Superoxide Production by the Red Tide-Producing Chattonella marina Complex (Raphidophyceae) Correlates with Toxicity to Aquacultured Fishes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chattonella Strains
2.2. Experimental Fish
2.3. Toxicity Bioassays
2.4. Cell Size Measurements
2.5. O2•− Detection
2.6. FA Analysis
2.7. Analysis of Sugar Content and Composition of Monosaccharides
2.8. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Ichthyotoxicity
3.2. Cell Size
3.3. O2•− Production
3.4. Fatty Acid Composition
3.5. Sugar Content and Composition of Monosaccharides
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Strain Name | Date Collected | Location | Contamination Status |
---|---|---|---|
NIES-1 | September 1978 | Harima-Nada | Axenic |
8820 | 20 August 2008 | Yatsushiro Sea | Xenic |
3KGY | 3 June 2010 | Yatsushiro Sea | Xenic |
4KGY | 3 June 2010 | Yatsushiro Sea | Axenic |
16CHA01FU | 6 July 2016 | Seto Inland Sea | Xenic |
16CHA05FU | 6 July 2016 | Seto Inland Sea | Xenic |
Ago03 | 9 July 2013 | Ago Bay | Xenic |
Ago04 | 9 July 2013 | Ago Bay | Xenic |
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Shikata, T.; Yuasa, K.; Kitatsuji, S.; Sakamoto, S.; Akita, K.; Fujinami, Y.; Nishiyama, Y.; Kotake, T.; Tanaka, R.; Yamasaki, Y. Superoxide Production by the Red Tide-Producing Chattonella marina Complex (Raphidophyceae) Correlates with Toxicity to Aquacultured Fishes. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1635. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101635
Shikata T, Yuasa K, Kitatsuji S, Sakamoto S, Akita K, Fujinami Y, Nishiyama Y, Kotake T, Tanaka R, Yamasaki Y. Superoxide Production by the Red Tide-Producing Chattonella marina Complex (Raphidophyceae) Correlates with Toxicity to Aquacultured Fishes. Antioxidants. 2021; 10(10):1635. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101635
Chicago/Turabian StyleShikata, Tomoyuki, Koki Yuasa, Saho Kitatsuji, Setsuko Sakamoto, Kazuki Akita, Yuichiro Fujinami, Yoshitaka Nishiyama, Toshihisa Kotake, Ryusuke Tanaka, and Yasuhiro Yamasaki. 2021. "Superoxide Production by the Red Tide-Producing Chattonella marina Complex (Raphidophyceae) Correlates with Toxicity to Aquacultured Fishes" Antioxidants 10, no. 10: 1635. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101635