Acute Diarrhea in Dogs: Current Management and Potential Role of Dietary Polyphenols Supplementation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Traditional Therapeutic and Nutritional Management
2.1. Rehydration Therapy and Electrolytes Replacement
2.2. Dietary Interventions
2.3. Complementary Feeds
2.4. Antibacterial Drugs
2.5. Miscellaneous
3. Oxidative Stress in Course of AD and Polyphenols Supplementation as a Potential Additional Support Option
3.1. Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress-Induced Damage
3.2. Role of Polyphenols Supplementation in Course of Intestinal Inflammation
4. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factors | Recommended Levels * |
---|---|
Energy density | 4.0–4.5 kcal/g |
Fat | 12–25% (highly digestible food); 8–12% (increased fiber-food) |
Fiber | ≤5% in highly digestible food (mixed fiber source preferred); 7–15% in fiber-enhanced food (insoluble or mixed fiber source preferred) |
Digestibility | ≥87% for protein and ≥90% for fat and carbohydrate (highly digestible food) ≥80% for protein and ≥90% for fat and carbohydrate (fiber-enhanced food) |
Sodium | 0.3–0.5% |
Chloride | 0.5–1.3% |
Potassium | 0.8–1.1% |
Phenolic Compound | Model | Effect on Gut Microbiota | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
tea phenolics (epicatechin, catechin, 3-O-methylgallic acid, gallic acid and caffeic acid) | Culture broth and culture broth with additional 0.1% (w/v) phenolic compounds inoculated with a 5% (v/v) bacterial inoculum and incubated at 37 °C under aerobic and anaerobic conditions | ↓Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium difficile and Bacteroides spp. No effect on Clostridium spp., Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. | [95,97] |
proanthocyanidin- rich red wine extracts | rats | ↑Bacteroides, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. Bacteroides, ↓Clostridium and Propionibacterium spp. | [96,97] |
(−)epicatechin and (+)catechin | batch-culture model, reflective of the distal region of the human large intestine | ↑E. coli, Clostridium coccoides–Eubacterium rectale group ↓Clostridium histolyticum No effect on Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus spp. | [98] |
Wine polyphenols (4.4% anthocyanins, 0.8% flavonols, 2.0% phenolic acids, 1.4% catechin, 1.0% epicatechin and 28.0% proanthocyanidin units, consisting of 18.0% epigallocatechin, 13.2% catechin, 65.0% epicatechin and 3.8% epicatechin gallate) | F344 rats | ↑Bacteroides, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. | [99] |
Phenolic Compound | In Vivo Model | Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Quercitrin | Rat with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis. | ↓myeloperoxidase and alkaline phosphatase levels, counteract glutathione depletion, preserve normal fluid absorption and ↓ colonic damage. | [100] |
Quercitin | Rat with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis. | downregulate the inflammatory cascade associated with ↓of the disturbances in hydro-electrolytic transport. | [101] |
Isoquercitin | Rat with acute dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. | Dose-dependent ↓ of colon shortening and mitigation of DSS-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the descending colon; protective effects depend on the site and the severity of tissue damage. | [102] |
Quercetin + piperine, encapsulated into reconstituted oil bodies (ROBs) | Mice with acute dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. | ↓ LPS-mediated inflammatory cytokine secretion (IL-6, IL-23, and IL-12); ↑ IL-10 and IL-1Rα production. ↓ weight loss, mortality and inflammatory scores. | [104] |
Resveratrol alone or with curcumin | Piglets orally challenged with rotavirus (RV). | alleviate RV-induced diarrhea, by ↓TNF-α production; down-regulate the level of Toll-like-receptor 4 mRNA and protein expression in the intestine; ↓ the critical inflammation molecules release, and immunoglobulin secretion. | [105] |
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Candellone, A.; Cerquetella, M.; Girolami, F.; Badino, P.; Odore, R. Acute Diarrhea in Dogs: Current Management and Potential Role of Dietary Polyphenols Supplementation. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 725. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080725
Candellone A, Cerquetella M, Girolami F, Badino P, Odore R. Acute Diarrhea in Dogs: Current Management and Potential Role of Dietary Polyphenols Supplementation. Antioxidants. 2020; 9(8):725. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080725
Chicago/Turabian StyleCandellone, Alessia, Matteo Cerquetella, Flavia Girolami, Paola Badino, and Rosangela Odore. 2020. "Acute Diarrhea in Dogs: Current Management and Potential Role of Dietary Polyphenols Supplementation" Antioxidants 9, no. 8: 725. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080725