease-targeted therapy before nintedanib initiation, whereas 17.6% of subjects had been treated with pirfenidone in the past.
The median change from baseline in TLCO% of predicted was −4.77% (−11.36-1.15) at month 12 (n = 272), −6.72% (−15.98; −2.03) at month 24 (n = 127), and −13.3% (−22.08; −3.34) at month 36 (n = 25), see Figure 3.   The longitudinal analysis of changes in FVC% of predicted (ΔFVC%) and TLCO% of predicted (ΔTLCO%) in 6-month intervals is shown in Figures 5 and 6, and Table 4. No significant difference was noted in the rate of decline of FVC% and TLCO% in the interval analysis during 36 months of nintedanib therapy. The longitudinal analysis of changes in FVC% of predicted (∆FVC%) and TL CO % of predicted (∆TL CO %) in 6-month intervals is shown in Figures 5 and 6, and Table 4. No significant difference was noted in the rate of decline of FVC% and TL CO % in the interval analysis during 36 months of nintedanib therapy. dicates a decrease from baseline. Data are presented as median (IQR) values. Abbreviation: 6MWT-six-minute walk test.
The longitudinal analysis of changes in FVC% of predicted (ΔFVC%) and TLCO% of predicted (ΔTLCO%) in 6-month intervals is shown in Figures 5 and 6, and Table 4. No significant difference was noted in the rate of decline of FVC% and TLCO% in the interval analysis during 36 months of nintedanib therapy.    The additional 6-month interval subanalysis of FVC and TLCO data is shown in Table  5.

30-36 Months
Longitudinal changes in FVC% and TLCO% over study follow-up varied among the individual patients in our study. Change in FVC% in the majority of patients (range of 56.8-70.8% depending on the interval analyzed) was stable, and only in the minority of them (range 4.2-11.3% and 0-8.3%) showed marginal or significant improvement, respectively. A marginal or significant decline was also observed only in the minority of patients   The additional 6-month interval subanalysis of FVC and TL CO data is shown in Table 5.
Longitudinal changes in FVC% and TL CO % over study follow-up varied among the individual patients in our study. Change in FVC% in the majority of patients (range of 56.8-70.8% depending on the interval analyzed) was stable, and only in the minority of them (range 4.2-11.3% and 0-8.3%) showed marginal or significant improvement, respectively. A marginal or significant decline was also observed only in the minority of patients (range 12.5-21.2% and 4.6-12.5%, respectively). In terms of change in TL CO % values, longitudinal evaluation confirmed stabilization in the majority of patients (range 85-90.8% depending on the interval analyzed) and a significant improvement or significant decline only in the minority of subjects (range 1.6-5.7% and 4-15.5%, respectively). The graphical presentation of the interval subanalysis of FVC% and TL CO % data is shown in Figures 7 and 8.

Discussion
PolExNIB is the first retrospective and observational study evaluating the long-term safety and efficacy of nintedanib in Polish patients with IPF and is one of the largest multicenter real-world setting studies reporting nationwide experiences of nintedanib in IPF published to date [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. The main findings of the present study confirm the long-term acceptable safety and tolerability profiles of nintedanib and suggest that nintedanib therapy is associated with disease stabilization and a low discontinuation rate over up to 3 years of follow-up. The PolExNIB study is a valuable source of evidence on nintedanib treatment in IPF collected from a large representative real-world clinical practice popula- Figure 8. The proportion of patients experiencing significant (∆TL CO > 15%) improvement, stabilization (+15% ≥ ∆TL CO > −15%), and significant (∆TL CO ≤ −15%) decline based on the rate of changes in TL CO % of predicted (∆TL CO %) in consecutive 6-month intervals during nintedanib treatment. Abbreviation: TL CO -transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide.

Discussion
PolExNIB is the first retrospective and observational study evaluating the long-term safety and efficacy of nintedanib in Polish patients with IPF and is one of the largest multicenter real-world setting studies reporting nationwide experiences of nintedanib in IPF published to date [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. The main findings of the present study confirm the longterm acceptable safety and tolerability profiles of nintedanib and suggest that nintedanib therapy is associated with disease stabilization and a low discontinuation rate over up to 3 years of follow-up. The PolExNIB study is a valuable source of evidence on nintedanib treatment in IPF collected from a large representative real-world clinical practice population of patients and a complementary set of data to the recently published work on the Polish experience with pirfenidone therapy in patients with IPF [26]. In addition, our findings are in concordance with the results of previous RCTs and smaller RWD studies on nintedanib in IPF.
Nintedanib is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor with antifibrotic and antiangiogenic activity. The mechanism of action of nintedanib in IPF is associated with the inhibition of profibrotic mediators including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF), as well as a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which as a result reduces fibroblast activity [31]. The pivotal RCTs including phase 2 (TOMORROW) and replicate phase 3 studies (INPULSIS-1 and INPULSIS-2) confirmed the safety and efficacy of nintedanib and led to drug registration in IPF [6,32]. To date, nintedanib and pirfenidone are the only two drugs currently conditionally recommended for the treatment of IPF by the international clinical practice guidelines [7].
The inclusion criteria for nintedanib therapy in Poland are similar to those applied in the registration studies for nintedanib, namely the INPULSIS trials [6]. RWD studies, like PolExNIB, provide important insight into the value of treatments in clinical practice and supplement data collected in RCTs, and may help answer questions that may not be addressed otherwise [33].
The baseline demographic characteristics of the patients reported in the PolExNIB study, including age, sex, and smoking history, as well as baseline clinical characteristics including lung physiologic parameters (FVC, TLco) were, in general, similar to those reported in the INPULSIS studies [6]. However, the PolExNIB cohort reflected a broader IPF patient population more typical of everyday clinical practice than the INPULSIS cohort limited by the strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Our cohort of patients presented many comorbidities with cardiovascular system comorbidities being the most frequent, including hypertension (n = 313, 62%), coronary artery disease (n = 128, 25%), and atrial fibrillation (n = 32, 6%). About 13% of participants had a previous history of myocardial infarction (n = 66) and heart failure (n = 65), and almost 7% (n = 34) were receiving oral anticoagulants and another 2% were taking acetylsalicylic acid with oral anticoagulants (n = 9). It is of note that the INPULSIS studies specifically excluded patients with a history of myocardial infarction within 6 months or unstable angina within 1 month before study entry. Moreover, patients at known risk of bleeding including those on full-dose anticoagulation or high-dose anti-platelet therapy were not enrolled in the INPULSIS trials as, based on the mechanism of inhibition of the VEGF receptor, nintedanib may increase the risk of bleeding [34]. An additional comparison between the PolExNIB and INPULSIS cohorts concerning the burden of comorbidities is impossible since comorbidities data were not published in the INPULSIS trials' final report [6].
The PolExNIB study provided data for up to 3 years of nintedanib treatment, with a median time of 15 months of observation, which is longer than the duration of the INPULSIS trials and several smaller RWD studies on nintedanib in IPF published to date [6,[11][12][13][15][16][17][18][19]22,25]. Our data show that nintedanib treatment was safe and associated with acceptable tolerance. As expected based on the results of the previous studies of nintedanib in IPF, the most frequent ADRs were gastrointestinal with diarrhea as the most common event (n = 227, 45%). No new safety signals were identified over the long-term observation. Interestingly, diarrhea was noted less frequently than in the INPULSIS trials (45% vs. 62%). A similar frequency of diarrhea was noted in two other RWD studies, one from Greece (45%) and one from the UK (49.7%) [12,21]. However, the frequency of diarrhea in other real-world clinical setting studies on nintedanib in IPF varies considerably between 32% and 78.9% [11][12][13][14][15][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25], and is invariably related to differences in the methodologies for collecting data in retrospective studies. Diarrhea was also a main reason for permanent treatment discontinuations due to ADRs in our study (n = 16, 3.2%) which is in complete agreement with the known tolerance profile of nintedanib [6,14,22,35]. It is of note that in INPULSIS-1 diarrhea was a reason for premature discontinuation in 4.5% of patients and in INPULSIS-2 in 4.3% of patients [6]. Other gastrointestinal ADRs noted in our study included decreased appetite, weight loss, abdominal discomfort, nausea, and hepatic enzyme elevations which is in line with the findings on the safety profile of nintedanib reported previously [6,[11][12][13][14][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]35].
Bleeding was noted only in 4% of patients (n = 20) in our cohort and all bleeding events were not serious. The most frequent were epistaxis and rectal bleeding. Only two patients in our cohort permanently discontinued nintedanib due to bleeding episodes. A lower incidence of bleeding in the PolExNIB compared to the INPULSIS trials (10.2%) could result from the fact that most bleeding events were not severe enough for a patient to seek medical attention and could not be captured in the retrospective study setting. Nevertheless, it is reassuring that the treatment with nintedanib in patients receiving oral anticoagulants is safe as there was only 1 out of 43 patients on oral anticoagulants in our study in whom a bleeding episode (rectal bleeding) was noted during nintedanib treatment. Therefore, our data support the safety of nintedanib therapy in patients at high risk of bleeding including those receiving oral anticoagulants with or without anti-platelet drug. These findings are in complete agreement with the results of the recent analysis of the large cohort of patients with IPF from the European MultiPartner IPF Registry (EMPIRE) showing that bleeding incidence was low during antifibrotic treatment, and irrespective of anticoagulant or anti-platelet therapy received [36].
The majority of patients (66.7%) from the PolExNIB cohort were treated with the full recommended dose of nintedanib, 150 mg b.i.d., and one-third of patients were treated with a reduced dose of the drug, 100 mg b.i.d., due to different tolerance issues and ADRs. Similar chronic dosing of nintedanib was noted in the recent smaller multicenter real-world study in the Greek cohort of patients with IPF [21]. We have not collected data on the reasons or duration of intermittent dose reductions or drug interruptions; nevertheless, temporal dose reductions or drug interruptions were needed in 20% of patients from our cohort. It is a slightly lower rate than reported in the INPULSIS trials [6] and validates that ADRs related to nintedanib treatment are manageable in everyday clinical practice. Moreover, permanent treatment discontinuations due to ADRs were noted in only 10% of subjects in our cohort and were seen less frequently than in the INPULSIS studies (INPULSIS-1 21% and INPULSIS-2 18.8%) but a similar rate was reported in another recent real-world setting study from Greece (13.1%) [6,21]. However, permanent discontinuation rates due to ADRs noted in other RWD studies are usually slightly higher, e.g., 16.1% in the study from the UK [12] or 26% in the study from the USA [13].
On account of the retrospective design of the PolExNIB study, it has not included any specific survival analysis. However, we collected data on the available causes of death during a study follow-up. The main causes of death included disease progression, next to neoplastic disease, and cardiovascular diseases which are in concordance with the findings of other observational studies [37]. About 15% of deaths during the PolExNIB study followup were related to coronavirus disease 2019 . This finding supports the view that patients with interstitial lung disease including IPF appear to be more susceptible to infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, and are at increased risk of severe disease and death when they do contract the disease [38,39]. Unfortunately, our study did not provide data on the prevalence and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections among all enrolled patients in our cohort.
Over up to 3 years of the study follow-up period, patients' PFT data remained largely stable. The median annual FVC decline in our study was −60 mL in the first and second years, and −100 mL over the third year. The noted annual rate of decline in our study over the first 2 years was smaller than the annual decline noted in the pivotal RCTs. In INPULSIS-1, the decline was −114.7 mL per year and, in INPULSIS-2, the decline was −113.6 mL per year in the nintedanib group [6]. Moreover, in the PolExNIB cohort, the median change from baseline in FVC% was −1.67% at month 12, −3.08% at month 24, and −5.5% at month 36 which is far below the threshold of a 10% decline in FVC regarded as a marker of significant disease progression [27]. The same observation was noted for the median change from baseline in TL CO % of −4.77% at month 12, −6.78% at month 24, and −13.3% at month 36 which is also lower than the clinically significant deterioration threshold of 15% decline [27]. Our study longitudinal assessment of PFT changes over 3-year follow-up performed in 6-month intervals confirmed that the majority of patients obtained disease stabilization or improvement under nintedanib treatment and only a minority of them declined in terms of PFT results. The above findings are in line with the results of the recent real-world setting study on nintedanib in a Greek cohort of patients with IPF which has also shown stable lung function for up to 3-year follow-up [21].
The decline in the 6MWT distance over the PolExNIB study follow-up was optimistic. We noted a median change of only −10m after the first year, −20 m after 2 years, and −45 m after 3 years from the start of nintedanib treatment. However, the number of patients with available data for longitudinal 6MWT analysis was low in the present study. It should be stressed that the longitudinal assessment of the 6MWT distance has been used to reflect the disease status and progression [40][41][42], and prognosis prediction [43]. Moreover, 6MWT decline has been shown to outweigh other predictors of mortality in patients with IPF [44]. A threshold for minimum clinically important difference value for 6MWT has been suggested as 24-45 m or more [45]. Therefore, our data on 6MWT variability over the study follow-up suggest disease stabilization on nintedanib treatment. Neither the INPULSIS trials publication nor RWD studies of heterogenous IPF populations provided data on the longitudinal 6MWT distance changes during nintedanib therapy.
Our study has several strengths. The crucial strengths of the PolExNIB study are the non-sponsored, multicenter construction and evaluation of data collected from one of the largest real-world cohorts of patients with IPF published to date. The median nintedanib exposure and longitudinal observation were also longer than in pivotal RCTs and many of the smaller RWD studies found in the literature. Lack of strict enrollment criteria typical for RCTs allowed for gathering data more representative of the everyday clinical practice population of patients. The broader patient population and a longer follow-up period may likely record a more complete picture of nintedanib safety and efficacy profiles in IPF compared with the RCT data.
The PolExNIB study is not free from limitations inherent in RWD studies. Several possible biases are introduced due to real-world data documentation that is not as robust as that of RCTs. The difference in clinical practices of the participating centers of this multicenter study could lead to missing data and reporting bias. The study efficacy data could be strengthened by pre-and post-treatment comparison of the PFT results, although this was impossible due to a small number of patients with available pre-treatment PFTs. No complete data are available for causes of death due to loss of follow-up for several patients. Moreover, patients discontinuing treatment were excluded from longitudinal study follow-up; therefore, some of our data is incomplete and/or biased concerning patients who took part in regular follow-up visits and who survived for longer periods. The retrospective character of the study did not allow for assessing the possible influence of comorbidities and concomitant medications on the natural history of IPF and nintedanib therapy outcomes. Despite the above limitations, our real-world findings extend the current knowledge on the long-term safety and efficacy profiles of nintedanib in IPF and supplement data obtained from RCTs.

Conclusions
To sum up, the PolExNIB study provides the first real-world setting data on the safety and efficacy of nintedanib in a large cohort of Polish patients with IPF. Our findings confirm the long-term acceptable safety and tolerability profiles of nintedanib and suggest that nintedanib therapy is associated with disease stabilization and a low discontinuation rate in everyday clinical practice over up to 3 years of follow-up. These data are reassuring for patients and their physicians using nintedanib to slow disease progression and improve patient outcomes. Moreover, the PolExNIB data are aligned with the findings of RCTs and other smaller RWD studies on nintedanib in IPF and support their conclusions.