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Membranes
Volume 16
Issue 7
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Membranes, Volume 16, Issue 7 (July 2026) – 36 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Protein-bound uremic toxin (PBUT) removal remains a key challenge in hemodialysis. The synthesis of cellulose acetate (CA)/silica/MOF mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) represents an advancement in this issue by creating ultrafiltration membranes with enhanced adsorption capacity to displace the toxin p-cresyl sulfate (pCS) bound to plasma proteins. The membranes are produced by coupling the phase inversion technique with the sol–gel method and incorporating in the casting solutions dispersions of zirconium-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), namely UiO-66 and UiO-66-NH2. In permeation tests simulating a hemodialysis session, the feed solution contained 100 ppm pCS and 35 g/L BSA and the removal capacity of pCS bound to BSA is 99.8% for the membrane with 1.5% of UiO-66 and 95.9% for the membrane with 2.0 % of UiO-66-NH2. View this paper
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22 pages, 6627 KB  
Article
Membrane-Based Decolourisation and Purification of Starch Hydrolysates: A Systematic UF–NF Screening Study
by Camila Cabeza, Amal El Gohary Ahmed and Michael Harasek
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070251 - 22 Jul 2026
Viewed by 833
Abstract
Membrane-based processes offer promising sustainable alternatives for the decolourisation and purification of starch hydrolysates, yet membrane selection and operating conditions remain the most critical challenges. This study systematically evaluates the performance of polymeric ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes for starch hydrolysate syrup [...] Read more.
Membrane-based processes offer promising sustainable alternatives for the decolourisation and purification of starch hydrolysates, yet membrane selection and operating conditions remain the most critical challenges. This study systematically evaluates the performance of polymeric ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes for starch hydrolysate syrup treatment. Experiments were conducted in a lab-scale cross-flow filtration system using five UF and three NF flat-sheet polymeric membranes under varying temperatures, transmembrane pressures, and feed concentrations. Separation performance was assessed through colour removal, sugar recovery, permeate flux, and alongside indicators of fouling behaviour. UF membranes with molecular weight cut-offs of 100, 70, and 5 kDa exhibited the most favourable performance at 60 °C and 8 bar, achieving partial colour removal (18–32%) with high permeate fluxes (84–130 kg·m−2·h−1) and limited sugar losses (0.7–19.9%). NF membranes showed significantly higher colour rejection (32–100%) but were associated with substantial sugar losses (up to 96%), limiting their applicability for selective decolourisation; however, their high sugar retention capacity suggests potential for product concentration and the removal of low-molecular-weight impurities. Overall, UF represents a suitable approach for partial colour removal in starch hydrolysates, while NF may be better suited for product concentration and the removal of low-molecular-weight impurities, as well as auxiliary applications such as water recovery. These findings provide a systematic basis for membrane selection and process optimisation in industrial starch hydrolysate purification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Membrane Technologies in Food Processing)
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17 pages, 5757 KB  
Article
Fabrication of Ordered Mesoporous Silica/Polyethersulfone Mixed-Matrix Membranes for Improved Removal of Middle-Molecule Toxins Within Hemodialysis
by Rongrong Ji, Peiyan Shi, Ting Dong, Wenjie Hou and Kangjian Tang
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070250 - 21 Jul 2026
Viewed by 374
Abstract
As the core component of an artificial kidney, a hemodialysis membrane can remove metabolic wastes and excess fluid from the blood while retaining essential proteins. Despite their essential role in blood purification, current hemodialysis membranes still show limited efficiency in clearing middle-molecule uremic [...] Read more.
As the core component of an artificial kidney, a hemodialysis membrane can remove metabolic wastes and excess fluid from the blood while retaining essential proteins. Despite their essential role in blood purification, current hemodialysis membranes still show limited efficiency in clearing middle-molecule uremic toxins, especially β2-microglobulin. Ordered mesoporous silica (SBA-15) was used as an inorganic pore-regulating additive to construct ordered mesoporous silica/polyethersulfone (PES) mixed-matrix membranes for separation applications. The incorporation of SBA-15 may help form additional effective transport pathways in the PES membrane by regulating pore formation, increasing membrane hydrophilicity, and improving apparent pore connectivity, thereby reducing the apparent transport resistance of middle-molecule solutes. As a result, the composite membranes achieved improved dialysis performance while maintaining high BSA retention. The SBA-15 loading was systematically optimized. Relative to the pristine PES membrane, the 7 wt.% SBA-15 membrane reduced the water contact angle from 65.1° to 49.0° and increased lysozyme reduction from 40.9% to 55.2%, with pure water permeability reaching 261.5 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 and bovine serum albumin (BSA) retention remaining above 90%. These results suggest that SBA-15 may regulate the pore structure of PES membranes and improve apparent pore connectivity, thereby facilitating middle-molecule solute transport while maintaining high BSA retention. Full article
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11 pages, 5293 KB  
Article
Identification and Characterization of a Phenyl(trifluoro-methyl)-pyrimidine Positive Allosteric Modulator of the Secretin Receptor
by Kaleeckal G. Harikumar, Daniela G. Dengler, Leire Borrega Roman, Robert Ardecky, Eduard A. Sergienko and Laurence J. Miller
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070249 - 21 Jul 2026
Viewed by 400
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are among the most common drug targets, with numerous agonists and antagonists approved for clinical use. More recently, it has been appreciated that drugs can also modulate the action of natural agonists of these receptors, thus providing unique clinical [...] Read more.
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are among the most common drug targets, with numerous agonists and antagonists approved for clinical use. More recently, it has been appreciated that drugs can also modulate the action of natural agonists of these receptors, thus providing unique clinical advantages. Here, we describe the identification and characterization of a small molecule positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of secretin action at the class B G protein-coupled secretin receptor. This phenyl(trifluoromethyl)-pyrimidine can occupy the secretin receptor without stimulating its internalization, yet priming it to enhance both the potency and efficacy of the action of natural secretin. This is also shown to exhibit its effects on cells expressing low numbers of these receptors, without enhancing the effects of other structurally related hormones acting at other class B GPCRs. The mechanism responsible for this PAM effect is the slowing of the off-rate of receptor-bound secretin. This compound can serve as a lead to the development of other drugs that enhance the action of natural endogenous secretin and can be utilized to explore the potential therapeutic utility of such compounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biological Membranes)
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13 pages, 1395 KB  
Article
Selective Separation of Inorganic and Organic Carbonates in Aqueous Solutions by Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) Membranes
by Rahma Al Busaidi, Budoor Al Umairi, Zulfiqar Ahmad Rehan and Mohammed Al-Abri
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070248 - 20 Jul 2026
Viewed by 477
Abstract
This study presents a systematic comparison of commercial reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes for the separation of inorganic and organic carbonates from aqueous solutions, providing insight into the roles of membrane pore structure and surface charge in governing separation mechanisms. Membrane [...] Read more.
This study presents a systematic comparison of commercial reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes for the separation of inorganic and organic carbonates from aqueous solutions, providing insight into the roles of membrane pore structure and surface charge in governing separation mechanisms. Membrane molecular weight cut-off (MWCO), zeta potential, and thermal stability were characterized and correlated with separation performance. The RO membrane exhibited a lower MWCO and a more negative surface charge than the NF membrane, resulting in superior rejection of both inorganic and organic carbonates. For inorganic carbonates, rejection increased with pH owing to enhanced carbonate ionization and stronger electrostatic repulsion, reaching 91–98% for the RO membrane compared with 60–95% for the NF membrane. In contrast, the rejection of neutral organic carbonates was governed primarily by steric exclusion, with the RO membrane achieving approximately 80% rejection, whereas the NF membrane exhibited negligible removal. These findings demonstrate the combined influence of membrane pore size and surface charge on carbonate separation and provide practical guidance for selecting commercial membranes for efficient carbonate removal in water treatment applications. Full article
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18 pages, 3519 KB  
Article
Experimental Design–Guided Optimization of Pervaporative Dehydration of an Esterification Mixture
by Fatimatou Toure Lo, Magalie Claeys-Bruno, Philippe Moulin and Emilie Carretier
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070247 - 18 Jul 2026
Viewed by 382
Abstract
This study investigates the pervaporation dehydration of a quaternary esterification mixture containing water, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexanol, and propionic acid using a pilot-scale HybSi membrane (BTESE on Al2O3). A design of experiments was implemented to evaluate the influence of mixture [...] Read more.
This study investigates the pervaporation dehydration of a quaternary esterification mixture containing water, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexanol, and propionic acid using a pilot-scale HybSi membrane (BTESE on Al2O3). A design of experiments was implemented to evaluate the influence of mixture composition on water content in the retentate, permeation flux, and water removal efficiency. Descriptive analysis revealed that the initial water content is the dominant factor governing both permeation flux and dehydration performance, whereas acid, alcohol, and ester have secondary but interactive effects. Reduced cubic polynomial models including linear, binary, and ternary interactions were developed, showing good agreement with experimental data. Ternary diagrams highlighted composition regions where molecular interactions significantly affect separation performance. Multi-response optimization based on desirability functions identified optimal operating conditions at high initial water content (1.146 wt.%), yielding a permeation flux of 0.144 kg·m−2·h−1, a final water content close to the industrial target (0.2 wt.%), and a water removal efficiency of 86%. Experimental validation confirmed the reliability of the predictive model. The results provide insights into composition–performance relationships and demonstrate the suitability of BTESE membranes for low-water-content esterification systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Membrane Applications for Other Areas)
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17 pages, 3262 KB  
Article
Numerical Solution of the Problem of Relaxation Filtration of a Suspension Through a Radial Filter at a Constant Flow Velocity
by Volodymyr Brazhenko, Bakhtiyor Kh. Khuzhayorov, Usmonali Saydullaev, Jamol Makhmudov and Iroda Beknazarova
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070246 - 17 Jul 2026
Viewed by 349
Abstract
This paper investigates the relaxation filtration of a suspension through a radial filter surface under conditions of constant flow velocity. A mathematical model for relaxation cake growth is formulated based on the liquid-phase continuity equation, Darcy’s relaxation law, and constitutive relations for both [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the relaxation filtration of a suspension through a radial filter surface under conditions of constant flow velocity. A mathematical model for relaxation cake growth is formulated based on the liquid-phase continuity equation, Darcy’s relaxation law, and constitutive relations for both compressive and liquid pressures. The resulting governing equation is a nonlinear partial differential equation for the compressive pressure, complemented by a Stefan condition that characterizes the motion of the cake–slurry interface. The moving-boundary problem is solved numerically using a finite difference method employing a coordinate-based front-tracking technique combined with iterative procedures. The numerical results demonstrate the influence of relaxation effects on cake formation. Increasing the relaxation time slows the compaction process, thereby maintaining higher porosity and promoting accelerated growth of the cake layer thickness. Full article
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54 pages, 1165 KB  
Review
Proton-Exchange Membranes with Stabilized Conductivity
by Andrey A. Nechitailov, Anna Krasnova, Angelina G. Kastsova and Nadezhda V. Glebova
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070245 - 17 Jul 2026
Viewed by 604
Abstract
Proton-exchange membranes are crucial for water electrolyzers and fuel cells, but their performance declines under low humidity due to dehydration. Existing reviews mainly list experimental results without analyzing the mechanisms of proton conductivity stabilization. This review systematically summarizes approaches to enhance moisture-independent proton [...] Read more.
Proton-exchange membranes are crucial for water electrolyzers and fuel cells, but their performance declines under low humidity due to dehydration. Existing reviews mainly list experimental results without analyzing the mechanisms of proton conductivity stabilization. This review systematically summarizes approaches to enhance moisture-independent proton conductivity and evaluates their prospects. Key factors governing conductivity include microstructure, sulfonic group concentration, and hydration level. Stability under dry conditions depends on water retention and thermal resistance. Main strategies involve hybrid composite membranes, ionomer structure control via pre-treatments, and novel proton-conducting polymers. Promising directions include oriented channel structures, MOFs, and graphene-based materials. The stabilization mechanism relies on retaining water through hydrophilic additives that form stable hydrates, enabling proton transport even under harsh conditions (up to 120 °C and 50% RH, per US DOE targets). Among Nafion alternatives, sulfonated aromatic polymers and phosphoric-acid-doped polybenzimidazole demonstrate good performance at elevated temperatures (100–200 °C), though durability remains a challenge for the latter. Despite ongoing research, Nafion-based composites still offer one of the best overall balances of conductivity, stability, and processability. A significant research gap persists: long-term membrane performance is poorly studied, and many additives degrade over time or block proton transport sites due to ion exchange with metal cations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Membranes for Hydrogen Energy Systems: Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers)
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22 pages, 5014 KB  
Review
Progress on Physical Processes for Boiler Feedwater Deoxygenation
by Binglin Li, Andong Jian, Jiayu Lu and Jiaxi Lv
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070244 - 17 Jul 2026
Viewed by 531
Abstract
With the expansion of thermal power units and higher operating parameters, oxygen corrosion in boiler feedwater has become increasingly serious. Traditional methods such as thermal, stripping, and vacuum deaeration are mature but limited by energy consumption, system complexity, and adaptability. In contrast, membrane [...] Read more.
With the expansion of thermal power units and higher operating parameters, oxygen corrosion in boiler feedwater has become increasingly serious. Traditional methods such as thermal, stripping, and vacuum deaeration are mature but limited by energy consumption, system complexity, and adaptability. In contrast, membrane deaeration has emerged as a promising alternative due to its energy efficiency, compact design, and superior adaptability. Recent advances in membrane materials and module configurations have enabled efficient dissolved oxygen removal to ppb levels under mild operating conditions. This review summarizes the mechanisms, equipment, and application features of conventional methods, and outlines progress in membrane deaeration regarding mass transfer, module design, and process integration. Future development will focus on multi-technology coupling, mass transfer intensification, and intelligent control to achieve ppb-level oxygen removal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Membrane Applications for Water Treatment)
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15 pages, 7469 KB  
Article
Boosting Capacitive Deionization Performance via Bimetallic Synergistic Engineering of Electrospun Co/N-Doped Porous Carbon Nanofibers
by Xinyue Ma, Yuan Li, Kuo Meng, Chengbo Kou, Binling Li, Zhonglei Zhu, Haojie Li, Zhihan Deng, Runze Yang, Hupeng Zhou, Xin Wang, Lang Luo, Fuming Chen, Chengding Gu, Yuxiao Zhang and Lu Guo
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070243 - 17 Jul 2026
Viewed by 394
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an environmentally advantageous desalination technology that is particularly suitable for the treatment of low- to medium-concentration saline water. Among different electrode materials, carbon materials are widely used due to their good electrical conductivity and high specific surface area, while [...] Read more.
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an environmentally advantageous desalination technology that is particularly suitable for the treatment of low- to medium-concentration saline water. Among different electrode materials, carbon materials are widely used due to their good electrical conductivity and high specific surface area, while they suffer from limited ion adsorption capacity. In this study, a cobalt/nitrogen-doped porous carbon fiber composite with Zn-induced porosity (CoNG@V@CNF), where “V” stands for “volatile pore-forming agent”, has been successfully prepared via electrospinning combined with a high-temperature carbonization process. The introduction of trace Co nanoparticles enhances the stability of porous graphene. In addition, N doping contributes to improved wettability and electronic conductivity, and the carbon fiber structure constructs a three-dimensional conductive network, providing fast channels for ion transport. Electrochemical tests show that the specific capacitance of CoNG@V@CNF reaches 252.76 F g−1, demonstrating its superior charge storage capability. Furthermore, this study achieved a high salt adsorption capacity of 58.28 mg g−1 and a competitive desalination rate performance of 1.94 mg g−1 min−1. After 40 cycles of testing, the salt adsorption capacity (SAC) remains at 56.72 mg g−1, demonstrating its high stability during multiple charging and discharging processes. This work provides a new design strategy for developing high-performance CDI electrode materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposite Membranes for Electrolysis, Fuel Cells, Batteries, and Desalination)
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17 pages, 3031 KB  
Article
Bench-Scale Evaluation of Hydraulic Performance and Rejection of Bisphenol-A and Estradiol by Different Nanofiltration Membranes as a Post-Treatment Step at the Lago Norte WTP—Brasília/DF, Brazil
by Bianca Campos Gonçalves, Cristina Celia Silveira Brandão and Sara Regina Morais Kollar
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070242 - 17 Jul 2026
Viewed by 614
Abstract
Emerging micropollutants in drinking water sources represents a growing challenge for water treatment systems. Bisphenol-A (BPA) and 17β-estradiol (E2) are endocrine disruptors widely detected in aquatic matrices that are not efficiently removed by conventional treatment. This study evaluated, at the bench scale, operational [...] Read more.
Emerging micropollutants in drinking water sources represents a growing challenge for water treatment systems. Bisphenol-A (BPA) and 17β-estradiol (E2) are endocrine disruptors widely detected in aquatic matrices that are not efficiently removed by conventional treatment. This study evaluated, at the bench scale, operational performance and rejection of BPA and E2 by three nanofiltration membranes—NFM1, NFM2 and NFM3—operating at 8 bar and using ultrafiltered water from the Lago Norte Water Treatment Plant (WTP), Brasília/DF, Brazil, spiked with both compounds at 150–250 µg/L, as the feed matrix. Hydraulic parameters, such as permeate flux and water permeability, were assessed alongside rejection. NFM1 exhibited the highest permeate fluxes (136.1 and 171.7 L/h·m2); however, it showed the lowest rejection (E2: 57–73%; BPA: 28–60%). The NFM2 membrane showed intermediate rejection behavior (E2: 86–89%; BPA: 67–91%) but presented the lowest permeate flux (51.2 to 63.3 L/h·m2). The NFM3 membrane presented the highest rejection and greatest operational stability (E2: 90–95%; BPA: 95–97%), with a permeate flux of 59.1 to 67.0 L/h·m2. Size exclusion was the predominant removal mechanism, though adsorption also contributed during the initial hours of operation. The results confirm a trade-off between permeate production and contaminant rejection, with no single membrane outperforming all others across all criteria. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanofiltration Membranes for Organic Pollutants Removal)
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20 pages, 1798 KB  
Article
A Pseudoenzymatic Regulatory Role of the Noncatalytic Subunit of the Neurotoxin Vipoxin at Arachidonic-Acid-Containing Membrane Interfaces
by Svetla Petrova, Kristina Mircheva, Evgenia Sotirovska, Nikolay Alexandrov Grozev, Kirilka Stefanova Mladenova, Pavel Videv, Jordan Doumanov and Konstantin Balashev
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070241 - 16 Jul 2026
Viewed by 545
Abstract
Secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) act at lipid interfaces where enzymatic turnover is strongly influenced by membrane packing and interfacial physicochemical conditions. Vipoxin, a heterodimeric neurotoxin from Vipera ammodytes meridionalis, is one such complex, comprising a catalytically active sPLA2 [...] Read more.
Secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) act at lipid interfaces where enzymatic turnover is strongly influenced by membrane packing and interfacial physicochemical conditions. Vipoxin, a heterodimeric neurotoxin from Vipera ammodytes meridionalis, is one such complex, comprising a catalytically active sPLA2 subunit (VBC) and a catalytically impaired homolog, VAC, suggesting a pseudoenzymatic regulatory role. Using SAPC Langmuir monolayers as a model of arachidonic-acid-containing membranes, we monitored the compensated monolayer area change, ΔA(t), under barostatic conditions as an integrated readout of the interfacial behavior of Vipoxin and its isolated subunits. The responses revealed pronounced modulation by surface pressure and by the acidic acetate versus basic Tris-HCl subphase environment: VBC retained high catalytic competence under both conditions, whereas Vipoxin displayed greater environmental sensitivity, consistent with VAC-dependent modulation of enzyme–membrane coupling. VAC, although lacking canonical catalytic activity, produced measurable interfacial effects under acidic conditions and high lateral pressure. Analysis using the interfacial quality parameter Qm demonstrated that VAC modifies the pressure dependence of the heterodimer and stabilizes interfacial accommodation of VBC. These findings indicate that VAC functions as a pseudoenzymatic regulatory subunit whose role emerges from dynamic coupling between enzymatic activity and lipid interfacial organization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoscale Interactions at the Bio-Interface: From Model Membranes to Biomedical Applications)
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6 pages, 185 KB  
Editorial
Membrane Distillation: Module Design and Application Performance
by Lebea N. Nthunya and Bhekie B. Mamba
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070240 - 16 Jul 2026
Viewed by 466
Abstract
Membrane distillation (MD) has emerged as a thermal process used in desalination, wastewater treatment, and resource recovery. It has demonstrated high salt rejection, but process scale-up is affected by unstable process performance caused by membrane fouling and scaling, limitations of heat and mass [...] Read more.
Membrane distillation (MD) has emerged as a thermal process used in desalination, wastewater treatment, and resource recovery. It has demonstrated high salt rejection, but process scale-up is affected by unstable process performance caused by membrane fouling and scaling, limitations of heat and mass transfer, and module design challenges. The research outputs presented here assess membrane module design and configurations, hydrodynamic optimization, understanding of membrane fouling, and its control in long-term and intermittent process operation. Furthermore, the integration of crystallization, resource recovery from wastewater, and techno-economic feasibility are also elucidated. The collective findings showed that optimization of the modules, process operating conditions, and the integration of crystallization could improve MD performance stability and resource recovery. Beyond crystallization, MD has demonstrated the ability to recover nutrients from anaerobic digestate, suggesting process expansion directions. These findings provide insights into the key requirements for MD implementation at an industrial scale. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Distillation: Module Design and Application Performance)
35 pages, 11009 KB  
Article
Machine Learning–Driven Surrogate Modeling and Operating-Point Selection for a Microfluidic Diffusion-Membrane Platform for Transdermal Drug Delivery
by Tara Torabi, Mahsa Jafar Harasy, Jafar Tahmoresnezhad, Samira Malekmohammadi, Adolfo Iulianelli and Kamran Ghasemzadeh
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070239 - 15 Jul 2026
Viewed by 553
Abstract
Microfluidic diffusion systems provide a powerful in vitro platform for evaluating transdermal drug delivery (TDD), yet their predictive capability is often constrained by limited experimental datasets and nonlinear transport behavior across membrane—device configurations. This study integrates machine learning (ML) with microfluidic experimentation to [...] Read more.
Microfluidic diffusion systems provide a powerful in vitro platform for evaluating transdermal drug delivery (TDD), yet their predictive capability is often constrained by limited experimental datasets and nonlinear transport behavior across membrane—device configurations. This study integrates machine learning (ML) with microfluidic experimentation to develop accurate and generalizable surrogate models for cumulative drug permeation under different hydrodynamic and membrane conditions. This work presents an ML-augmented microfluidic TDD framework for predicting cumulative drug permeation from small experimental datasets. Caffeine cream permeation was examined across twelve device—membrane configurations (sMDC, mMDC, and LiveBox2 paired with PET, CA, rat skin, and alginate) at three perfusion flow rates. For each configuration, SVR, MLP, RFR, GBR, XGB, and KNN models were trained and cross-validated using only 33 experimental measurements. SVR showed the strongest overall performance among the evaluated models, achieving test R2 values typically above 0.97 and RMSE values of <1–3 µg/cm2, accurately capturing the nonlinear time-flow-cumulative mass behavior of TDD profiles. A domain-bounded Gaussian-noise augmentation strategy was used to increase local sampling density while keeping augmented values within the experimentally observed time and cumulative-mass ranges. Polynomial equations were obtained from the predictions of SVR to capture the interaction between inputs and outputs. The trained SVR surrogates were then used for automated steady-state identification and surrogate-based operating-point selection, revealing the dependence of the selected flow rate on membrane permeability and device geometry. Alginate consistently delivered the highest steady-state cumulative mass across all systems (up to ~448 µg/cm2), establishing it as the most efficient TDD membrane among those evaluated. Finally, compact third-degree polynomial equations were derived from the SVR predictions, enabling explicit analytical prediction and rapid design-space exploration. Overall, these ML-derived models and analytical equations provide a fast, low-cost tool for predictive design, enabling rapid microfluidic system evaluation and operating-condition selection, and significantly accelerating the development and screening of next-generation TDD platforms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Carriers for Drug Delivery Purposes)
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24 pages, 2096 KB  
Review
External Microplastic Filters for Washing Machines: Advances, Technical Challenges, and Biofouling Mitigation
by Hyeri Song, Yeo Min Kim, Da Hyun Yoo, Sun Ae Kim and Chanhyuk Park
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070238 - 13 Jul 2026
Viewed by 1194
Abstract
Laundry-derived microplastic fibers are major source of environmental microplastic pollution. Because conventional wastewater treatment processes cannot completely remove fibrous microplastics, washing machine-mounted filters have been developed as a promising source-control approach for the reduction in microfiber emissions. This review thus summarizes recent advances [...] Read more.
Laundry-derived microplastic fibers are major source of environmental microplastic pollution. Because conventional wastewater treatment processes cannot completely remove fibrous microplastics, washing machine-mounted filters have been developed as a promising source-control approach for the reduction in microfiber emissions. This review thus summarizes recent advances in external filtration systems and membrane-based technologies for laundry wastewater treatment. The characteristics of laundry wastewater, microfiber release behavior, and recent regulatory trends are discussed together with the performance of commercially available filtration systems. The applicability of advanced membrane materials, including ceramic membranes, for high-efficiency microfiber separation is also highlighted. Particular attention is given to the microbial contamination and biofouling of microplastic filters, which can affect their filtration efficiency, operational stability, and household hygiene. This review also discusses the potential reuse of captured microplastics for membrane fabrication as a sustainable pathway for waste valorization and circular resource utilization. Finally, current limitations and future perspectives for the development of efficient, hygienic, and sustainable laundry microplastic filtration technologies are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Membranes for Wastewater and Water Reuse (2nd Edition))
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39 pages, 739 KB  
Review
From Atomic Channels to Deployable Membranes: A Design-Oriented Framework for Graphene Oxide Transport, Functionalization, and Scalability
by Awad Alzebair, Didem Aydin, İlkay Hilal Gübbük and Mustafa Ersoz
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070237 - 10 Jul 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 668
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) membranes present a compelling alternative to the permeability-selectivity trade-off inherent in conventional polymer membranes. However, the incomplete mechanistic understanding and the absence of scalable, defect-controlled fabrication processes continue to hinder their practical deployment. This review synthesizes and integrates transport mechanisms, [...] Read more.
Graphene oxide (GO) membranes present a compelling alternative to the permeability-selectivity trade-off inherent in conventional polymer membranes. However, the incomplete mechanistic understanding and the absence of scalable, defect-controlled fabrication processes continue to hinder their practical deployment. This review synthesizes and integrates transport mechanisms, computational modeling, fabrication, and translational constraints across graphene-based membrane architectures into a comprehensive design-oriented framework. Five key aspects of this synthesis are highlighted. Firstly, the available evidence supports a three-regime transport model, which unifies viscous near-frictionless flow, activated molecular hopping, and solution–diffusion. This reframes selectivity as a tunable function of the C/O ratio and interlayer chemistry. Secondly, a quantitative parity analysis of literature data reveals that classical molecular dynamics tends to overestimate GO laminate water permeance by a representative factor of approximately 3–8× across the matched comparisons examined. This discrepancy can be corrected using a tortuosity–porosity factor derived from wet-state XRD. Machine-learning force fields (GAP, MACE), while still in an early stage of development with limited reported applications, narrow the residual discrepancy to within 1.5–2× in the studies reviewed. Thirdly, a tiered computational roadmap identifies nuclear quantum effects as critical for proton-transport applications but unresolved for water permeance in GO laminate geometry. Fourthly, performance across water nanofiltration, gas separation, ion recovery, and osmotic energy harvesting is benchmarked against commercial references, with explicit caveats regarding the heterogeneity of testing conditions across cited studies, alongside a technology readiness assessment. Lastly, a standardized 500-h hydraulic stability protocol is proposed to facilitate cross-laboratory comparison. Collectively, this synthesis provides a structured, albeit not exhaustively validated, basis for the discussion of next-generation membrane design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Membrane Fabrication and Characterization)
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22 pages, 8569 KB  
Article
Humic Acid Recovery from Leachate Nanofiltration Concentrate Using Halloysite Nanotube-Coated Tubular Ceramic Ultrafiltration Membrane
by Sultan Akarçay Demir, Gamze Varank, Derya Y. Koseoglu-Imer, Gülay Arslan Cene, Emine Can-Güven, Senem Yazici Guvenc and Oruc Kaan Turk
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070236 - 10 Jul 2026
Viewed by 801
Abstract
Landfill wastewater is a serious environmental problem and represents a high-concentration source of valuable organic compounds such as humic acids (HAs). The nanofiltration (NF) concentrate generated during treatment poses an even more significant environmental challenge, and the recovery of these substances is compatible [...] Read more.
Landfill wastewater is a serious environmental problem and represents a high-concentration source of valuable organic compounds such as humic acids (HAs). The nanofiltration (NF) concentrate generated during treatment poses an even more significant environmental challenge, and the recovery of these substances is compatible with circular economy principles but requires innovative, pollution-resistant separation technologies. This study presents a novel hybrid approach for HA recovery by integrating naturally occurring clay minerals, such as halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), as a dynamic coating layer onto tube-shaped ceramic ultrafiltration membranes. The research was conducted in two stages: batch adsorption–desorption experiments followed by membrane integration. In the first stage, the batch adsorption studies showed that HA adsorption by HNTs followed the Freundlich isotherm model. The maximum HA adsorption capacity for HNTs increased with increasing initial concentration. In desorption studies, recovery rates of 74.6% were achieved with 1.5 N sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and 67.5% with 1.5 N potassium hydroxide (KOH). In membrane studies, the optimum HNT coating concentration was determined as 0.05 g/L. While an average removal efficiency of 85.3% was obtained in synthetic HA filtration, the desorption efficiency after regeneration was around 35–37%. In experiments with real NF concentrate, HA removal efficiencies ranged from 19 to 64% for concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 mg/L, with the highest desorption efficiency (59.3%) obtained in the 10 mg/L NF concentrate. The results reveal that the complex structure and competing components in the real wastewater matrix limit the removal and recovery performance compared to synthetic solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Water Treatment)
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28 pages, 1751 KB  
Article
Short-Term Laboratory Assessment of Coagulation-Assisted Ceramic Membrane Filtration and Reverse Osmosis Polishing of High-Strength Brewery Wastewater
by Agnieszka Urbanowska, Izabela Polowczyk, Mateusz Kruszelnicki, Przemysław Seruga and Natalia Matura
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070235 - 8 Jul 2026
Viewed by 620
Abstract
Brewery wastewater is a high-strength industrial effluent containing substantial organic, suspended, and colloidal fractions and therefore requires multistage treatment. This study evaluated sedimentation, prefiltration, coagulation, ceramic membrane filtration, and reverse osmosis (RO) polishing for improving the quality of actual brewery wastewater under short-term [...] Read more.
Brewery wastewater is a high-strength industrial effluent containing substantial organic, suspended, and colloidal fractions and therefore requires multistage treatment. This study evaluated sedimentation, prefiltration, coagulation, ceramic membrane filtration, and reverse osmosis (RO) polishing for improving the quality of actual brewery wastewater under short-term laboratory conditions. The acidic wastewater had chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) values of 48,230 mg O2/L, 34,160 mg O2/L, and 6492 mg C/L, respectively. Three configurations were investigated: mechanical treatment; PIX 113 coagulation followed by ceramic microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), or fine UF; and an integrated UF-RO system. Performance was assessed using contaminant removal, relative permeate flux (J/J0), particle size analysis, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential. Sedimentation and prefiltration provided limited treatment, whereas coagulation effectively destabilized colloids; a PIX 113 dosage of 2 mL/L was selected as a favorable compromise among the tested dosages. Among the ceramic membrane-based trains, the train ending with the 1 kDa membrane produced the highest-quality permeate, with overall COD, BOD5, and DOC removals of 78.2%, 88.7%, and 49.8%, respectively. The tested sedimentation–prefiltration–coagulation-50 kDa UF-RO train achieved the highest overall removals: 97.9% COD, 98.6% BOD5, and 94.0% DOC. The overall removals of chloride and nitrate ions in this train were 92.5% and 68.5%, respectively. The results indicate that coagulation-assisted ceramic membrane filtration followed by RO can substantially improve permeate quality. The novelty of the work lies in linking coagulation-assisted ceramic membrane filtration and RO polishing with particle-size and electrokinetic characterization, thereby clarifying the role of each treatment barrier and identifying an effective laboratory-scale train for upgrading high-strength brewery wastewater. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from Water, Wastewater, Waste—Infrastructure and Technology Conference 2026)
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33 pages, 3869 KB  
Review
A New Anatomy of Autophagic Clearance: On the Roles of Intrinsic Disorder in the Membrane-Less on Membrane-Encapsulated Mechanism
by Vladimir N. Uversky, Hana Popelka and Daniel J. Klionsky
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070234 - 6 Jul 2026
Viewed by 859
Abstract
Autophagy is a carefully regulated catabolic process that utilizes assemblies of specific sets of macromolecules operating at multiple stages of the pathway. Discoveries in recent years show that autophagy markedly relies on liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Here, we present parameters that indicate the [...] Read more.
Autophagy is a carefully regulated catabolic process that utilizes assemblies of specific sets of macromolecules operating at multiple stages of the pathway. Discoveries in recent years show that autophagy markedly relies on liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Here, we present parameters that indicate the plasticity of autophagy proteins and their probability to undergo LLPS in macroautophagy and microautophagy. We show that microautophagy is an extremely LLPS-friendly pathway. Several mechanisms involving proteins in the autophagy machinery that drive LLPS on various types of membranes to regulate this process or that undergo LLPS as autophagic cargo are described in detail. We also summarize the factors that modulate the LLPS potential of autophagy proteins. A high probability of autophagy-related proteins to undergo spontaneous LLPS shown here can direct future research on the role of protein droplets in autophagy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomembrane Structure, Dynamics, and Function)
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4 pages, 161 KB  
Editorial
Advanced Membranes and Membrane Technologies for Wastewater Treatment
by Juan L. Acero and Francisco J. Real
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070233 - 3 Jul 2026
Viewed by 535
Abstract
The increasing demand for clean water, rapid industrialization, urban population growth, and stricter environmental regulations have intensified the need for efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment technologies [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Membranes and Membrane Technologies for Wastewater Treatment)
17 pages, 1802 KB  
Article
Removal of Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins by Mixed Matrix Membranes of Cellulose Acetate/Silica/MOF
by João M. Santos Dionísio, Miguel P. da Silva, Ricardo F. S. Pereira, Tânia Frade, Tiago J. Ferreira, Moisés Luzia Pinto and Maria Norberta de Pinho
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070232 - 2 Jul 2026
Viewed by 575
Abstract
Adsorption therapies in hemodialysis have emerged as an innovative approach for removing protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs). The present work focuses on the enhancement of the adsorption capacity of hemodialysis membranes through the incorporation of Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs). The removal capacity of PBUT p-cresyl [...] Read more.
Adsorption therapies in hemodialysis have emerged as an innovative approach for removing protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs). The present work focuses on the enhancement of the adsorption capacity of hemodialysis membranes through the incorporation of Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs). The removal capacity of PBUT p-cresyl sulfate by cellulose acetate (CA)/silica (SiO2)/MOF mixed matrix membranes was investigated with two types of MOFs, UiO-66 which synthesis and characterization has been previously reported, and UiO-66-NH2. The UiO-66-NH2 MOFs were synthesized and characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption–desorption equilibrium at −196 °C, and thermogravimetry analysis. Both mixed matrix membranes were synthesized by coupling the phase inversion technique with the sol–gel method and with casting solutions incorporating the MOF dispersions. The two membrane types of MOFs were characterized in terms of hydraulic permeability, molecular weight cut-off, and rejection coefficients to pCS and bovine serum albumin (BSA). The mixed matrix membranes CA/SiO2/UiO-66-NH2 exhibited lower permeability and molecular weight cut-off when compared to the CA/SiO2/UiO-66 ones. In permeation tests simulating a hemodialysis session with a feed solution of 100 ppm pCS and 35 g/L BSA, it is shown the improved performance of MOFs membranes as the rejection coefficients of free pCS is 0.2% for the CA22/SiO2/UiO-66 membrane with 1.5% of MOF and 2.6% for the CA22/SiO2/UiO-66-NH2 membrane with 2% of MOF. The capacity of these MOF membranes in removing pCS bound to BSA was addressed through the development of a new methodology to quantify the pCS free and bound to BSA. The CA22/SiO2/UiO-66 membrane with 1.5% of MOF has a removal capacity of 99.8% and the CA22/SiO2/UiO-66-NH2 membrane with 2% of MOF 95.9%. Based on these results, it is concluded that the mixed matrix membranes CA22/SiO2/UiO-66 and CA22/SiO2/UiO-66-NH2 are promising candidates for PBUTs removal in hemodialysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Polymeric Membranes—Preparation and Applications (2nd Edition))
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21 pages, 1420 KB  
Article
A Statistical Modelling and Machine Learning Approach for Textile Wastewater Treatment: Response Surface Methodology, Random Forest Regression and Monte Carlo Analysis
by Hafida Ayyoub, Sihame Barahi, Abderrahim Jbel, Mustapha Tahaikt and Mohamed Taky
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070231 - 2 Jul 2026
Viewed by 1531
Abstract
Aerobic ceramic membrane bioreactors (AeCeMBR) have shown great potential in treating wastewater (WW) from the textile industry; however, their operation faces challenges such as process variability, membrane contamination, and the need for accurate prediction of treated water quality under varying conditions. In this [...] Read more.
Aerobic ceramic membrane bioreactors (AeCeMBR) have shown great potential in treating wastewater (WW) from the textile industry; however, their operation faces challenges such as process variability, membrane contamination, and the need for accurate prediction of treated water quality under varying conditions. In this study, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity were selected as key indicators, as they directly reflect organic load removal and solids separation efficiency in MBR systems. The effect of four operational parameters: hydraulic retention time (HRT), organic loading rate (OLR), mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), and transmembrane pressure (TMP), was investigated using a response surface methodology (RSM) based on a Box–Behnken design. A random forest (RF) model coupled with Monte Carlo simulation (MC) was also developed using 174 experimental data points to enhance predictive power and quantify uncertainty. The RSM model showed strong agreement with experimental results (coefficient of determination (R2) > 0.95), achieving approximately 96% removal for both COD and turbidity, with validation errors of less than 2%. MC simulation (10,000 iterations) was applied to assess the effect of ±10% variance under operating conditions, providing a probabilistic view of system performance. The RF-MC framework demonstrated high predictive accuracy, with strong correlations between predicted and observed values (R2 = 0.92 for COD and 0.97 for turbidity) and low uncertainty. Overall, this study proposes an integrated RSM, RF–MC approach for AeCeMBR systems, providing a robust and uncertainty-aware framework for process optimization and performance prediction under changing operating conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiscale Modeling and Data-Driven Approaches for Advancing Membrane Separation Processes)
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14 pages, 8080 KB  
Article
Hyperpolarization by Optogenetic Activation of NpHR Channels Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Dental Follicle Stem Cells
by Dan Yang, Yuyang Luo, Fengxia Huang, Lin Hu, Xinyi Deng, Shuqi Zhang, Dongchuan Zuo and Jin Zeng
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070230 - 2 Jul 2026
Viewed by 481
Abstract
Background: Membrane potential represents one of the fundamental physiological characteristics of cells, playing a critical role in cellular function. Studies have shown that membrane hyperpolarization positively regulates the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Optogenetic technology based on the Natronomonas pharaonis halorhodopsin (NpHR) [...] Read more.
Background: Membrane potential represents one of the fundamental physiological characteristics of cells, playing a critical role in cellular function. Studies have shown that membrane hyperpolarization positively regulates the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Optogenetic technology based on the Natronomonas pharaonis halorhodopsin (NpHR) light-activated channel can induce membrane hyperpolarization through optical methods. Given the working principle of optogenetic technology, this study aimed to investigate whether optogenetic activation of NpHR channels could induce membrane hyperpolarization in human dental follicle stem cells (hDFCs)—mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental follicle tissue—to regulate their osteogenic differentiation. Methods: hDFCs were isolated and cultured. Engineered hDFCs expressing the NpHR channels were constructed through lentiviral transduction. Patch clamps were performed to observe the effects of optogenetic activation of NpHR channels on membrane potentials of hDFCs. Single-cell Ca2+ imaging were performed to observe the effects of membrane hyperpolarization via modulation of extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]e) on the intracellular Ca2+ levels of hDFCs. Cell viability assay, transwell chamber assay, wound healing assay, osteogenic differentiation induction, alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot (WB) were performed to observe the effects of optogenetic activation of NpHR channels on proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of NpHR-hDFCs. Results: Reversing membrane hyperpolarization via modulation of extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]e) was shown to suppress osteogenic differentiation of hDFCs, whereas promoting membrane hyperpolarization via opening ATP-sensitive K+ channels was shown to enhance osteogenic differentiation of hDFCs. Hyperpolarizing cells by decreasing [K+]e increased intracellular Ca2+ levels of hDFCs. Optogenetic activation of NpHR channels by an optogenetic system induced membrane hyperpolarization and significantly enhanced the proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation abilities of NpHR-hDFCs. Conclusions: Hyperpolarization by optogenetic activation of NpHR channels can promote hDFCs’ proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation abilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biological Membranes)
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32 pages, 2982 KB  
Review
Recent Advances in Membrane Technologies for Electronic-Grade Hydrogen Peroxide Purification and Concentration
by Canli Zhang, Jiaofei Lei, Wenpeng Li, Penglin Yang, Wenjia Wu, Feifei Wang, Weizhi Song, Suilu Yue and Guangwei Cheng
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070229 - 1 Jul 2026
Viewed by 848
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is widely used in semiconductor cleaning and etching, where ultralow levels of metallic, anionic, organic, and particulate impurities must be strictly controlled. Industrially produced H2O2 therefore requires extensive downstream purification before it can [...] Read more.
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is widely used in semiconductor cleaning and etching, where ultralow levels of metallic, anionic, organic, and particulate impurities must be strictly controlled. Industrially produced H2O2 therefore requires extensive downstream purification before it can meet electronic-grade specifications. Conventional purification routes based on distillation or rectification, adsorption, ion exchange, and final filtration are technically mature, but they remain constrained by substantial energy consumption, multiple treatment stages, chemical regeneration, secondary waste generation, and safety risks associated with H2O2 decomposition. This review critically evaluates membrane technologies for purifying and concentrating electronic-grade H2O2. Microfiltration and ultrafiltration are discussed as front-end clarification processes, nanofiltration as an intermediate impurity-load-reduction step, and reverse osmosis as the membrane process with the strongest direct experimental for ionic-impurity removal from concentrated H2O2. Pervaporation and membrane distillation are assessed as emerging water-removal technologies, although their industrial applicability remains insufficiently validated. Membrane material strategies, including oxidation-resistant polymers, inorganic and hybrid membranes, antioxidant-containing composites, and emerging MOF- and two-dimensional-material-based membranes, are also evaluated. Particular attention is paid to the limited direct evidence available for emerging materials and to the risks of H2O2 decomposition, material leaching, particle release, and deterioration of membrane selectivity. The available evidence indicates that membrane processes are currently more appropriately regarded as complementary clarification, purification, polishing, or concentration units rather than complete replacements for established industrial technologies. Future studies should prioritize long-term oxidative stability, ppb- and ppt-level impurity validation, low H2O2 loss, module-material compatibility, process safety, and continuous pilot-scale techno-economic assessment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Membrane Materials and Membrane Modification)
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21 pages, 2426 KB  
Article
On Modeling and Optimization for Separation, Concentration, and Purification of Saponins and Phenolic Compounds from Quinoa Hulls by Nanofiltration
by Ana I. García López, Javier M. Ochando Pulido, Mercedes Fernández Serrano, Germán Luzón González, Josefa Núñez-Olea and Natalia Chaves
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070228 - 1 Jul 2026
Viewed by 604
Abstract
It is essential for quinoa’s rapid expansion in the global market to comply with the circular economy to become a green agro-food industry. For this purpose, in this work, bioactive added-value compounds, specifically saponins and phenolic antioxidants, were extracted and purified from quinoa [...] Read more.
It is essential for quinoa’s rapid expansion in the global market to comply with the circular economy to become a green agro-food industry. For this purpose, in this work, bioactive added-value compounds, specifically saponins and phenolic antioxidants, were extracted and purified from quinoa by-products (QbP), namely hulls, using green solvent extraction (60 wt% ethanol-water) and nanofiltration (NF). So far, research published on the implementation of NF in the treatment of QbP, or modelization and optimization of the membrane performance focusing on fouling minimization and control, is scarce. Centrifugation and microfiltration were conducted as separation-purification pretreatments before NF. A three-level factorial design was successfully applied to optimize NF membrane operation in terms of saponins and phenolic compound recovery, as well as permeate flux, comprising operating pressure and tangential velocity as key input factors. Membrane fouling, critical for stable process operation scale-up, required intensive multifactorial analysis. Optimization at 4 bar and 15 m/s permitted the recovery of up to 84.5% saponins and 84.3% phenolic compounds in the permeate stream. Moreover, NF dynamic performance modeling and optimization ensured fouling build-up minimization and maximization of membrane productivity almost ten-fold, up to a stable value as high as 175.4 L/hm2, ensuring full recovery of the membrane performance after each operating cycle, key for the technical–economic viability of the proposed process to obtain standardized purified extract products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Membrane Filtration and Separation)
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25 pages, 3912 KB  
Article
Thermodynamic Evaluation of a Triple-Pass Reverse Osmosis Seawater Desalination Plant: Energy and Exergy Perspectives
by Abdulrahman S. Almutairi, Hani Abulkhair, Saad F. Almokmesh and Talal E. Alotaibi
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070227 - 1 Jul 2026
Viewed by 440
Abstract
Energy and exergy analyses were conducted on a triple-pass seawater reverse osmosis desalination system to evaluate thermodynamic performance and identify primary sources of irreversibility. A comprehensive simulation model, developed in IPSEpro (Version 7.0) and validated against manufacturer data, demonstrated strong agreement with the [...] Read more.
Energy and exergy analyses were conducted on a triple-pass seawater reverse osmosis desalination system to evaluate thermodynamic performance and identify primary sources of irreversibility. A comprehensive simulation model, developed in IPSEpro (Version 7.0) and validated against manufacturer data, demonstrated strong agreement with the reported values. Exergetic efficiency of the reverse osmosis (RO) units increased across the passes, from 57% in the first pass to 80% and 78% in the second and third passes, respectively, while exergy destruction decreased correspondingly from approximately 375 kW in the first pass to 120 kW and 130 kW in the second and third passes. The pumping system, particularly the main high-pressure pump, was responsible for 49% of total exergy destruction, followed by the first RO unit at 23%. The impacts of feed water temperature, high-pressure pump pressure, and water recovery ratio (RC) on exergetic efficiency, specific energy consumption, and permeate flow rate were systematically assessed. Increasing the feed water temperature from 15 °C to 33 °C enhanced exergetic efficiency from 27.8% to 29.9% and reduced total exergy destruction from 1622 to 1582 kW, supporting the integration of hybrid RO-thermal desalination systems. The first-pass recovery ratio emerged as the most influential operational parameter overall, with exergetic efficiency rising from 25.1% to 33.7% as RC1 increased from 0.35 to 0.60. Analysis of the overall recovery ratio identified RC = 0.39 as a practical operating target that balances specific energy consumption of 4.05 kWh/m3 and exergy destruction of 1700 kW, offering the most favourable compromise between energy efficiency and thermodynamic performance. The results presented here provide practical guidance and recommendations for the optimization of the performance of large-scale multi-pass reverse osmosis seawater desalination plants. Full article
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15 pages, 2343 KB  
Article
Membrane Potential: Accuracy and Reproducibility of Molecular Dynamics Simulations
by Anna I. Malykhina, Svetlana S. Efimova and Olga S. Ostroumova
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070226 - 1 Jul 2026
Viewed by 508
Abstract
The membrane dipole potential (Ψd) is a critical modulator of ion transport and protein function, making the ability to accurately predict its modifications essential for rational drug design and membrane biophysics. While molecular dynamics (MD) simulations offer a powerful alternative [...] Read more.
The membrane dipole potential (Ψd) is a critical modulator of ion transport and protein function, making the ability to accurately predict its modifications essential for rational drug design and membrane biophysics. While molecular dynamics (MD) simulations offer a powerful alternative to challenging in vitro experiments, their predictive accuracy is often hampered by sensitivities to simulation setups and force field parameterization. In this study, we provide a systematic evaluation of how system composition, box size, water models, and small-molecule parameterization protocols influence the calculated membrane potential. Using the CHARMM36m and AMBER (Lipid21) force fields, we demonstrate that CHARMM is notably more sensitive to box composition and finite-size effects than AMBER. We further show that the ~100 mV shift induced by 4-site water models is purely systematic; therefore, computationally efficient 3-site models remain reliable for predicting relative potential changes. Finally, we compare multiple parameterization strategies for three Ψd-modifying flavonoids (baicalein, chrysin, luteolin) and show that standard CGenFF protocols fail to capture experimental trends, whereas ffTK-refinement and AMBER-based protocols (GAFF2 and Espaloma) significantly improve accuracy. Notably, the neural network-based Espaloma demonstrated surprisingly high predictive power, marking this approach as a promising, automated alternative for future studies. Our findings provide a set of practical recommendations for establishing reliable MD protocols to predict dipole potential modifications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Membranes In Silico—Unraveling Mechanisms Through Molecular Dynamics Simulations)
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5 pages, 188 KB  
Editorial
Modeling and Simulation of Industrial and Environmental Processes with Membranes
by José M. Gozálvez-Zafrilla
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070225 - 30 Jun 2026
Viewed by 414
Abstract
Membrane technologies are a key technique in modern separation because of their flexibility and the intrinsic modularity of membrane processes, which can reduce energy consumption compared to conventional thermal separations and enable separations that are difficult to achieve with other processes [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Simulation of Industrial and Environmental Processes with Membranes)
19 pages, 16938 KB  
Article
Electrospun PAN/PVA-CS Membranes with Asymmetric Wettability for Simultaneous Emulsion Separation and Dye Removal
by Tengfei Liao, Zengpeng Zhang, Qingxia Zhang and Hao Yang
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070224 - 29 Jun 2026
Viewed by 470
Abstract
Multifunctional membranes capable of simultaneously separating oil–water emulsions and removing organic dyes from complex aqueous systems have garnered considerable attention in recent years. However, the facile fabrication of high-performance membranes that integrate both separation and adsorption functions remains a significant challenge. Herein, we [...] Read more.
Multifunctional membranes capable of simultaneously separating oil–water emulsions and removing organic dyes from complex aqueous systems have garnered considerable attention in recent years. However, the facile fabrication of high-performance membranes that integrate both separation and adsorption functions remains a significant challenge. Herein, we report the fabrication of a polyacrylonitrile/polyvinyl alcohol–chitosan (PAN/PVA-CS) bilayer membrane with asymmetric wettability via electrospinning. The micro/nanostructures and surface wettability of the as-prepared membranes were precisely tailored by modulating the chitosan (CS) concentration. The resultant PAN/PVA-CS membrane exhibited an overall separation efficiency exceeding 97.5% for mechanically emulsified samples. Notably, the PVA-CS layer demonstrated superhydrophilicity and excellent underwater oleophobicity, enabling the gravity-driven simultaneous separation of oil-in-water emulsions and adsorption of water-soluble Congo red dye without requiring external pressure. The maximum adsorption capacity for Congo red reached 61.3 mg g−1, surpassing that of numerous reported membrane-based and adsorbent materials. Concurrently, the hydrophobic PAN layer in the bilayer structure enabled the separation of water-in-oil emulsions. Overall, this work provides a promising strategy for the rational design of asymmetrically wettable multifunctional membranes with great potential for practical application in the purification of complex industrial wastewater containing both emulsified oils and soluble organic dyes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Membranes and Surface Modifications for Photothermal Antimicrobial and Separation Applications)
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19 pages, 1816 KB  
Review
From Plastic Pollution to Remediation Solutions: Micro/Nanofiber-Based Strategies for Microplastic and Nanoplastic Removal
by Dinh Nguyen, Minh-Ky Nguyen and Dinh Duc Nguyen
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070223 - 29 Jun 2026
Viewed by 961
Abstract
The extensive use of plastics in everyday life has exerted a significant influence on the environment, with the release of micro- and nanoplastics posing even greater ecological threats. Plastic contamination, particularly in these smaller forms, has emerged as a pressing environmental concern due [...] Read more.
The extensive use of plastics in everyday life has exerted a significant influence on the environment, with the release of micro- and nanoplastics posing even greater ecological threats. Plastic contamination, particularly in these smaller forms, has emerged as a pressing environmental concern due to its persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential hazards. Traditional treatment systems are generally ineffective at removing such micro- and nano-scale complex pollutants. Recently, micro- and nanofiber-based materials have emerged as promising candidates due to their large surface area, porous structure, and adjustable functionality, enabling efficient adsorption, filtration, and photocatalytic degradation. The term micro/nanofibers in this study encompasses both electrospun nanofibrous membranes and nanofiber-based functional layers or additives incorporated into pre-existing membrane structures for performance enhancement. The incorporation of photocatalysts enables these materials to promote photocatalytic oxidation, degrading plastics into smaller, less toxic compounds. This paper outlines recent progress in developing micro- and nanofiber systems for environmental remediation, highlighting their design approaches, removal mechanisms, and multifunctional capabilities. Ultimately, the discussion explores emerging directions, existing limitations, and future opportunities, highlighting how these advanced materials can contribute to sustainable and efficient pollution control strategies. Full article
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13 pages, 1020 KB  
Review
Advantages of Protein A Membrane Chromatography: High Productivity, Strong Impurity Removal Capability, and More
by Yifeng Li, Hang Zhou and Sherry Gu
Membranes 2026, 16(7), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes16070222 - 27 Jun 2026
Viewed by 708
Abstract
Protein A affinity chromatography is the gold standard for antibody purification. In practice, it is mainly performed using resin-based packed bed columns. However, for porous resins, mass transport depends on slow diffusion and, consequently, low flow rates/long residence times are required to achieve [...] Read more.
Protein A affinity chromatography is the gold standard for antibody purification. In practice, it is mainly performed using resin-based packed bed columns. However, for porous resins, mass transport depends on slow diffusion and, consequently, low flow rates/long residence times are required to achieve decent binding capacities (i.e., >30 mg/mL), which leads to long processing time and low productivity. Recently, Protein A membranes have emerged as a promising alternative to Protein A columns. Membrane adsorbers, which have large pores, enable convection-based mass transport and allow high dynamic binding capacity to be achieved at a relatively short residence time (on the order of seconds). Hence, Protein A membranes can be operated at high flow rates and gain significantly improved productivity. In addition to high productivity, we recently found that Protein A membranes possess a much stronger impurity-removing capability than Protein A columns. This review introduces the advantages that Protein A membrane chromatography offers, especially those that have not been well recognized before. These advantages allow high-quality products to be obtained with significantly reduced costs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Membrane Applications for Molecular Purification)
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