A Higher Proportion of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) When Combined with Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) in Omega-3 Dietary Supplements Provides Higher Antioxidant Effects in Human Retinal Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Culture
2.2. Omega-3 Supplementation
2.3. Immunofluorescence Detection of Zonula Occludens
2.4. Cellular Viability and Proliferation Assays
2.5. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Detection
2.6. Caspase-3 Immunofluorescence (IF)
2.7. Wound Healing Cell Migration Assay
2.8. Western Blotting for Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)/Pigment Epithelium Derived Factor (PEDF) Ratio
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Omega-3 Supplements on Epithelial Integrity
3.2. Effect of Omega-3 Supplements on Viability and Proliferation in ARPE-19
3.3. Effect of Omega-3 Supplements on Cell Viability and Cell Proliferation under Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Conditions
3.4. Effect of Omega-3 Supplements on ROS Production
3.5. Effect of Omega-3 Supplements on Caspase-3 in ARPE-19
3.6. Effect of Omega-3 Supplements on Wound Healing Cell Migration Assay
3.7. Effect of Omega-3 Supplements on the VEGF/PEDF Ratio
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n3-PUFA Supplement ID | Composition | |
---|---|---|
I | DHA | 80% DHA (TG) |
EPA | 80% EPA (TG) | |
II | EPA/DHA 40/20 TG | 40% EPA: 20% DHA (TG) |
EPA/DHA 20/40 TG | 20% EPA: 40% DHA (TG) | |
EPA/DHA 40/20 EE | 40% EPA: 20% DHA (EE) | |
III | DHA 97/3V | 97% DHA (TG): 3% DHA (PL, vegetable) |
DHA 95/5V | 95% DHA (TG): 5% DHA (PL, vegetable) | |
DHA 97/3M | 97% DHA (TG): 3% DHA (PL, marine) | |
DHA 97/3 VM 1.5 | 97% DHA (TG): 3% DHA (PL, 1.5% vegetable + 1.5% marine) | |
DHA 95/5 VM 2.5 | 95% DHA (TG): 5% DHA (PL, 2.5% vegetable + 1.5% marine) |
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Saenz de Viteri, M.; Hernandez, M.; Bilbao-Malavé, V.; Fernandez-Robredo, P.; González-Zamora, J.; Garcia-Garcia, L.; Ispizua, N.; Recalde, S.; Garcia-Layana, A. A Higher Proportion of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) When Combined with Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) in Omega-3 Dietary Supplements Provides Higher Antioxidant Effects in Human Retinal Cells. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 828. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090828
Saenz de Viteri M, Hernandez M, Bilbao-Malavé V, Fernandez-Robredo P, González-Zamora J, Garcia-Garcia L, Ispizua N, Recalde S, Garcia-Layana A. A Higher Proportion of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) When Combined with Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) in Omega-3 Dietary Supplements Provides Higher Antioxidant Effects in Human Retinal Cells. Antioxidants. 2020; 9(9):828. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090828
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaenz de Viteri, Manuel, María Hernandez, Valentina Bilbao-Malavé, Patricia Fernandez-Robredo, Jorge González-Zamora, Laura Garcia-Garcia, Nahia Ispizua, Sergio Recalde, and Alfredo Garcia-Layana. 2020. "A Higher Proportion of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) When Combined with Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) in Omega-3 Dietary Supplements Provides Higher Antioxidant Effects in Human Retinal Cells" Antioxidants 9, no. 9: 828. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090828